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Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging
Open accessAbstract
With age, the brain undergoes both structural and functional alterations, probably resulting in reported cognitive declines. Relatively few investigations have sought to identify those areas that remain intact with aging, or undergo the least deterioration, which might underlie cognitive preservations. Our aim here was to establish a comprehensive profile of both structural and functional changes in the aging brain, using up-to-date voxel-based methodology (i.e. optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) procedure; resting-state (18)FDG-PET with correction for partial volume effects (PVE)) in 45 optimally healthy subjects aged 20-83 years. Negative and positive correlations between age and both gray matter (GM) volume and (18)FDG uptake were assessed. The frontal cortex manifested the greatest deterioration, both structurally and functionally, whereas the anterior hippocampus, the thalamus and (functionally) the posterior cingulate cortex were the least affected. Our results support the developmental theory which postulates that the first regions to emerge phylogenetically and ontogenetically are the most resistant to age effects, and the last ones the most vulnerable. Furthermore, the lesser affected anterior hippocampal region, together with the lesser functional alteration of the posterior cingulate cortex, appear to mark the parting of the ways between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by early and prominent deterioration of both structures.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 45 optimally healthy adults aged 20–83, normal aging showed the greatest structural and metabolic deterioration in frontal cortex, while anterior hippocampus, thalamus, and posterior cingulate cortex were among the least affected. The authors interpret this pattern as supporting developmental theory and as distinguishing normal aging from Alzheimer’s disease.
Key findings
- Absolute gray matter (GM) loss was mainly bilateral frontal (dorsolateral prefrontal, sensorimotor, orbitofrontal), with additional loss in superior occipital/parietal cortices, insula, posterior hippocampus, cerebellum, and periventricular/caudate/anterior thalamic regions.
- Highest 18FDG uptake decreases were bilateral superior medial frontal, motor, anterior/middle cingulate, parietal regions (left-predominant), and superior temporal pole encroaching on insular/orbitofrontal cortex.
- Least GM decline was mainly right anterior mesial temporal structures (anterior hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala), lateral thalamic nuclei, right calcarine region, and brainstem; least 18FDG decrease was bilateral mesial temporal (hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus), putamen/pallidum/lateral thalamic nuclei, right posterior cingulate/precuneus, occipito-temporal cortex, and cerebellum.
- Complementary analyses: right hippocampal head volume vs age was r = .07 (p = .65); HipMask relative metabolic hippocampal ratios vs age was r = .51 (p < .001), and HipMask measures correlated with SPM hippocampal peaks at r = .73 left and r = .70 right (p < .001 for both).
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of 45 right-handed healthy subjects aged 20–83 years (mean 49.4 ± 18; 24 females, 21 males), screened with stringent clinical, MRI, and neuropsychological criteria; MRI and resting 18FDG-PET were completed within two months.
- MRI analyzed with optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM); PET corrected for partial volume effects using a modified Müller-Gärtner method, coregistered/normalized to a customized template, and smoothed with a 14-mm isotropic Gaussian filter.
- SPM2 voxelwise correlations with age used p < .01 FDR corrected, minimum cluster size k = 20; proportional scaling assessed relative GM and relative 18FDG changes, with complementary ROI and HipMask analyses for hippocampus.
Limitations
- The paper states that PET and MR spatial resolution differed, preventing direct comparison of atrophy and hypometabolism; possible age effects on intrinsic MR signal/contrast; PVE correction accuracy depends on MRI-PET realignment and MRI segmentation; and the cross-sectional design cannot definitively resolve hippocampal impairment because of possible cohort effects.
- The text also makes evident that PET data were relative rather than CMRglc because raw FDG uptake has no physiological meaning and CMRglc requires invasive arterial blood sampling.
- A formal psychiatric interview was not performed, as noted in the inclusion criteria.
