The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationPsychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Self-citationProgress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.819 · Cited by 3,272
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Buck, R. W. ~ 1979 ! . Individual differences in non-verbal sending accuracy and electrodermal responding: The externalizing-internalizing dimension. In R. Rosenthal ~ Ed. ! , Skill in non-verbal communication ~ pp. 140170 ! . Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
- Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.
- Clore, G. L. ~ 1994 ! . Why emotions vary in intensity. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 386-393 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Frijda, N. H. ~ 1986 ! . The emotions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. ~ in press ! . Wise emotion regulation. In L.
- Head, H. ~ 1921 ! . Release function in the nervous system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biology , 92B , 184-209.
- Jones, H. E. ~ 1950 ! . The study of patterns of emotion expression. In M. Reymert ~ Ed. ! , Feelings and emotions ~ pp. 161-168 ! . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Leary, M. R. ~ 1986 ! . Affective and behavioral consequences of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In W. H. Jones & J. M. Cheek & S. R. Briggs ~ Eds. ! , Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment ~ pp. 27-38 ! . New York: Plenum Press.
- Levenson, R. W. ~ 1994 ! . Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 123-126 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mauss, I. B., & Gross, J. J. ~ in press ! . Emotion suppression and cardiovascular disease: Is hiding feelings bad for your heart? In L. R. Temoshok, I. Nyklicek, & A. Vingerhoets ~ Eds. ! , Emotions in health promotion and disease . London: Harwood Academic Press.
- Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E. ~ 2002 ! . The neural bases of reappraisal . Manuscript under review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 4,870
Gruber, J., Hay, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035249 · Cited by 137
“One such strategy is cognitive reappraisal, defined as construing an emotion-eliciting situation in such a way that it adaptively alters its emotional impact (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
Self-citationStrauss, G. P., Ossenfort, K. L., & Whearty, K. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162290 · Cited by 120
Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership
Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., & Peterson, S. J. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.005 · Cited by 123
Affective Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future
Dalgleish, T., Dunn, B. D., & Mobbs, D. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073909338307 · Cited by 125
“A range of behavioural studies (for a review see Gross, 2002) have contrasted the effects of different forms of emotion regulation, generally reaching the conclusion that antecedent strategies that happen in advance of an emotional reaction (e.g., reappraisal, whereby the meaning of an…”
BackgroundVrtička, P., Bondolfi, G., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2012) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.647410 · Cited by 130
“Thus, emotion regulation strategies applied by these individuals may rely more on behavioral inhibition or expressive suppression (ESUP) of emotions, also termed “response-focused” regulation (Gross, 2002).”
InfluentialPhysical Health Problems After Single Trauma Exposure
D'Andrea, W. M., Sharma, R., Zelechoski, A. D., & Spinazzola, J. (2011) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390311425187 · Cited by 121
Emerging Directions in Emotional Episodic Memory
Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867 · Cited by 133
“This is surprising, given the evidence that the ability to control and experience emotions appropriately is essential in successful social interactions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional Regulation in Young Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder
Yen, J., Yeh, Y., Wang, P., Liu, T., Chen, Y., & Ko, C. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15010030 · Cited by 130
“It comes early in the emotion-generative process and effectively decreases the experience of negative emotions [18].”
BackgroundPan, J., Zhan, L., Hu, C., Yang, J., Wang, C., Gu, L., Zhong, S., Huang, Y., Wu, Q., Xie, X., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00070 · Cited by 130
“…ES and CR usage (Gross and John, 2003), CR has been shown to produce affective, cognitive and social consequences that are more beneficial, whereas ES has been consistently linked to more detrimental consequences such as depressive symptoms (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003; Goldin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAcceptance versus reappraisal: Behavioral, autonomic, and neural effects
Goldin, P. R., Moodie, C. A., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00690-7 · Cited by 120
“Neuroimaging The ability to regulate emotions is a key skill for maintaining both mental and physical health (Gross, 2002, 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe psychology of the affirmed learner: Spontaneous self-affirmation in the face of stress.
