Cited by 43Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeurological Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

The effect of aged microglia on synaptic impairment and its relevance in neurodegenerative diseases

Triviño, Juan José, von Bernhardi, Rommy·2021·Neurochemistry International

Abstract

Microglia serve key functions in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in the establishment and regulation of synapses and the neuronal network, and regulating activity-dependent plastic changes. As the neuroimmune system, they respond to endogenous and exogenous signals to protect the CNS. In aging, one of the main changes is the establishment of inflamm-aging, a mild chronic inflammation that reduces microglial response to stressors. Neuroinflammation depends mainly on the increased activation of microglia. Microglia over-activation may result in a reduced capacity for performing normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the adoption of an anti-inflammatory state, contributing to an increased susceptibility for neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress contributes both to aging and to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuroinflammation associated with age- and disease-dependent mechanisms affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Astrocytes prevent microglial cell cytotoxicity by mechanisms mediated by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). However, TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway is impaired in aging, and the age-related impairment of TGFβ signaling can reduce protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia. A critical analysis on the effect of aging microglia on neuronal function is relevant for the understanding of age-related changes on neuronal function. Here, we present evidence in the context of the "microglial dysregulation hypothesis", which leads to the reduction of the protective functions and increased cytotoxicity of microglia, to discuss the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative changes and Alzheimer's disease.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104982

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Authors
Triviño, J. J., & von Bernhardi, R.
Affiliations
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
Venue
Neurochemistry International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-03
Volume
144
Pages
104982
ISSN
0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3127794241
Cited by
43
References
218
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5
FWCI
0.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Neurochemistry International (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
FONDECYT
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords
synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, inflammaging, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, astrocytes, cognitive impairment, neuroimmune system
MeSH terms
Aging, Animals, Brain, Humans, Synapses, Cellular Senescence, Microglia, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation Mediators, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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