Microglia communication: parallels between aging and Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Aging alters the functional integrity of the adult brain, driving cognitive impairments and susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders in healthy individuals. In fact, aging remains the most dominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings have expanded our understanding of microglia function in the normal aging and AD brain, provoking an appreciation for microglia involvement in remodeling neuronal connections and maintaining brain integrity. This homeostatic function of microglia is achieved in part through the ability of microglia to interact extensively with and rapidly respond to changes in the brain microenvironment to enable adequate phenotypic transformations. Here, we discuss pro-inflammatory drivers of microglia transformation in aging and AD by focusing on the immune-modulatory functions of secreted factors, such as cytokines, complement factors and extracellular vesicles. We highlight the involvement of these secreted factors in aging and AD-associated cellular changes in microglia immune activation, surveillance function, and phagocytosis. Finally, we discuss how pro-inflammatory phenotypic changes associated with altered immune communication could both facilitate and exacerbate impairments in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function observed in the aged and AD brain.
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Both inflammation and reduced microglial phagocytic capacity in AD can contribute to the decline in synaptic plasticity observed in this pathology.
“Both inflammation and reduced microglial phagocytic capacity in AD can contribute to the decline in synaptic plasticity observed in this pathology (Ritzel et al., 2015; Udeochu et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Udeochu et al., 2016
Aged microglia show reduced phagocytic capacity, which could be due partly to a reduction in the ability of microglia to recognize phagocytic targets.
“In addition, aged microglia show reduced phagocytic capacity. This process could be due partly to a reduction in the ability of microglia to recognize phagocytic targets (Udeochu et al., 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Udeochu et al., 2016
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Microglia in Alzheimer's disease
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Ten Years of Tau-Targeted Immunotherapy: The Path Walked and the Roads Ahead
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Retinal and brain microglia in multiple sclerosis and neurodegeneration
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The effect of aged microglia on synaptic impairment and its relevance in neurodegenerative diseases
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- Authors
- Udeochu, J. C., Shea, J. M., & Villeda, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Villeda, Saul A.
- Venue
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 114-125
- ISSN
- 1759-1961 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5084774
- OpenAlex
- W2345372985
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Sandler Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (DP5‐OD12178)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, aging, Alzheimer's disease, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, cytokines, complement system, extracellular vesicles, phagocytosis, microglial surveillance, synaptic plasticity, cognitive impairment, neurodegeneration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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