Brady, S. T., Reeves, S. L., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Cook, J. E., Taborsky-Barba, S., Tomasetti, S., Davis, E. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000091 · Cited by 120
Culture Embrained: Going Beyond the Nature-Nurture Dichotomy
Kitayama, S., & Salvador, C. E. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617707317 · Cited by 130
“…they are instructed to make certain changes at the initial stages of emotion processing by, for example, cognitively reappraising the focal event (Gross, 2002; Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006), self-distancing (Kross, Ayduk, & Mischel, 2005), engaging in self-talk (Kross et al., 2014), and…”
MethodAmeliorating intrusive memories of distressing experiences using computerized reappraisal training
Woud, M. L., Holmes, E. A., Postma, P., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024992 · Cited by 109
“…literature on reappraisal, which routinely compares reappraisal to an unhelpful regulation strategy (e.g., rumination or expression suppression; see Gross, 2002), we sought to compare a putatively adaptive strategy—training in positive reappraisals—with a likely unhelpful strategy—training in…”
BackgroundInfluentialSex differences in cognitive regulation of psychosocial achievement stress: Brain and behavior
Kogler, L., Gur, R. C., & Derntl, B. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22683 · Cited by 124
“To address this gap, we applied cognitive regulation strategies for modulating negative sensations in stressful situations [Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2002].”
BackgroundMethodEffect of Pet Dogs on Children's Perceived Stress and Cortisol Stress Response
Kertes, D. A., Liu, J., Hall, N. J., Hadad, N. A., Wynne, C. D. L., & Bhatt, S. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12203 · Cited by 126
“…is not entirely unexpected, as perceived stress and neuroendocrine responses to stress are believed to be mediated by different cognitive and neurobiological pathways (Folkman, Lazarus, Dunkel-Schetter, DeLongis, & Gruen, 1986; Gross, 2002; Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2005).”
Solhi, M., Derakhshan, A., & ÜNSAL-GÖRKEMOĞLU, B. (2023) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2175834 · Cited by 126
“…or outwardly (Thompson 1994), emotion regulation (ER) refers to the process in which people become agents of their affective domains by selecting particular emotional reactions to accomplish a wide range of goals in different contexts (Fan and Wang 2022; Gross 1998, 2002; Wang and Ye 2021).”
Empathy and Emotional Contagion as a Link Between Recognized and Felt Emotions in Music Listening
Egermann, H., & McAdams, S. E. (2012) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.139 · Cited by 123
Dennis, T. A. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9069-6 · Cited by 127
“Moreover, it is difficult to distinguish where emotion leaves off and emotion regulation begins because regulatory processes are intrinsic to emotion and partially share behavioral and neurological underpinnings (Cole et al. 2004; Cole et al. 1994; Davidson 2004; Gross 2002 ).”
BackgroundNeuroscience of drug craving for addiction medicine
Ekhtiari, H., Nasseri, P., Yavari, F., Mokri, A., & Monterosso, J. R. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.10.002 · Cited by 129
The Influence of Anger, Fear, and Emotion Regulation on Ethical Decision Making
Kligyte, V., Connelly, S., Thiel, C. E., & Devenport, L. D. (2013) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2013.814655 · Cited by 133
“Cognitive reappraisal involves altering one’s interpretation of the situation or one’s ability to manage it (Bellarosa & Chen, 1997; Bond & Bunce, 2000; Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007).”
BackgroundTeachers’ Emotional Competence and Social Support: Assessing the Mediating Role of Teacher Burnout
Fiorilli, C., Albanese, O., Gabola, P., & Pepe, A. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2015.1119722 · Cited by 129
“Emotional competence refers to a person’s ability to regulate the intensity and expression of the emotions he or she feels (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Lazarus, 2006). It is a multifaceted process encompassing a range of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive activities that enable individuals to modulate thei…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCHEAVD: a Chinese natural emotional audio–visual database
Li, Y., Tao, J., Chao, L., Bao, W., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-016-0406-z · Cited by 119
“In this case, fake/suppressed emotion (Gross 2002) is defined as inhibiting ongoing emotion-expressive behavior, which is essential to socialization.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociations between Emotion Regulation and Parental Reflective Functioning
Schultheis, A., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01326-z · Cited by 124
“Reappraisal therefore affects both the experience and expression of emotion whereas suppression affects only the expression of the emotion after that emotion has been elicited (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialStroe, S., Sirén, C. A., Shepherd, D. A., & Wincent, J. (2019) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105948 · Cited by 126
“Work on emotion regulation by Gross (2002) suggests that even when individuals experience an emotion, they may not visibly express the emotion.”
BackgroundOpialla, S., Lutz, J. G., Scherpiet, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jäncke, L., Rufer, M., Holtforth, M. G., Herwig, U., & Brühl, A. B. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0510-z · Cited by 123
“Successful emotion regulation has been associated with adaptive levels of general health, mental health as well as psychosocial functioning [1–4].”