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Claims the paper makes
42 Not checked yet · 40 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 5 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frontal cortex manifested the greatest deterioration, both structurally and functionally, whereas the anterior hippocampus, the thalamus and (functionally) the posterior cingulate cortex were the least affected.”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Absolute GM volume loss (Table 1, Figure 1A) · p. 10 · plain
“Absolute age-related GM volume loss was mainly located bilaterally in the frontal lobes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor areas and orbitofrontal regions).”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Highest 18 FDG uptake decreases (Table 3, Figure 1B) · p. 10 · plain
“A relative age-related decrease in 18 FDG uptake was found bilaterally in the superior medial frontal, motor, anterior and middle cingulate cortices, as well as in the bilateral parietal regions (with left-sided predominance), including the supramarginal, superior and inferior parietal cortices.”
plaincorrelationaln = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Absolute GM volume loss (Table 1, Figure 1A) · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positive correlation between age and GM volume showed that the least GM decline was mainly located in the anterior right mesial temporal lobe structures (and the left counterpart at p<0.05 FDR corrected), including the anterior part of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala, lateral thalamic nuclei, right calcarine region and brainstem.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Absolute age-related GM volume loss was mainly located bilaterally in the frontal lobes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor areas and orbitofrontal regions).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A relative age-related decrease in 18 FDG uptake was found bilaterally in the superior medial frontal, motor, anterior and middle cingulate cortices, as well as in the bilateral parietal regions (with left-sided predominance), including the supramarginal, superior and inferior parietal cortices.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least 18 FDG uptake decreases with aging was found in the bilateral mesial temporal lobes (hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with the literature, less metabolic decrease was found within the inferior temporal (fusiform cortex) and occipital areas (calcarine area and lingual gyrus) [32,49,58,86].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Herholz, 2002, Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Moeller, 1996, The metabolic topography of normal aging, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Petit-Taboué, 1998, Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Willis, 2002, Age, sex and laterality effects on cerebral glucose metabolism in healthy adults, Psychiatry Res. (Neuroimaging) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is worth noting that the posterior cingulate cortex is one of the least metabolically impaired areas with healthy aging.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“By controlling for errors liable to generate inaccurate findings, our data provide further evidence that the subcortical nuclei (putamen, pallidum) and thalamus are quite spared by increasing age.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Regarding the metabolic data, we found that the anterior brain areas, notably a large part of the superior medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior and middle parts of the cingulate cortex, were the most metabolically affected in normal aging.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, we found substantial correlations between the measures obtained in each subject using the HipMask method, and the intensity values extracted from the voxel-based analysis in the left [-36;-14;-18] and right [38;-22;-12] hippocampal peaks (r = .73 and r = .70, respectively, p < .001 for both), suggesting that the SPM findings are robust and not due to spatial normalization errors.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frontal cortex manifested the greatest deterioration, both structurally and functionally, whereas the anterior hippocampus, the thalamus and (functionally) the posterior cingulate cortex were the least affected.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Least GM volume decreases (Table 2, Figure 1A) · p. 10 · plain
“The positive correlation between age and GM volume showed that the least GM decline was mainly located in the anterior right mesial temporal lobe structures (and the left counterpart at p<0.05 FDR corrected), including the anterior part of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and amygdala, lateral thalamic nuclei, right calcarine region and brainstem.”
- Also stated in: § 3.4. Least 18 FDG uptake decreases (Table 4, Figure 1B) · p. 11 · plain
“The least 18 FDG uptake decreases with aging was found in the bilateral mesial temporal lobes (hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus).”
