Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation precedes plaque formation in β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 double-transgenic mice
Abstract
beta-Amyloid peptides are key molecules that are involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The source and place of the neurotoxic action of Abeta, however, is still a matter of controversial debates. In the present report, we studied the neuropathological events in a transgenic mouse model expressing human mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein and human mutant presenilin-1 in neurons. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that intracellular Abeta staining preceded plaque deposition, which started in the hippocampal formation. At later stages, many neuritic Abeta positive plaques were found in all cortical, hippocampal and many other brain areas. Interestingly, intraneuronal Abeta staining was no longer detected in the brain of aged double-transgenic mice, which correlates with the typical neuropathology in the brain of chronic AD patients.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intracellular Aβ accumulation in neurons that are particularly vulnerable in AD precedes plaque formation but decreases later on with the progression of Aβ deposition in both mice and humans.
“Indeed, intracellular Aβ accumulation in neurons that are particularly vulnerable in AD precedes plaque formation but decreases later on with the progression of Aβ deposition in both mice [89, 117] and humans [41, 81].”
From Senescence-related impairment of autophagy induces toxic intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation in a mouse model of amyloid pathology (2023) · cites this paper as [117]
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · see citing works
Glenner, G. G., & Wong, C. W. (1984) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80190-4 · Cited by 5,404 · see citing works
The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor
Kang, J., Lemaire, H.-G., Unterbeck, A., Salbaum, J. M., Masters, C. L., Grzeschik, K.-H., Multhaup, G., Beyreuther, K., & Müller-Hill, B. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325733a0 · Cited by 4,619 · see citing works
Self-citationAmyloid β-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism
Haass, C., Schlossmacher, M. G., Hung, A. Y., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Mellon, A., Ostaszewski, B. L., Lieberburg, I., Koo, E. H., Schenk, D., Teplow, D. B., et al. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/359322a0 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Iwatsubo, T., Odaka, A., Suzuki, N., Mizusawa, H., Nukina, N., & Ihara, Y. (1994) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90458-8 · Cited by 1,774 · see citing works
Intraneuronal Aβ42 Accumulation in Human Brain
Gouras, G. K., Tsai, J., Naslund, J., Vincent, B., Edgar, M., Checler, F., Greenfield, J. P., Haroutunian, V., Buxbaum, J. D., Xu, H., et al. (2000) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64700-1 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease Aβ40/42 amyloid peptides
Hartmann, T., Bieger, S. C., Brühl, B., Tienari, P. J., Ida, N., Allsop, D., Roberts, G. W., Masters, C. L., Dotti, C. G., Unsicker, K., et al. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0997-1016 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Self-citationLemere, C. A., Blusztajn, J. K., Yamaguchi, H., Wisniewski, T., Saido, T. C., & Selkoe, D. J. (1996) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.1996.0003 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Cook, D. G., Forman, M. S., Sung, J. C., Leight, S., Kolson, D. L., Iwatsubo, T., Lee, V. M.-Y., & Doms, R. W. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0997-1021 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Perez, R. G., Soriano, S., Hayes, J. D., Ostaszewski, B. L., Xia, W., Selkoe, D. J., Chen, X., Stokin, G. B., & Koo, E. H. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.27.18851 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Chui, D.-H., Tanahashi, H., Ozawa, K., Ikeda, S., Checler, F., Ueda, O., Suzuki, H., Araki, W., Inoue, H., Shirotani, K., et al. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/8438 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Xu, H., Sweeney, D. A., Wang, R., Thinakaran, G., Lo, A., Sisodia, S. S., Greengard, P., & Gandy, S. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3748 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease: their nature and pathogenesis.