Emotion Regulation in Children with Emotional Problems
Braet, C., Theuwis, L., Durme, K. V., Vandewalle, J., Vandevivere, E., Wante, L., Moens, E., Verbeken, S., & Goossens, L. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9616-x · Cited by 151
“2006) and theoretical models on emotion regulation as they measure both ‘problemfocused’ ER, as well as ‘emotion-focused’ ER strategies (Nezu 1987) or cover both antecedent-focused ER (reappraisal strategies) as well as response-focused ER (suppression strategies) (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion Work: A Work Psychology Perspective
Zapf, D., Kern, M., Tschan, F., Holman, D. J., & Semmer, N. K. (2020) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-062451 · Cited by 129
The paradoxical effects of suppressing anxious thoughts during imminent threat
Koster, E. H. W., Rassin, E., Crombez, G., & Näring, G. W. B. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00144-x · Cited by 113
Hoorelbeke, K., Koster, E. H. W., Demeyer, I., Loeys, T., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000169 · Cited by 121
“…a strategy such as cognitive (re-)appraisal in which the emotion-eliciting value of a stressful situation is reduced through cognitive strategies (Gross, 2002) is known to have beneficial effects on well-being and mental health (Gross & John, 2003; Haga, Kraft, & Corby, 2009; Hu et al., 2014).”
BackgroundXi-yun, S., Fathi, J., Shirbagi, N., & Mohammaddokht, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904151 · Cited by 153
“As Gross (2002) asserted, teachers determine the emotion regulation strategies to apply inside the classroom depending on their emotions.”
BackgroundMiranda, R., Tsypes, A., Gallagher, M., & Rajappa, K. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9524-5 · Cited by 113
Herzberg, K. N., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., Credé, M., Earleywine, M., & Eifert, G. H. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0027782 · Cited by 121
Measuring changes in emotion during psychotherapy: Conceptual and methodological issues.
Sloan, D. M., & Kring, A. M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00092.x · Cited by 123
“Nonetheless, the theory underlying these two constructs of emotion regulation is quite strong and there is also considerable empirical support for these emotion regulation constructs (e.g., Gross, 1998, 2001, 2002; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundMcGraw, A. P., Schwartz, J. A., & Tetlock, P. E. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/662070 · Cited by 113
Anger inhibition and pain: conceptualizations, evidence and new directions
Burns, J. W., Quartana, P. J., & Bruehl, S. P. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9154-7 · Cited by 116
“Results of Gross and colleagues’ indicate that expressive suppression increases SNS reactivity, and that people who habitually suppress emotion fare worse than those who typically reappraise stimuli (Gross 2002; Gross et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-regulatory depletion increases emotional reactivity in the amygdala
Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss082 · Cited by 115
“Extensive behavioral evidence shows that the ability to regulate thoughts, behaviors and emotions draws upon a domain-general limited resource (Muraven et al., 1998; Vohs and Heatherton, 2000; Gailliot et al., 2007; Hagger et al., 2010).”
Chu, L. (2009) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1289 · Cited by 124
Emotional Labor and Health Care
Erickson, R. J., & Grove, W. J. C. (2008) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00084.x · Cited by 115
Costa, J. M. D. R., Guimbretière, F. V., Jung, M. F., & Choudhury, T. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3328911 · Cited by 119
“In some cases, the goals are transient, and at other times the goals derive from enduring values associated with health, relationships, and work-related projects [36].”
BackgroundAttachment and emotion regulation: Compensatory interactions and leader–member exchange
Richards, D. A., & Hackett, R. D. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.005 · Cited by 115
Short-term mood repair through art-making: Positive emotion is more effective than venting
Dalebroux, A., Goldstein, T. R., & Winner, E. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9105-1 · Cited by 131
“That is, whether the two strategies used here work differently when the activity is one of making art than when the activity is unrelated to art (e.g., as in the experiencing of an incompatible emotion, or attempting to refocus ( Gross 2002 )) has not been tested.”
