Impulsivity, risk taking, and timing
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This study examined the relations among measures of impulsivity and timing. Impulsivity was assessed using delay and probability discounting, and self-report impulsivity (as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BIS-11). Timing was assessed using temporal perception as measured on a temporal bisection task and time perspective (as measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory). One hundred and forty three college students completed these measures in a computer laboratory. The degree of delay discounting was positively correlated with the mean and range of the temporal bisection procedure. The degree of delay and probability discounting were also positively correlated. Self-reported motor impulsiveness on the BIS-11 was positively correlated with present hedonism and negatively correlated with future orientation on the ZTPI. Self-reported non-planning on the BIS-11 was positively correlated with fatalism on the ZTPI. These results show that people who overestimate the passage of time (perceive time as passing more quickly) hold less value in delayed rewards. They also confirm previous results regarding the relation between delay and probability discounting, as well as highlight similarities in self-report measures of impulsivity and time perspective.
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The perception of time within individuals is an important factor influencing DD rates.
“the perception of time within individuals is an important factor influencing DD rates”
From Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Baumann & Odum, 2012
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“…inconsistent results, with weak to moderate correlation patterns in individual differences in impulsive and risky choice behavior in humans (Baumann & Odum, 2012; Myerson, Green, Hanson, Holt, & Estle, 2003; Peters & Büchel, 2009; Richards, Zhang, Mitchell, & de Wit, 1999), and moderately…”
InfluentialImpulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and pre‐exposure to delayed rewards: II. Potential mechanisms
Stein, J. S., Renda, C. R., Hinnenkamp, J. E., & Madden, G. J. (2014) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.116 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale. The Development of a New Scale to Measure a New Construct
Craparo, G., Magnano, P., Paolillo, A., & Costantino, V. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9673-x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine administration on performance in a delay discounting task
Orsini, C. A., Mitchell, M. R., Heshmati, S. C., Shimp, K. G., Spurrell, M. S., Bizon, J. L., & Setlow, B. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence
Pfeifer, E., & Wittmann, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00602 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2015), as well as between impulsivity traits, present and future orientation, and time perception (Baumann and Odum, 2012; Mueller et al., 2014; Wittmann et al., 2017), have been reported in previous studies.”
ResultBurnside, A. N., & Gaylord‐Harden, N. K. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0484-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Slower perception of time in depressed and suicidal patients
Cáceda, R., Carbajal, J. M., Salomon, R. M., Moore, J., Perlman, G., Padala, P. R., Hasan, A., & Delgado, P. L. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This is exemplified in the general (Baumann and Odum, 2012) and in clinical populations that show increased cognitive impulsivity and slower perception of time, such as patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Berlin et al.”
BackgroundReward Preferences of Pathological Gamblers Under Conditions of Uncertainty: An Experimental Study
Ciccarelli, M., Malinconico, R., Griffiths, M., Nigro, G., & Cosenza, M. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9593-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The observed (albeit relatively weak) association between delay discounting, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness, confirmed past studies (e.g., Baumann & Odum, 2012; Cosenza & Nigro, 2015; de Wit, Flory, Acheson, McCloskey, & Manuck, 2007) and indicates that delay discounting should probably be…”
ResultA time-based intervention to treat impulsivity in male and female rats
Panfil, K., Bailey, C., Davis, I. R., Mains, A., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112316 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The antisocial phenomenon in adolescence: What is literature telling us?
Morgado, A. M., & Vale-Dias, M. D. L. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.05.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Examining children's ability to delay reward: Is the delay discounting task a suitable measure?
