Mitochondrial Signaling
Open accessAbstract
Mitochondrial retrograde signaling is a pathway of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus that influences many cellular and organismal activities under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. In yeast it is used as a sensor of mitochondrial dysfunction that initiates readjustments of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. In both yeast and animal cells, retrograde signaling is linked to TOR signaling, but the precise connections are unclear. In mammalian cells, mitochondrial dysfunction sets off signaling cascades through altered Ca(2+) dynamics, which activate factors such as NFkappaB, NFAT, and ATF. Retrograde signaling also induces invasive behavior in otherwise nontumorigenic cells implying a role in tumor progression.
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In S. cerevisiae, the Rtg transcription factors were known as the model and best understood example of retrograde mitonuclear signaling.
“Whereas in S. cerevisiae the Rtg transcription factors were known as the model and best understood example of the retrograde mitonuclear signaling (Butow and Avadhani 2004; Liu and Butow 2006)”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Butow and Avadhani 2004
The paper describes Rtg1p and Rtg3p as a yeast transcriptional complex that activates retrograde-response genes, and calls CIT2 a prototypical readout of that response (passages labeled Abstract; page unavailable). This supports the RTG pathway as an established example of mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling, but the passages do not establish the comparative claim that it was the best-understood example. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMITF is not involved in mitonuclear signaling.
“The human homolog of Rtg3p is the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) (Goding and Arnheiter 2019), which is not involved in mitonuclear signaling that in Metazoa evolved independently and uses different mechanisms (Butow and Avadhani 2004; Jazwinski 2014; English et al. 2020).”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Butow and Avadhani 2004
The Abstract and Concluding Remarks (pages unavailable) describe yeast retrograde signaling through RTG factors and mammalian signaling through altered Ca2+ dynamics and factors such as NFκB, NFAT, and ATF. That supports a difference in the mechanisms discussed, but the copy does not say that MITF is uninvolved or that metazoan signaling evolved independently (searched: MITF, microphthalmia, metazoan signaling). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMetazoan mitonuclear signaling evolved independently and uses different mechanisms.
“The human homolog of Rtg3p is the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) (Goding and Arnheiter 2019), which is not involved in mitonuclear signaling that in Metazoa evolved independently and uses different mechanisms (Butow and Avadhani 2004; Jazwinski 2014; English et al. 2020).”
From Mitochondrial retrograde control of transcription evolves with respiratory stress, metabolic adaptation, and virulence in budding yeasts (2026) · cites this paper as Butow and Avadhani 2004
The Concluding Remarks describe different signaling machinery in yeast and mammalian cells: yeast regulatory factors versus calcium-dependent cascades activating NFκB, NFAT, and ATF. They do not say that metazoan mitonuclear signaling evolved independently; they also note a link to TOR signaling in both groups. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReplenishment of glutamate and acetyl CoA in TCA and alternative nitrogen uptake are signatures of a successful compensation for mitochondrial inefficiency via retrograde regulation.
“Nevertheless, the replenishment of glutamate and acetyl CoA in TCA and alternative nitrogen uptake are the signatures of a “successful” compensation for mitochondrial inefficiency via retrograde regulation (33), which seem to be reflected in resistant C. albicans here.”
From Divergent mitochondrial responses and metabolic signal pathways secure the azole resistance in Crabtree-positive and negative <i>Candida</i> species (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
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BackgroundInfluentialSirtuin regulation of mitochondria: energy production, apoptosis, and signaling
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- Authors
- Butow, R. A., & Avadhani, N. G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Butow, Ronald A
- ORCID
- Avadhani, Narayan G
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1548851567
- Cited by
- 882
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 22762)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM22525)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- mitochondrial retrograde signaling, mitochondrial-nuclear communication, mitochondrial dysfunction, TOR signaling, calcium dynamics, NF-κB, NFAT, ATF, tumor progression, yeast
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Cell Nucleus, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Mitochondria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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