BackgroundResultCapitalizing on Appraisal Processes to Improve Affective Responses to Social Stress
Jamieson, J. P., Hangen, E. J., Lee, H. Y., & Yeager, D. S. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917693085 · Cited by 111
“Given typical “stress-is-bad” perspectives, the classic emotion regulation literature has often (but not always) sought to encourage individuals to reappraise (i.e., change typical appraisal patterns) external cues in order to attenuate sympathetic arousal in passive situations (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundImpaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia: evidence from event-related potentials
Horan, W. P., Hajcak, G., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000019 · Cited by 111
“Cognitive reappraisal, an extensively studied antecedent-focused strategy, is a form of cognitive change that involves construing a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in a way that changes its emotional impact (Lazarus, 1991 ; Gross, 2002 ; Ochsner & Gross, 2005 ; Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006).”
BackgroundMirabile, S. P., Oertwig, D., & Halberstadt, A. G. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12226 · Cited by 133
The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adults' Emotional Well-Being
Mather, M. (2008) · Cited by 111
Hong, F., Tarullo, A. R., Mercurio, A. E., Liu, S., Cai, Q., & Malley‐Morrison, K. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.014 · Cited by 130
Emotional competencies across adulthood: State of knowledge and implications for the work context
Doerwald, F., Scheibe, S., Zacher, H., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2016) · Work, Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waw013 · Cited by 109
A Neurobiological Model of Borderline Personality Disorder: Systematic and Integrative Review
Ruocco, A. C., & Carcone, D. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000123 · Cited by 111
“Three fMRI studies of BPD have examined the use of an emotionregulation strategy called cognitive reappraisal, which involves thinking about a situation in a different way to reduce its emotional impact.(214) In healthy individuals, cognitive reappraisal activates regions of the brain involved in cognitive control as…”
BackgroundEmotional Awareness in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review
Sendzik, L., Schäfer, J., Samson, A. C., Naumann, E., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0629-0 · Cited by 132
“experience, when they experience them and how these emotions are experienced and expressed (Gross 2002; Thompson et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMarks, E. H., Franklin, A. R., & Zoellner, L. A. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000132 · Cited by 127
“Appraisals of an event cannot only change emotions about an event but can also change how an event is remembered (e.g., Gross, 2002; Levine, 1997; Levine, Prohaska, Burgess, Rice, & Laulhere, 2001) and how often we think of it (e.g., Mellings & Alden, 2000; Schartau, Dalgleish, & Dunn, 2009).”
BackgroundFave, A. D., Bassi, M., Boccaletti, E. S., Roncaglione, C., Bernardelli, G., & Mari, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00828 · Cited by 133
“…suppression of emotional behaviors may lead to an increase in emotional intensity at the experiential level, with negative consequences in terms of perceived control, as well as cognitive and executive functioning (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004; Franchow and Suchy, 2017).”
BackgroundParvaz, M. A., MacNamara, A., Goldstein, R. Z., & Hajcak, G. (2012) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0107-9 · Cited by 111
“Emotion regulatory behaviors and strategies are normally used to increase or decrease emotional experiences, and successful emotion regulation is related to beneficial psychological, social, and physical health outcomes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSchartau, P., Dalgleish, T., & Dunn, B. D. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012906 · Cited by 108
“benefits in terms of reduced emotional reactivity, in the first instance to distressing film clips (cf., Gross, 2002 )”
BackgroundNovaes, M. M., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Soares, B. L., Sanchez, T. A., Kozasa, E. H., Santaella, D. F., & de Araújo, D. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00467 · Cited by 128
Cognitive reappraisal in trauma-exposed women with borderline personality disorder
Lang, S., Kotchoubey, B., Frick, C., Spitzer, C., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.061 · Cited by 108
“Reappraisal is a cognitive-linguistic strategy that alters emotional responses by changing one's interpretation of a situation (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003).”
Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bögels, S. M., & Arntz, A. R. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9544-0 · Cited by 121
“…between variables, experimental studies enable a more direct 1 Please note that positive reappraisal should not be confused with James Gross’ cognitive reappraisal, which he defines as “changing how we think about a situation in order to decrease its emotional impact” (p. 281, Gross 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrashar, S., Vijay, T. S., & Parsad, C. (2017) · Vikalpa The Journal for Decision Makers · doi:10.1177/0256090916686681 · Cited by 116
“…and O’Cass (2011) and Mazaheri et al. (2011) that suggested the influence of web atmospheric cues on WS. Congruent with finding of studies like Gross (2002), Kim and Park (2005), and Park, Han, and Park (2013), this study also points out that WS has VIKALPA • VOLUME 42 • ISSUE 1 •…”
BackgroundWestphal, M., & Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · Advances in consciousness research · doi:10.1075/aicr.54.03wes · Cited by 109
How emotionally intelligent are pre-service teachers?