Burns, P., Fay, O., McCafferty, M., McKeever, V., Atance, C. M., & McCormack, T. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2154 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rationalizing Decision-Making: Understanding the Cost and Perception of Time
Namboodiri, V. M. K., Mihalaş, Ş., & Shuler, M. G. H. (2014) · Timing & Time Perception Reviews · doi:10.1163/24054496-00101004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…mathematical theory that can explain such experimentally observed correlations systematically (Barkley et al., 2001; Barratt, 1983; Bauer, 2001; Baumann & Odum, 2012; Berlin et al., 2004; Berlin & Rolls, 2004; Bickel & Marsch, 2001; Dougherty et al., 2003; Heilbronner & Meck, 2014; Levin et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMechanisms of Individual Differences in Impulsive and Risky Choice in Rats
Kirkpatrick, K., Marshall, A. T., & Smith, A. P. (2015) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2015.100003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…choice uniquely relies on delay processing, and interval timing processes have been implicated as playing an important role in impulsive choice (Baumann & Odum, 2012; Cooper, Kable, Kim, & Zauberman, 2013; Cui, 2011; Kim & Zauberman, 2009; Lucci, 2013; Marshall et al., 2014; Takahashi , 2005;…”
InfluentialSteele, C. C., Pirkle, J. R. A., Davis, I. R., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tucker, J. A., Cheong, J., Chandler, S. D., Lambert, B. H., Kwok, H., & Pietrzak, B. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13492 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effects of a time-based intervention on experienced middle-aged rats
Peterson, J. R., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2016) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…deficits are linked to impulsive choice behavior (Marshall, Smith, and Kirkpatrick 2014; McClure, Podos, and Richardson 2014; Wittmann and Paulus 2008; Baumann and Odum 2012) and that improving temporal discrimination ability leads to less impulsive choice (Smith, Marshall, and Kirkpatrick 2015).”
A framework for understanding and advancing intertemporal choice research using rodent models
Fobbs, W. C., & Mizumori, S. J. Y. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.01.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Neural mediation of greed personality trait on economic risk-taking
Li, W., Wang, H., Xie, X., & Li, J. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.45093 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Perception of Time Is Underestimated in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Vicario, C. M., & Felmingham, K. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00121 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This result has been confirmed in a subsequent work showing that people who overestimate the passage of time hold less value in delayed rewards (19).”
ResultSex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence
Ashare, R. L., & Kable, J. W. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu260 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: III. The role of reward processes
Marshall, A. T., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Caneto, F., Pautassi, R. M., & Pilatti, A. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Selective chemogenetic inactivation of corticoaccumbal projections disrupts trait choice impulsivity
Wenzel, J. M., Zlebnik, N. E., Patton, M. H., Smethells, J. R., Ayvazian, V. M., Dantrassy, H. M., Zhang, L.-Y., Mathur, B. N., & Cheer, J. F. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01604-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-regulation predicts risk-taking through people's time horizon
Panno, A., Pierro, A., & Lauriola, M. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12026 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…a recent study, which adopted a probability discounting paradigm (choosing between smaller-certain rewards versus larger-less likely rewards; see Green & Myerson, 2004, for a review), showed that the greater the present hedonistic time perspective the greater the risk-taking (Baumann & Odum, 2012).”
BackgroundLee, H.-Y., & Yang, E.-L. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118755674 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Timing can be connected to the core symptoms of ADHD (e.g. impulsivity) (Baumann & Odum, 2012; Wittmann et al., 2011); impulsivity can even be defined as a pattern of temporally inadequate behavior in which future consequences are not contemplated (Smith et al., 2002).”
BackgroundStuebing, S. L., Marshall, A. T., Triplett, A., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2018) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-018-1208-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Delay discounting in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pennisi, P., Salehinejad, M. A., Corso, A., Merlo, E. M., Avenanti, A., & Vicario, C. M. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114101 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Subjective Time in Dementia: A Critical Review
Liu, L., Bulley, A., & Irish, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111502 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brace, A., & Yeomans, M. R. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Campez, M., Raiker, J. S., Little, K., Altszuler, A. R., Merrill, B. M., Macphee, F. L., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Musser, E. D., Coles, E. K., et al. (2021) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000446 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Welker, K. M., Roy, A. R. K., Geniole, S. N., Kitayama, S., & Carré, J. M. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1407822 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…risk-taking behavior through many individual differences and contexts, including reward-sensitivity (e.g., Steinberg, 2007), impulse control (Baumann & Odum, 2012; Stanford, Greve, Boudreauz, Mathias, & Brumbelow, 1996), sensation-seeking (e.g., Greene, Krcmar, Walters, Rubin, & Hale,…”
The hunt for the perfect discounting function and a reckoning of time perception
Namboodiri, V. M. K., & Shuler, M. G. H. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“This has not yet been appropriately tested, but it is known that there is strong correlation between temporal discounting and time perception, such that the greater the tolerance to delay, the greater the ability to perceive time[45, 46, 56, 57].”
