The effect of aged microglia on synaptic impairment and its relevance in neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
Microglia serve key functions in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in the establishment and regulation of synapses and the neuronal network, and regulating activity-dependent plastic changes. As the neuroimmune system, they respond to endogenous and exogenous signals to protect the CNS. In aging, one of the main changes is the establishment of inflamm-aging, a mild chronic inflammation that reduces microglial response to stressors. Neuroinflammation depends mainly on the increased activation of microglia. Microglia over-activation may result in a reduced capacity for performing normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the adoption of an anti-inflammatory state, contributing to an increased susceptibility for neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress contributes both to aging and to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuroinflammation associated with age- and disease-dependent mechanisms affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Astrocytes prevent microglial cell cytotoxicity by mechanisms mediated by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). However, TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway is impaired in aging, and the age-related impairment of TGFβ signaling can reduce protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia. A critical analysis on the effect of aging microglia on neuronal function is relevant for the understanding of age-related changes on neuronal function. Here, we present evidence in the context of the "microglial dysregulation hypothesis", which leads to the reduction of the protective functions and increased cytotoxicity of microglia, to discuss the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative changes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Losses of homeostatic function are not unique to microglia in ND and are seen in the context of aging.
“These losses of homeostatic function are also not unique to microglia in ND and are seen in the context of aging [44,60,61,77,82].”
From Untangling senescent and damage‐associated microglia in the aging and diseased brain (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
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Kim, A. A., García-García, E., Straccia, M., Comella-Bolla, A., Miguez, A., Masana, M., Alberch, J., Canals, J. M., & Rodríguez, M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00163 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Structural and molecular correlates of cognitive aging in the rat
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Early origin and colonization of the developing central nervous system by microglial precursors
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Untangling senescent and damage‐associated microglia in the aging and diseased brain
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Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder?
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New Insights into Microglial Mechanisms of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Ageing-related changes in the regulation of microglia and their interaction with neurons
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Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides: Implication in the Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Immunological Fluid Biomarkers in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Systematic Review
Erichsen, P. A., Henriksen, E. E., Nielsen, J. E., Ejlerskov, P., Simonsen, A. H., & Toft, A. D. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15040473 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Contemporary insights into neuroimmune interactions across development and aging
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Fasudil attenuates fluoride-induced neuronal synaptic damage by inhibiting microglial inflammation
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- Authors
- Triviño, J. J., & von Bernhardi, R.
- Affiliations
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Venue
- Neurochemistry International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 144
- Pages
- 104982
- ISSN
- 0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127794241
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurochemistry International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- FONDECYT
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, inflammaging, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, astrocytes, cognitive impairment, neuroimmune system
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Brain, Humans, Synapses, Cellular Senescence, Microglia, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation Mediators, Neurodegenerative Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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