plainn = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Least GM volume decreases (Table 2, Figure 1A) · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atrophy was also found in the bilateral superior occipital and superior parietal cortices, the insular region surrounding the superior temporal areas, the posterior part of the hippocampus, the cerebellum and the periventricular areas spanning the caudate nuclei and anterior thalamic nucleus.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The metabolic rate of the superior temporal pole encroaching on the insular and orbitofrontal cortices was particularly affected.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The putamen, pallidum and lateral thalamic nuclei were metabolically less impaired, as well as the right posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, both sides of the occipito-temporal cortex (calcarine, fusiform, lingual and inferior occipital cortices) and the cerebellum.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One of the limbic structures - the hippocampus - showed a lesser degree of metabolic impairment, thus confirming the findings of Willis et al. [86], who found 'preserved' hippocampal relative CMRglc (cerebral metabolic rate of glucose), and those of a very recent longitudinal study [5] over 9 years in older healthy subjects which highlighted an increased relative rCBF in the left hippocampus.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, it is worth noting that the gray matter losses in the frontal cortex and those in the hippocampus are very different, the decline in frontal cortex proceeding monotonically downward from an early age.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0 | -27 | -12 | 5.83 | 828 | Brainstem”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“19 | -21 | 5 | 5.63 | 768 | Thalamus (lateral nuclei) R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“58 | -26 | 50 | 5.01 | 740 | Supramarginal/parietal inf R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“21 | -9 | -29 | 5.68 | 1902 | Entorhinal R | 28/36”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“46 | 22 | -6 | 4.73 | 206 | Orbitofrontal inf R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“18 | -14 | 10 | 5.40 | 95 | Thalamus (lateral nuclei) R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-40 | 14 | -10 | 5.46 | 481 | Orbitofrontal inf L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“6 | 20 | 66 | 6.05 | 1520 | Frontal mid/sup/sup med R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-36 | -52 | 56 | 7.54 | 1372 | Parietal inf/sup/supramarginal L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-10 | -60 | -36 | 5.34 | 412 | Cerebellum L/R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“-4 | 20 | 66 | 6.46 | 2681 | Frontal mid/sup/sup med L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“26 | -64 | 18 | 7.60 | 6071 | Amygdala R”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-16 | -19 | 5 | 5.70 | 626 | Thalamus (lateral nuclei) L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-36 | -16 | 22 | 6.68 | 3747 | Amygdala L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“-16 | -16 | 8 | 5.83 | 145 | Thalamus (lateral nuclei) L”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Our results support the developmental theory which postulates that the first regions to emerge phylogenetically and ontogenetically are the most resistant to age effects, and the last ones the most vulnerable.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · p. 13 · plain
“From an evolutionary perspective, our structural findings support the 'developmental hypothesis' postulated by Grieve et al. [31] to account for structural changes in normal aging.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grieve et al. [31] Grieve, 2005, Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
plaincorrelationaln = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · p. 13 · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, the literature consistently reports global brain atrophy in normal adults, generally more pronounced in frontal areas (for a review, [63]), often followed by parietal, temporal and insular gray matter (GM) loss [1,2,29,31,70,81,87].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Raz, 2001, Ageing and the brain
- Not checked yetcites [1] Abe, 2006, Aging in the CNS: comparison of gray/white matter volume and diffusion tensor data, Neurobiol. Aging
- Not checked yetcites [2] Allen, 2005, Normal neuroanatomical variation due to age: the major lobes and a parcellation of the temporal region, Neurobiol. Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Good, 2001, A voxel-based morphometric study of aging in 465 normal adult human brains, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Grieve, 2005, Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Resnick, 2000, One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Tisserand, 2004, A voxel-based morphometric study to determine individual differences in gray matter density associated with age and cognitive change over time, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Yanase, 2005, Brain FDG PET study of normal aging in Japanese: effect of atrophy correction, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With age, the brain undergoes structural and functional deterioration, which is thought to be responsible for the reported cognitive decline [3,62,47].”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These authors, using ROI analyses (including frontal lobe, hippocampal and parahippocampal areas) by decades, found that the frontal cortex volume declined linearly and had the strongest age association, whereas the hippocampal volume remained steady until about 60 years of age, while thereafter its volume began to rapidly decline.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen et al. [2] Allen, 2005, Normal neuroanatomical variation due to age: the major lobes and a parcellation of the temporal region, Neurobiol. Aging source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Authors have systematically reported GM loss in the frontal lobe with aging [1,29,31,37,38,81,84,87], also affecting the insula, Heschl gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, sensorimotor areas and cerebellum.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Abe, 2006, Aging in the CNS: comparison of gray/white matter volume and diffusion tensor data, Neurobiol. Aging