BackgroundResultRönnlund, M., Fabio Del Missier, A., Mäntylä, T., & Carelli, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02038 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Visual Exposure to Natural Environments Decreases Delay Discounting of Improved Air Quality
Berry, M. S., Repke, M. A., & Conway, L. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00308 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dopamine D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens cholinergic interneurons increase impulsive choice
Cavallaro, J., Yeisley, J., Akdoğan, B., Salazar, R. E., Floeder, J. R., Balsam, P. D., & Gallo, E. F. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01608-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Indeed, individuals deemed impulsive on delay discounting tasks are more prone to timing errors compared to control subjects [85].”
BackgroundYates, J. R. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111107 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Time perspectives mediate the relationship between personality traits and alcohol consumption
Loose, T., Pont, L. R. D., Acier, D., & El‐Baalbaki, G. (2018) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x18758515 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rung, J. M., Frye, C. C. J., DeHart, W. B., & Odum, A. L. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.556 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationA marker of biological ageing predicts adult risk preference in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris
Andrews, C. P., Nettle, D., Reichert, S., Bedford, T., Monaghan, P., & Melissa Bateson, B. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/ary009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Preserved calibration of persistence based on delay‐timing distribution during sleep deprivation
Massar, S. A. A., & Chee, M. W. L. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12325 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several studies have demonstrated that individual differences in choice impulsivity are related to differences in time perception (Baumann and Odum, 2012; Marshall et al., 2014; Wittmann and Paulus, 2008).”
BackgroundProbability discounting of monetary gains and losses in opioid-dependent adults
Garami, J. K., & Moustafa, A. A. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Everywhere and Everything: The Power and Ubiquity of Time
Marshall, A. T., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2015.28.02.03 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Time perception in naturalistic and urban immersive virtual reality environments
Mioni, G., & Pazzaglia, F. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102105 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Panno, A., Theodorou, A., Carbone, G., Longis, E. D., Massullo, C., Cepale, G., Carrus, G., Imperatori, C., & Sanesi, G. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131910807 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This effect was significant over and beyond the effect of what has been demonstrated as an important predictor of risk taking, namely impulsiveness [83,84].”
BackgroundImpulsivity Mediates the Relationship between Future Orientation and Juvenile Deviancy
Gouveia‐Pereira, M., Gomes, H. S., Roncon, F., & Mendonça, R. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1190591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world
Zhang, P. Y., & Ma, W. J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65110-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“One candidate common cause is time perception 59,60 .”
BackgroundQuantifying the contribution of individual variation in timing to delay-discounting
Lukinova, E., & Erlich, J. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97496-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tuu, H. H., Olsen, S. O., & Nguyễn, K. H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04054-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Impulsive individuals tend to be less oriented toward the future (Baumann & Odum, 2012) and make impulsive purchases without careful consideration of their consumption consequences in the future (Liang et al., 2021), including unhealthy eating (Dassen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultIndividual differences in time estimation are associated with delay discounting and alcohol use
Stam, C. H., van der Veen, F. M., & Franken, I. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00899-7
I Can’t Wait: Methods for Measuring and Moderating Individual Differences in Impulsive Choice
Peterson, J. R., Hill, C. C., Marshall, A. T., Stuebing, S. L., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization · doi:10.1515/jafio-2015-0024 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Previous research in humans has suggested that impulsivity is related to deficits in interval timing, or the perception of time on a scale of seconds to minutes (Baumann and Odum 2012; Darcheville et al. 1992; van den Broek et al. 1992).”
