Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism
Open accessAbstract
Autism is a neurologic disorder that severely impairs social, language, and cognitive development. Whether autism involves maldevelopment of neuroanatomical structures is not known. The size of the cerebellar vermis in patients with autism was measured on magnetic resonance scans and compared with its size in controls. The neocerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII were found to be significantly smaller in the patients. This appeared to be a result of developmental hypoplasia rather than shrinkage or deterioration after full development had been achieved. In contrast, the adjacent vermal lobules I to V, which are ontogenetically, developmentally, and anatomically distinct from lobules VI and VII, were found to be of normal size. Maldevelopment of the vermal neocerebellum had occurred in both retarded and nonretarded patients with autism. This localized maldevelopment may serve as a temporal marker to identify the events that damage the brain in autism, as well as other neural structures that may be concomitantly damaged. Our findings suggest that in patients with autism, neocerebellar abnormality may directly impair cognitive functions that some investigators have attributed to the neocerebellum; may indirectly affect, through its connections to the brain stem, hypothalamus, and thalamus, the development and functioning of one or more systems involved in cognitive, sensory, autonomic, and motor activities; or may occur concomitantly with damage to other neural sites whose dysfunction directly underlies the cognitive deficits in autism.
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Evidence from neuroanatomical, animal, and epidemiologic studies supports prenatal and early postnatal origins of autism.
“evidence from neuroanatomical, animal, and epidemiologic studies support the prenatal and early postnatal origins of autism.19–24”
From Environmental Chemical Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Epidemiological Evidence (2014) · cites this paper as [19]
The cerebellum was the first brain region shown in the late 1980s to host neuroanatomical abnormalities in many autistic individuals.
“The cerebellum was the first brain region shown in the late 80’s to host neuroanatomical abnormalities in many autistic individuals [33, 228, 229].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [228]
The most frequently reported cerebellar anomalies in autism include smaller vermis volume, Purkinje cell numbers reduced by up to 50%, ectopic neurons in white matter, and patchy cytoarchitectonic ectopias in cerebellar cortex.
“The anomalies most frequently reported include a smaller vermis volume, Purkinje cell numbers reduced by up to 50%, ectopic neurons in the white matter, and patchy cytoarchitectonic ectopias in the cerebellar cortex [32, 33, 118, 228, 229].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [228]
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- Authors
- Courchesne, E., Yeung-Courchesne, R., Hesselink, J. R., & Jernigan, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1988-05-26
- Volume
- 318
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1349-1354
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2326708165
- Cited by
- 1,058
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 22.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1-R01-MH-36840, R01MH036840)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (5-R01-NS 19855, R01NS019855)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hypoplasia, neocerebellum, structural brain abnormalities, cognitive impairment, intellectual disability, developmental neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Cerebellum, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male
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