- Not checked yetcites [29] Good, 2001, A voxel-based morphometric study of aging in 465 normal adult human brains, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Grieve, 2005, Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Lehmbeck, 2006, Combining voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging to detect age-related brain changes, Neuroreport source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lemaître, 2005, Age- and sex-related effects on the neuroanatomy of healthy elderly, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Tisserand, 2004, A voxel-based morphometric study to determine individual differences in gray matter density associated with age and cognitive change over time, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [84] Van Laere, 2001, Brain perfusion SPECT: age- and sex-related effects correlated with voxel-based morphometric findings in healthy adults, Radiology source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Yanase, 2005, Brain FDG PET study of normal aging in Japanese: effect of atrophy correction, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All these studies being considered together, the occipital and posterior cingulate cortices, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia and limbic structures have been reported to be the least altered. However, many contradictory results preclude any firm conclusion, given that decreased metabolism has been found in the limbic areas [42], basal ganglia [32], or posterior cingulate cortex [89].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Herholz, 2002, Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Moeller, 1996, The metabolic topography of normal aging, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Petit-Taboué, 1998, Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Willis, 2002, Age, sex and laterality effects on cerebral glucose metabolism in healthy adults, Psychiatry Res. (Neuroimaging) source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Martin, 1991, Decreases in regional cerebral blood flow with normal aging, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Zuendorf, 2003, Efficient principal component analysis for multivariate 3D voxel-based mapping of brain functional imaging data sets as applied to FDG-PET and normal aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these analyses were performed using a statistical threshold of p<.01 FDR, corrected for multiple comparisons, with a minimum cluster size k=20.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Also, using the former method, the hippocampal head was found to be more resilient to the normal aging process than the hippocampal tail [24,64], whereas in contrast a substantial decrease in anterior hippocampal volume has been observed in Alzheimer's disease [4,43,64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Driscoll, 2003, The aging hippocampus: cognitive, biochemical and structural findings, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Raz, 2000, Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: integration of structural and functional findings
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baron, 2001, In vivo mapping of gray matter loss with voxel-based morphometry in mild Alzheimer's disease, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Matsuda, 2002, Longitudinal evaluation of both morphologic and functional changes in the same individuals with Alzheimer's disease, J. Nucl. Med.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PVE correction (PVEc) was performed very recently in two PET studies, providing the most reliable results in this field so far [33,87].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ibanez, 2004, Resting state glucose metabolism is not reduced in normotensive healthy men during aging, after correction for brain atrophy, Brain Res. Bull. source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Yanase, 2005, Brain FDG PET study of normal aging in Japanese: effect of atrophy correction, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PET data were first corrected for PVE . We used an optimized voxel-based technique, originally devised by Müller-Gärtner et al. [52], and modified slightly by Rousset et al. [72].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Müller-Gärtner et al. [52] Müller-Gärtner, 1992, Measurement of radiotracer concentration in brain gray matter using positron emission tomography: MRI-based correction for partial volume effects, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites Rousset et al. [72] Rousset, 1998, Correction for partial volume effects in PET: principle and validation, J. Nucl. Med.
- Not checked yetcites Quarantelli et al. [61] Quarantelli, 2004, Integrated software for the analysis of brain PET/SPECT studies with partial-volume-effect correction, J. Nucl. Med.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The authors report that only the right precentral gyrus remained relatively intact across age in men, as opposed to the left superior temporal and postcentral areas in women; they did not report data for the group as a whole.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Yanase, 2005, Brain FDG PET study of normal aging in Japanese: effect of atrophy correction, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since this structure and adjacent areas are deteriorated first and foremost in Alzheimer's disease [4,19,36], differentiating the mesial temporal GM evolution in normal and pathological aging constitutes a key issue.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baron, 2001, In vivo mapping of gray matter loss with voxel-based morphometry in mild Alzheimer's disease, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Delacourte, 1999, The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease, Neurology source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Kantarci, 2003, Neuroimaging in Alzheimer disease: an evidence-based review, Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most have revealed prominent GM loss in prefrontal regions [40,59,65,71,76] with smaller but significant decline in other regions, notably in mesial temporal areas.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Liu, 2003, A longitudinal study of brain morphometrics using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and difference image analysis, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Pfefferbaum, 1998, A controlled study of cortical gray matter and ventricular changes in alcoholic men over a 5-year interval, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Raz, 2005, Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Rettmann, 2006, Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of anatomical sulcal changes associated with aging, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Scahill, 2003, A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in normal aging using serial registered magnetic resonance imaging, Arch. Neurol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This discrepancy may result from the samples selected in these studies. Thus, preservation of the hippocampus was found when the sample covered a large life span (17-79 years in Good et al. [29] and 8-79 in Grieve et al. [31]), whereas atrophy was observed when age effects were evaluated within older samples, i.e. 50 or 60 years and over ([38,70,81, but see [84]).