Glenner, G. G., Wong, C. W., Quaranta, V., & Eanes, E. D. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Wertkin, A. M., Turner, R. S., Pleasure, S. J., Golde, T. E., Younkin, S. G., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9513 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Bayer, T. A., Wirths, O., Majtényi, K., Hartmann, T., Multhaup, G., Beyreuther, K. T., & Czech, C. (2001) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00376.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationLeutner, S., Czech, C., Schindowski, K., Touchet, N., Eckert, A., & Müller, W. E. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01449-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid cellular uptake of Alzheimer amyloid βA4 peptide by cultured human neuroblastoma cells
Ida, N., Masters, C. L., & Beyreuther, K. (1996) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00948-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationProteolytical processing of mutated human amyloid precursor protein in transgenic mice
Czech, C., Delaère, P., Macq, A. F., Reibaud, M., Dreisler, S., Touchet, N., Schombert, B., Mazadier, M., Mercken, L., Theisen, M., et al. (1997) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00039-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationPlaque formation in brain transplants exposed to human β-amyloid precursor protein 695
Bayer, T. A., Fossgreen, A., Czech, C., Beyreuther, K. T., & Wiestler, O. D. (1996) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050500 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Triple-Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease with Plaques and Tangles
Oddo, S., Caccamo, A., Shepherd, J. D., Murphy, M. P., Golde, T. E., Kayed, R., Metherate, R., Mattson, M. P., Akbari, Y., & LaFerla, F. M. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00434-3 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Intracellular amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease
LaFerla, F. M., Green, K. N., & Oddo, S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2168 · Cited by 1,942 · see citing works
Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease
Duyckaerts, C., Delatour, B., & Potier, M.-C. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0532-1 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Aβ: a potential focal point for neuronal metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
Caspersen, C., Wang, N., Yao, J., Sosunov, A., Chen, X., Lustbader, J. W., Xu, H. W., Stern, D., McKhann, G., & Du Yan, S. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-3735fje · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Takahashi, R. H., Milner, T. A., Li, F., Nam, E. E., Edgar, M. A., Yamaguchi, H., Beal, M. F., Xu, H., Greengard, P., & Gouras, G. K. (2002) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64463-x · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Lee, J.-H., Yang, D.-S., Goulbourne, C. N., Im, E., Stavrides, P., Pensalfini, A., Chan, H., Bouchet-Marquis, C., Bleiwas, C., Berg, M. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01084-8 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Jawhar, S., Trawicka, A., Jenneckens, C., Bayer, T. A., & Wirths, O. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.027 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
“Early intraneuronal accumulation has been reported in several mouse models, including APPSDLPS1M146L (Wirths et al., 2001), APPSL PS1M146L (Wirths et al., 2002), Tg2576 (Takahashi et al., 002), 3xTg-AD (Oddo et al., 2003), 5XFAD (Oakley et al., 006), APPArc (Knobloch et al., 2007; Lord et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCaspase-cleavage of tau is an early event in Alzheimer disease tangle pathology
Rissman, R. A., Poon, W. W., Blurton-Jones, M., Oddo, S., Torp, R., Vitek, M. P., LaFerla, F. M., Rohn, T. T., & Cotman, C. W. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200420640 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Oligomerization of Alzheimer's β-Amyloid within Processes and Synapses of Cultured Neurons and Brain
Takahashi, R. H., Almeida, C. G., Kearney, P. F., Yu, F., Lin, M. T., Milner, T. A., & Gouras, G. K. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5167-03.2004 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Amyloid seeds formed by cellular uptake, concentration, and aggregation of the amyloid-beta peptide
Hu, X., Crick, S. L., Bu, G., Frieden, C., Pappu, R. V., & Lee, J.-M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911281106 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., McLaughlin, R., Goodyer, C., & LeBlanc, A. (2002) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200110119 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Astrocytes accumulate Aβ42 and give rise to astrocytic amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease brains
Nagele, R. G., D’Andrea, M. R., Lee, H., Venkataraman, V., & Wang, H.-Y. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02361-8 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Casas, C., Sergeant, N., Itier, J.-M., Blanchard, V., Wirths, O., van der Kolk, N., Vingtdeux, V., van de Steeg, E., Ret, G., Canton, T., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63388-3 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Self-citationBeta-amyloid accumulation in APP mutant neurons reduces PSD-95 and GluR1 in synapses
Almeida, C. G., Tampellini, D., Takahashi, R. H., Greengard, P., Lin, M. T., Snyder, E. M., & Gouras, G. K. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.02.008 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Sheng, J. (2003) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/s0969-9961(03)00069-x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Intraneuronal β-amyloid accumulation and synapse pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Gouras, G. K., Tampellini, D., Takahashi, R. H., & Capetillo-Zarate, E. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0679-9 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation and origin of plaques in Alzheimer's disease
Gouras, G. K., Almeida, C. G., & Takahashi, R. H. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.022 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Aging in Down Syndrome and the Development of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology
Head, E., T. Lott, I., M. Wilcock, D., & A. Lemere, C. (2015) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205012666151020114607 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Blanchard, V., Moussaoui, S., Czech, C., Touchet, N., Bonici, B., Planche, M., Canton, T., Jedidi, I., Gohin, M., Wirths, O., et al. (2003) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00252-8 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmitz, C., Rutten, B. P. F., Pielen, A., Schäfer, S., Wirths, O., Tremp, G., Czech, C., Blanchard, V., Multhaup, G., Rezaie, P., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63235-x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationBayer (2010) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00008 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The Development of Amyloid β Protein Deposits in the Aged Brain
Thal, D. R., Capetillo-Zarate, E., Del Tredici, K., & Braak, H. (2006) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2006.6.re1 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Is Alzheimer’s disease a systemic disease?
