Neuroprotective role of the innate immune system by microglia
Abstract
Innate immunity is a rapid series of reactions to pathogens, cell injuries and toxic proteins. A key component of this natural response is the production of inflammatory mediators by resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. There is accumulating evidence that inflammation contributes to acute injuries and more chronic CNS diseases, though other studies have shown that inhibition of microglia is, in contrast, associated with more damages or less repair. The controversies regarding the neuroprotective and neurodegenerative properties of microglia may depend on the experimental approaches. Neurotoxic substances are frequently used to produce animal models of acute injuries or diseases and they may activate microglia either directly or indirectly by their ability to cause neuronal death and demyelination. Whether microglia and the immune response play a direct role in such processes still remains an open question. On the other hand, there are data supporting the role of resident microglia and those derived from the bone marrow in the stimulation of myelin repair, removal of toxic proteins from the CNS and the prevention of neurodegeneration in chronic brain diseases. The ability of glucocorticoids to provide a negative feedback on nuclear factor kappa B pathways in microglia may be a determinant mechanism underlying the ultimate fate of the inflammatory response in the CNS. This review presents new concepts regarding the neuroprotective role of the innate immune response in the brain and how microglia can be directed to improve recovery after injuries and prevent/delay neurodegeneration.
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In certain circumstances, neuroinflammation can help stimulate myelin repair or remove toxic aggregated proteins and cell debris from the CNS.
“However, in certain circumstances, the neuroinflammation can help stimulate myelin repair or remove toxic aggregated proteins and cell debris from CNS (Ding et al., 2004; Simard et al., 2006; Glezer et al., 2007).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Glezer et al., 2007
Pharmacological ablation of GR signaling with RU486 hinders the LPS-mediated expression of various immune genes involved in host defense, such as IL-1beta.
“Notably, the pharmacological ablation of GR signaling with RU486 was found to hinder the LPS-mediated expression of various immune genes involved in host defense, such as IL-1β (153).”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [153]
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Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier
Abbott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., & Begley, D. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030 · Cited by 5,185 · see citing works
Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
Hanisch, U.-K., & Kettenmann, H. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1997 · Cited by 3,676 · see citing works
Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Tang, Y., & Le, W. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9070-5 · Cited by 2,190 · see citing works
A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity
Kadry, H., Noorani, B., & Cucullo, L. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments
Hoogland, I. C. M., Houbolt, C., van Westerloo, D. J., van Gool, W. A., & van de Beek, D. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0332-6 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
Rivest, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2565 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Self-citationToll‐like receptor 4 is required for α‐synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia
Fellner, L., Irschick, R., Schanda, K., Reindl, M., Klimaschewski, L., Poewe, W., Wenning, G. K., & Stefanova, N. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22437 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Erblich, B., Zhu, L., Etgen, A. M., Dobrenis, K., & Pollard, J. W. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026317 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Cosenza‐Nashat, M., Zhao, M. ‐., Suh, H. ‐., Morgan, J., Natividad, R., Morgello, S., & Lee, S. C. (2009) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x · Cited by 459 · see citing works
The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain
Bellavance, M.-A., & Rivest, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationReview: Systemic inflammation and<scp>A</scp>lzheimer's disease
Holmes, C. (2013) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01307.x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Inflammation and the neural diathesis-stress hypothesis of schizophrenia: a reconceptualization
Howes, O. D., & McCutcheon, R. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.278 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Toll-Like Receptor 4 Promotes α-Synuclein Clearance and Survival of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons
Stefanova, N., Fellner, L., Reindl, M., Masliah, E., Poewe, W., & Wenning, G. K. (2011) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.013 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Aging‐dependent changes of microglial cells and their relevance for neurodegenerative disorders
Von Bernhardi, R., Tichauer, J. E., & Eugenín, J. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06537.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Is microglial apoptosis an early pathogenic change in cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy?
Eichler, F. S., Ren, J., Cossoy, M., Rietsch, A. M., Nagpal, S., Moser, A. B., Frosch, M. P., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21391 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment
Singhal, G., Jaehne, E. J., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00097 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Koronyo, Y., Salumbides, B. C., Sheyn, J., Pelissier, L., Li, S., Ljubimov, V., Moyseyev, M., Daley, D., Fuchs, D.-T., Pham, M., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv150 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Dysfunction of ABC transporters at the blood-brain barrier: Role in neurological disorders
Gil-Martins, E., Barbosa, D. J., Silva, V., Remião, F., & Silva, R. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107554 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Hypothalamic inflammation and energy homeostasis: Resolving the paradox
Thaler, J. P., Choi, S. J., Schwartz, M. W., & Wisse, B. E. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.10.002 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Abutbul, S., Shapiro, J., Szaingurten‐Solodkin, I., Levy, N., Carmy, Y., Baron, R., Jung, S., & Monsonego, A. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22343 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Carrillo-de Sauvage, M. Á., Maatouk, L., Arnoux, I., Pasco, M., Sanz Diez, A., Delahaye, M., Herrero, M. T., Newman, T. A., Calvo, C. F., Audinat, E., et al. (2013) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2013.108 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Inflammation in transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders
Schwab, C., Klegeris, A., & McGeer, P. L. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.013 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Lesional Accumulation of CD163+ Macrophages/microglia in Rat Traumatic Brain Injury
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z.-Y., Wu, Y., & Schluesener, H. J. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.038 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Silverman, M. N., Mukhopadhyay, P., Belyavskaya, E., Tonelli, L. H., Revenis, B. D., Doran, J. H., Ballard, B. E., Tam, J., Pacher, P., & Sternberg, E. M. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.131 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Modulation of Neuroinflammation in Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
Kelly, Á. M. (2018) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-180074 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Medvedeva, E. V., Dmitrieva, V. G., Povarova, O. V., Limborska, S. A., Skvortsova, V. I., Myasoedov, N. F., & Dergunova, L. V. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-228 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Glezer, I., Simard, A. R., & Rivest, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CA)
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 867-883
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074753416
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, innate immunity, neuroprotection, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, macrophages, remyelination, demyelination, glucocorticoids, NF-κB, neurotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Models, Biological, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Microglia, Toll-Like Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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