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Good, 2001, A voxel-based morphometric study of aging in 465 normal adult human brains, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Grieve, 2005, Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lemaître, 2005, Age- and sex-related effects on the neuroanatomy of healthy elderly, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Resnick, 2000, One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults, Cereb. Cortex source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Tisserand, 2004, A voxel-based morphometric study to determine individual differences in gray matter density associated with age and cognitive change over time, Cereb. Cortex source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The authors showed prominent atrophy of the prefrontal cortex, and relative sparing of the temporal and parahippocampal cortices, corroborating several previous volumetric findings (see also [68]).”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They showed that the variance of hippocampal volume was not different in young and older adults, and they gave an interesting discussion about the large hippocampal volume inter-individual variability they observed in young healthy subjects.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Lupien, 2007, Hippocampal volume is as variable in young as in older adults: implications for the notion of hippocampal atrophy in humans, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ibanez et al. [33] failed to find any remaining hypometabolic areas after PVEc. However, differences in the population and statistics they selected may have induced a loss of statistical power in their study, as they have compared two small groups (young vs. older groups), rather than correlating PET data and age across the whole sample.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ibanez et al. [33] Ibanez, 2004, Resting state glucose metabolism is not reduced in normotensive healthy men during aging, after correction for brain atrophy, Brain Res. Bull. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to 18 FDG-PET studies of the postnatal maturation of the brain [16], the newborn period is characterized by a high metabolic rate in the mesial temporal region, cerebellar vermis, thalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex. At three months, glucose metabolism increases in the parietal, occipital and temporal cortices. Frontal glucose consumption begins to increase”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Chugani, 1998, A critical period of brain development: studies of cerebral glucose utilization with PET, Prev. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings support the idea that episodic memory deficits associated with normal aging reflect above all a failure to implement an efficient strategy in the retrieval of episodic information, with encoding and ecphoric processes being relatively unaffected.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Cabeza, 2000, Imaging cognition II: an empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies, J. Cogn. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Desgranges, 1998, The functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory: the role of the frontal lobes, the hippocampal formation, and other areas, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Desgranges, 2002, The neural basis of intrusions in free recall and cued recall: a PET study in Alzheimer's disease, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Morcom, 2003, Age effects on the neural correlates of successful memory encoding, Brain source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Schacter, 1996, The role of hippocampus and frontal cortex in age-related memory changes: a PET study, Neuroreport source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the SPM segmentation algorithm seems to be more particularly recommended for clinical data [88]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Zaidi, 2006, Links comparative assessment of statistical brain MR image segmentation algorithms and their impact on partial volume correction in PET, Neuroimage source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to this model, the rostral portion of the hippocampus is particularly heavily involved in encoding processes, whereas its caudal portion is mainly involved in retrieval processes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lepage, 1998, PET activations of memory encoding and retrieval: the HIPER model, Hippocampus source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From an evolutionary perspective, our structural findings support the 'developmental hypothesis' postulated by Grieve et al. [31] to account for structural changes in normal aging. This hypothesis stipulates that the first structures to neurally develop are the most resistant to aging effects, whereas those that emerge during the latter stages of development are the first to deteriorate.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grieve et al. [31] Grieve, 2005, Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging, Hum. Brain Mapp. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An increasing number of studies have consistently showed that this structure is the most metabolically impaired region in prodromal Alzheimer's disease [15,53]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Chételat, 2003, Dissociating atrophy and hypometabolism impact on episodic memory in mild cognitive impairment, Brain source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Nestor, 2003, Retrosplenial cortex (BA29/30) hypometabolism in mild cognitive impairment (prodromal Alzheimer's disease), Eur. J. Neurosci. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the SPM findings are robust and not due to spatial normalization errors.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The hippocampal volume increases in children [82], until in the young adult, then remains relatively stable until the late 60's when it begins to decline (see introduction), giving rise to a curvilinear function.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Toga, 2006, Mapping brain maturation, Trends Neurosci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there is no given segmentation or PVE correction algorithms providing the best results under all conditions”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Quarantelli, 2004, Integrated software for the analysis of brain PET/SPECT studies with partial-volume-effect correction, J. Nucl. Med.