Morris, J. K., Honea, R. A., Vidoni, E. D., Swerdlow, R. H., & Burns, J. M. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.012 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The Role of Caspase Cleavage of Tau in Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology
Cotman, C. W., Poon, W. W., Rissman, R. A., & Blurton-Jones, M. (2005) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/64.2.104 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kienlen-Campard, P., Miolet, S., Tasiaux, B., & Octave, J.-N. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200887200 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Wirths, O., Breyhan, H., Cynis, H., Schilling, S., Demuth, H.-U., & Bayer, T. A. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0557-5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationLipopolysaccharide-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats: a Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
ZAKARIA, R., WAN YAACOB, W. M. H., OTHMAN, Z., LONG, I., AHMAD, A. H., & AL-RAHBI, B. (2017) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933480 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Subcellular Topography of Neuronal Aβ Peptide in APPxPS1 Transgenic Mice
Langui, D., Girardot, N., El Hachimi, K. H., Allinquant, B., Blanchard, V., Pradier, L., & Duyckaerts, C. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63405-0 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationIntraneuronal Aβ detection in 5xFAD mice by a new Aβ-specific antibody
Youmans, K. L., Tai, L. M., Kanekiyo, T., Stine Jr, W. B., Michon, S.-C., Nwabuisi-Heath, E., Manelli, A. M., Fu, Y., Riordan, S., Eimer, W. A., et al. (2012) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-7-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid and tau pathologies at synapses
Takahashi, R. H., Capetillo-Zarate, E., Lin, M. T., Milner, T. A., & Gouras, G. K. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.07.021 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Richard, B. C., Kurdakova, A., Baches, S., Bayer, T. A., Weggen, S., & Wirths, O. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-143120 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationAxonopathy in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Wirths, O., Weis, J., Szczygielski, J., Multhaup, G., & Bayer, T. A. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0041-4 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationTampellini, D., Rahman, N., Gallo, E. F., Huang, Z., Dumont, M., Capetillo-Zarate, E., Ma, T., Zheng, R., Lu, B., Nanus, D. M., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2292-09.2009 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Age-dependent axonal degeneration in an Alzheimer mouse model
Wirths, O., Weis, J., Kayed, R., Saido, T. C., & Bayer, T. A. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.07.021 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationWirths, O., Multhaup, G., Czech, C., Feldmann, N., Blanchard, V., Tremp, G., Beyreuther, K., Pradier, L., & Bayer, T. A. (2002) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00442.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationAccumulation of intraneuronal Aβ correlates with ApoE4 genotype
Christensen, D. Z., Schneider-Axmann, T., Lucassen, P. J., Bayer, T. A., & Wirths, O. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0666-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationTampellini, D., Magrané, J., Takahashi, R. H., Li, F., Lin, M. T., Almeida, C. G., & Gouras, G. K. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m700373200 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Bernardo, T. C., Marques‐Aleixo, I., Beleza, J., Oliveira, P. J., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2016) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12403 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sundaram, J. R., Poore, C. P., Sulaimee, N. H. B., Pareek, T., Cheong, W. F., Wenk, M. R., Pant, H. C., Frautschy, S. A., Low, C.-M., & Kesavapany, S. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170093 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Aβ accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A
Willén, K., Edgar, J. R., Hasegawa, T., Tanaka, N., Futter, C. E., & Gouras, G. K. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0203-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
APP/PS1KI bigenic mice develop early synaptic deficits and hippocampus atrophy
Breyhan, H., Wirths, O., Duan, K., Marcello, A., Rettig, J., & Bayer, T. A. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0539-7 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrastructural Localization of Intraneuronal Aβ-Peptide in Alzheimer Disease Brains
Gómez-Ramos, P., & Asunción Morán, M. (2007) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2007-11109 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
An Unbalanced Synaptic Transmission: Cause or Consequence of the Amyloid Oligomers Neurotoxicity?
Sciaccaluga, M., Megaro, A., Bellomo, G., Ruffolo, G., Romoli, M., Palma, E., & Costa, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115991 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hashimoto, M., Bogdanovic, N., Volkmann, I., Aoki, M., Winblad, B., & Tjernberg, L. O. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0661-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Rhein, V., & Eckert, A. (2007) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813450701572288 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Synaptic contact number and size in stratum radiatum CA1 of APP/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice
West, M. J., Bach, G., Søderman, A., & Jensen, J. L. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Christensen, D. Z., Bayer, T. A., & Wirths, O. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.014 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSuelves, N., Saleki, S., Ibrahim, T., Palomares, D., Moonen, S., Koper, M. J., Vrancx, C., Vadukul, D. M., Papadopoulos, N., Viceconte, N., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01578-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gouras, G. K., Willén, K., & Tampellini, D. (2012) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lemmens, M. A. M., Sierksma, A. S. R., Rutten, B. P. F., Dennissen, F., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Lucassen, P. J., & Schmitz, C. (2011) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-011-0305-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ou-Yang, M.-H., & Van Nostrand, W. E. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-134 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
AβPP Accumulation and/or Intraneuronal Amyloid-β Accumulation? The 3xTg-AD Mouse Model Revisited
Wirths, O., Dins, A., & Bayer, T. A. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-111529 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wirths, O., Multhaup, G., Czech, C., Blanchard, V., Moussaoui, S., Tremp, G., Pradier, L., Beyreuther, K., & Bayer, T. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Sanofi (France) (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Bayer, Thomas A
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 306
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 116-120
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975963996
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta, amyloid plaques, Alzheimer's disease, APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, presenilin 1, amyloid precursor protein, hippocampus, neurotoxicity
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Gliosis, Hippocampus, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Transgenic, Mutation, Neurons, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Mice, Presenilin-1, Plaque, Amyloid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review