Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume
Open accessAbstract
In this review, we explore the association among physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise on gray matter volume in older adults. We conclude that higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels are routinely associated with greater gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and less consistently in other regions. We also conclude that physical activity is associated with greater gray matter volume in the same regions that are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Some heterogeneity in the literature may be explained by effect moderation by age, stress, or other factors. Finally, we report promising results from randomized exercise interventions that suggest that the volume of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain pliable and responsive to moderate intensity exercise for 6 months-1 year. Physical activity appears to be a propitious method for influencing gray matter volume in late adulthood, but additional well-controlled studies are necessary to inform public policies about the potential protective or therapeutic effects of exercise on brain volume.
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There is strong evidence for neuroplasticity in active older adults - i.e., if there is optimal physical, cognitive and social activity, the development of new synapses, dendrites, blood vessels, and even neurons in specific subcortical regions, such as the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, can and does take place.
“There is strong evidence for neuroplasticity in active older adults – i.e., if there is optimal physical, cognitive and social activity, the development of new synapses, dendrites, blood vessels, and even neurons in specific subcortical regions, such as the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, can and does take place64, 65.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
Cross-sectional and randomized intervention studies consistently suggest a change in the size of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after moderate intensity exercise in elderly people.
“A recent review on the association between fitness, physical activity and gray matter volume showed that both cross-sectional studies and randomized interventions consistently suggested a change in the size of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after moderate intensity exercise in elderly people (59).”
From The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Erickson, K. I., Leckie, R. L., & Weinstein, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Erickson, Kirk I.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 35
- Pages
- S20-S28
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4094356
- OpenAlex
- W1979866949
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 DK095172)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, gray matter volume, older adults, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, exercise intervention, neuroplasticity, old age, stress, age effects
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hippocampus, Humans, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Organ Size, Physical Fitness, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Prefrontal Cortex, Gray Matter
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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