BackgroundThe dorsomedial prefrontal cortex promotes self-control by inhibiting the egocentric perspective
Jin, C., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Ma, T., Hong, W., Liu, Y., Li, N., Zhang, X., Gao, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120879 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A lower error rate indicates high future orientation (Baumann & Odum, 2012).”
BackgroundDorsal striatum coding for the timely execution of action sequences
Martínez, M. C., Zold, C. L., Coletti, M. A., Murer, M. G., & Belluscio, M. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.74929 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Moreover, time perception depends on several cognitive processes that are modified by adolescence including working memory, attention, and mood ( Baumann and Odum, 2012 ; Wittmann and Paulus, 2008 ) .”
Effects of the estrous cycle on impulsive choice and interval timing in female rats
Panfil, K., Deavours, A., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2023) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105315 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zimmerman, A., Ferriday, D., Davies, S. R., Martin, A., Rogers, P. J., Mason, A., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: Experiments to explore and models to map the empirical terrain
Smith, T. R., Southern, R., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2023) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-023-00577-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…already discussed, self-control is correlated with accurate discrimination between reinforcer amounts (Marshall & Kirkpatrick, 2016), accurate discrimination between delays (Baumann & Odum, 2012; McClure et al., 2014), and accurate expectation of delayed reinforcer delivery (Marshall et al., 2014).”
InfluentialIndividual differences in first- and second-order temporal judgment
Corcoran, A. W., Groot, C., Bruno, A., Johnston, A., & Cropper, S. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191422 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In contrast, Baumann and Odum [31] and Corvi and colleagues [32] reported no evidence of association between psychometric indices of impulsivity and performance on suprasecond visual duration judgements using temporal-bisection (2s and 4s standards [31]) and temporal-production tasks (60s production and 75s verbal est…”
BackgroundHuman time perspective and its structural associations with voxel-based morphometry and gyrification
Schmitt, S., Besteher, B., Christian Gaser, B., & Nenadić, I. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00416-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Intergenerational Transfer of Parental Sexual Orientation and Other MythsPreprint
Schumm, W. R. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, C., & Liao, L.-L. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105703 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gambling Disorder and Substance-Related Disorders: Similarities and Differences
Goudriaan, A., van den Brink, W., & van Holst, R. V. (2019) · Gambling Disorder · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_12 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sosa-Rubí, S. G., Salinas‐Rodríguez, A., Montoya-Rodríguez, A. A., & Galárraga, O. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1123-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Second, this study also contributes to an older and much larger literature in psychology, linking future orientation and healthier behaviors in general populations (Baumann & Odum, 2012; Copping et al., 2014; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999).”
Lukito, S., O’Daly, O., Lythgoe, D. J., Whitwell, S., Debnam, A., Murphy, C. M., Ashwood, K. L., Stoencheva, V., Simonoff, E. A., & Rubia, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00569 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yates, J. R., Horchar, M. J., Kappesser, J. L., Broderick, M. R., Ellis, A. L., & Wright, M. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109079 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Choices about whether to wait: Changes in delay discounting without changes in time perception
Witt, K. M., & Macaskill, A. C. (2022) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104696 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Laude, J. R., Daniels, C. W., Wade, J. C., & Zentall, T. R. (2016) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-016-1032-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Keywords Pigeons Social enrichment Timing Temporal discrimination”
Background
- Authors
- Baumann, A. A., & Odum, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baumann, Ana A.
- Venue
- Behavioural Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 408-414
- ISSN
- 0376-6357 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3897391
- OpenAlex
- W2168781361
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 8.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA029100)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- impulsivity, delay discounting, probability discounting, temporal bisection, time perception, time perspective, risk-taking, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, fatalism, delayed rewards
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Inventory, Probability, Reward, Risk-Taking, Time Factors, Time Perception, Area Under Curve, Young Adult
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