- Not checked yetcites [74] Rousset, 2005, Correction for partial volume effects in emission tomography
- Not checked yetcites [88] Zaidi, 2006, Links comparative assessment of statistical brain MR image segmentation algorithms and their impact on partial volume correction in PET, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, we note the remote possibility of age effects on intrinsic MR signal and contrast.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies have yielded discrepant results regarding these structures, reporting either 'preservation' [49,58,86], or alteration (before PVEc [33], see also [32]).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Moeller, 1996, The metabolic topography of normal aging, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Petit-Taboué, 1998, Effects of healthy aging on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose assessed with statistical parametric mapping, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Willis, 2002, Age, sex and laterality effects on cerebral glucose metabolism in healthy adults, Psychiatry Res. (Neuroimaging) source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ibanez, 2004, Resting state glucose metabolism is not reduced in normotensive healthy men during aging, after correction for brain atrophy, Brain Res. Bull. source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Herholz, 2002, Discrimination between Alzheimer dementia and controls by automated analysis of multicenter FDG PET, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we can consider that we have done our best to reduce (although not totally exclude) the risk of realignment and segmentation errors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“considering the fact that coregistration and segmentation have been individually checked for accuracy”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the absolute values have been divided by the global mean in these analyses, the decrease of the global mean induced an increase of the relative values with age, indicating that the highlighted regions were those that undergo the least age-related GM loss and decreased 18 FDG uptake.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is well-known that in prodromal Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is the first to become atrophic [14]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Chételat, 2002, Mapping gray matter loss with voxel-based morphometry in mild cognitive impairment, Neuroreport source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the modified Müller-Gärtner PVE correction algorithm seems to be the most accurate voxel-based method, and the least dependent on segmentation errors [61]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Quarantelli, 2004, Integrated software for the analysis of brain PET/SPECT studies with partial-volume-effect correction, J. Nucl. Med.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has assessed both structural and functional deterioration and relative preservation in normal aging in the same sample using voxel-based analyses, optimized VBM and PVEc.
“To our knowledge, no study has assessed both structural and functional deterioration and relative preservation in normal aging in the same sample and using up-to-date methodology, i.e. voxel-based analyses, the optimized-VBM procedure and PVEc.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age-related differences in brain structure and metabolism reflect true aging effects rather than cohort effects.
“Forty-five healthy subjects aged between 20 and 83 years (mean: 49.4 ± 18 years, 24 females and 21 males) were selected according to stringent prospective inclusion/exclusion criteria.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Regional reductions in brain glucose utilization occur with aging and to a greater extent in MCI and AD [185-193].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [189]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Legends · p. 31
“the absolute GM loss in the frontal cortex (peak coordinates [x; y; z] ↔ [49; 13; 47]; r = .64)”
§ 2.4. MRI and PET data analyses · p. 9
“we assessed negative correlations between age and absolute GM volume to obtain absolute age-related GM volume loss”
Citations
Cites
A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study of Ageing in 465 Normal Adult Human Brains
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Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598
Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers
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Structural Brain Changes in Aging: Courses, Causes and Cognitive Consequences
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BackgroundResultThe Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives
Swerdlow, R. H., Burns, J. M., & Khan, S. M. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.010 · Cited by 786
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation
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“temporal cortex have also been observed (Kalpouzos et al. 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease
Cunnane, S. C., Nugent, S., Roy, M., Courchesne‐Loyer, A., Croteau, É., Tremblay, S., Castellano, A., Pifferi, F., Bocti, C., Paquet, N., et al. (2010) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.07.021 · Cited by 633
“Even those who report that healthy aging is accompanied by declining brain metabolism [204,205] describe a pattern of brain hypometabolism in healthy aging that is distinct from what is observed in AD.”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalpouzos, G., Chételat, G., Baron, J.-C., Landeau, B., Mevel, K., Godeau, C., Barré, L., Constans, J.-M., Viader, F., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Desgranges, Béatrice
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-124
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067165730
- Semantic Scholar
- bf607728c1e82244d92309ed602209a9f8de7586
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- inserm.hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- normal brain aging, gray matter volume, glucose metabolism, voxel-based morphometry, FDG-PET, partial volume correction, frontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, posterior cingulate cortex, cognitive preservation, Alzheimer's disease, brain aging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Middle Aged, Neurons, Organ Size, Radionuclide Imaging, Tissue Distribution, Radiopharmaceuticals, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Young Adult
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