Corcoran, R. P., & Tormey, R. (2012) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.02.007 · Cited by 130
“For example, aggregated evidence suggests that suppression is cognitively and socially costly (Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002; Srivastava, Tamir, McGonigal, John, & Gross, 2009), while reappraisal can be helpful in particular situations because the individual is deeply processing information…”
BackgroundEmotional processing in bipolar disorder: Behavioural and neuroimaging findings
Wessa, M., & Linke, J. O. (2009) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260902962156 · Cited by 114
“…responses and the subjective emotional experience and (3) expression of emotion and emotion regulation depending on the respective context (Davidson, Pizzagalli, Nitschke, & Kalin, 2003; Gross, 2002; Hsu & Pessoa, 2007; Lazarus, 1991; Phillips, Drevets, Rauch, & Lane, 2003a; Schaefer et al., 2003).”
BackgroundOn being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits
Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., & Deane, F. P. (2010) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903573197 · Cited by 123
“Recent theory suggests that people who chronically avoid their internal experiences and who are less aware of them also tend to adjust more poorly to stress (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Gross, 2002; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundResilience training that can change the brain.
Tabibnia, G., & Radecki, D. (2018) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000110 · Cited by 124
“…large strategies that involve explicit identification and expression of the emotional experience, such as expressive writing, tend to be more adaptive than avoidant strategies, such as denial, emotion suppression, or repressive coping (Gross, 2002; Mund & Mitte, 2012; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012).”
BackgroundUp- and down-regulating facial disgust: affective, vagal, sympathetic, and respiratory consequences
Demaree, H. A., Schmeichel, B. J., Robinson, J. L., Pu, J., Everhart, D. E., & Berntson, G. G. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.02.006 · Cited by 106
Executive control attenuates emotional effects—For high reappraisers only?
Cohen, N., Henik, A., & Moyal, N. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026890 · Cited by 111
The Role of Distress Tolerance in the Use of Specific Emotion Regulation Strategies
Jeffries, E. R., McLeish, A. C., Kraemer, K. M., Avallone, K. M., & Fleming, J. B. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515619596 · Cited by 105
“Reappraisal is an adaptive emotion regulation strategy defined as changing how one feels about a situation to decrease its emotional impact (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMeditation retreats: Spiritual tourism well-being interventions
Norman, A., & Pokorny, J. J. (2017) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.012 · Cited by 92
“Thus, themaintenance and flourishing of close relationships is linked to skilful regulatory and perspective-taking abilities (Gross, 2002; Lopes, Salovey, Côté, & Beers, 2005; Péloquin & Lafontaine, 2010; Schutte et al., 2001).”
BackgroundVijay, T. S., Prashar, S., & Sahay, V. S. (2018) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.4067/s0718-18762019000100102 · Cited by 109
“Also, as noted in studies like [23], [42], [53], the present study concludes that e-satisfaction has a significant direct effect on e-loyalty.”
ResultMacNamara, A., Joyner, K. J., & Klawohn, J. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.008 · Cited by 122
Anger, over-control and serious violent offending
Davey, L., Day, A., & Howells, K. (2005) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2004.12.002 · Cited by 106
Aldao, A., & Mennin, D. S. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.004 · Cited by 105
Rosmarin, D. H., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Kertz, S. J., Smith, N., Rauch, S. L., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.030 · Cited by 106
“Specifically, belief in God or a Higher Power may facilitate cognitive reappraisal – the ability to change one’s thinking about emotionally charged situations (Gross, 1998) – and/or the ability to experience negative emotions without suppression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMotivated Processing of Fear Appeal and Disgust Images in Televised Anti-Tobacco Ads
Leshner, G., Bolls, P. D., & Wise, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000037 · Cited by 104
“Dampening or blunting negative emotional response has been identified as a specific strategy we humans use to regulate our emotions (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1993).”
BackgroundZhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000213 · Cited by 122
“In contrast, expressive suppression primarily modifies the behavioral aspects of emotion response tendency (e.g., Brans et al., 2013), that is, the suppression of emotional expression, a risk factor for negative psychological reactions (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMyrick, J. G. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.071 · Cited by 109
An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 115
Messina, I., Bianco, S., Sambin, M., & Viviani, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00956 · Cited by 108
Kranzler, A., Young, J. F., Hankin, B. L., Abela, J. R. Z., Elias, M. J., & Selby, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.987379 · Cited by 106
Appraisals, emotions and emotion regulation: An integrative approach
Schmidt, S., Tinti, C., Levine, L. J., & Testa, S. (2010) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9155-z · Cited by 131
“First, most studies in the stress and coping literature have been carried out to understand how people regulate negative emotions as a way to cope with negative events (e.g. Gross 2002; Lazarus and Alfert 1964; Schartau et al. 2009).”
BackgroundKusev, P., Purser, H., Heilman, R. M., Cooke, A. J., van Schaik, P., Baranova, V. A., Martin, R., & Ayton, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00102 · Cited by 117
Why your stigma isn't hired: A dual-process framework of interview bias
Derous, E., Buijsrogge, A., Roulin, N., & Duyck, W. (2015) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.09.006 · Cited by 131
“…that are immediately activated upon perception of the stigmatizing applicant feature (LeDoux, 1995), and are subsequently regulated through conscious (i.e., Type 2) response-focused strategies such as suppression (Devine, 1989; Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Age on Emotion Regulation Strategies and Psychological Distress
Brümmer, L., Stopa, L. L., & Bucks, R. S. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000453 · Cited by 105
“These strategies influence which emotions are experienced, and when and how they are experienced (Gross, 2001, 2002; Gross et al., 1997).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and risk taking: Predicting risky choice in deliberative decision making
Panno, A., Lauriola, M., & Figner, B. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.707642 · Cited by 113
“Antecedent-focused strategies are based on cognitive reappraisal, which represents one’s ability to reframe a situation in order to change its emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion regulation and academic underperformance: The role of school burnout
Seibert, G. S., Bauer, K. N., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.10.001 · Cited by 129
“For example, reappraisal, defined as changing the way a situation is conceptualized can help to decrease the emotional impact of that situation/stressor (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundJeon, L., & Ardeleanu, K. (2020) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2020.1776809 · Cited by 119
Don’t grin when you win: The social costs of positive emotion expression in performance situations.
Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Pedder, D. J., & Margetts, E. A. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034442 · Cited by 102
Liberating Reason From the Passions
Feinberg, M., Willer, R., Antonenko, O., & John, O. P. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611434747 · Cited by 121
“Reap-praisal involves construing an emotion-eliciting situation or event in a way that diminishes the intensity of the emotional experience (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Lazarus & Alfert, 1964).”
Rogers, C., Webb, J. B., & Jafari, N. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.003 · Cited by 103
Emotion experience, expression, and regulation in Alzheimer's disease.
Henry, J. D., Rendell, P. G., Scicluna, A., Jackson, M., & Phillips, L. H. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014001 · Cited by 101
“In the context of AD, difficulties in applying both types of strategy may be anticipated because their use has been shown to be cognitively demanding (Bonanno et al., 2004; Gross, 2002 ), and AD is, by definition, associated with prominent neurocognitive impairment.”
BackgroundPainful consequences of anger suppression.
Quartana, P. J., & Burns, J. W. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.400 · Cited by 102
Different Perspectives on the Sex-Attachment Link: Towards an Emotion-Motivational Account
Dewitte, M. D. (2011) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.576351 · Cited by 122
“…in the regulation process (i.e., before or after the emotion has been generated) have different affective, cognitive, and social consequences (Gross, 1998, 1999, 2002), it is important to learn more about the different emotion regulation strategies of the sexual system and the way they…”
BackgroundResting RSA is associated with natural and self-regulated responses to negative emotional stimuli
Demaree, H. A., Robinson, J. L., Everhart, D. E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.05.001 · Cited by 98
The Importance of Coping and Emotion Regulation in the Occurrence of Suicidal Behavior
Ong, E. L. C., & Thompson, C. R. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118781855 · Cited by 125
“Expressive suppression is a responsefocused strategy that acts later in the emotion generation process and attempts to modify the behavioral expression of the emotion after it has been experienced (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundArnold, H. S., Conture, E. G., Key, A. P. F., & Walden, T. A. (2010) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.12.003 · Cited by 100
“Future research in this area, however, may find it fruitful to consider the possibility that regulation may occur prior to the emotion (Campos et al., 2004; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMendes, W. B., Reis, H. T., Seery, M. D., & Blascovich, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.771 · Cited by 101
Flannery, A. J., Becker, S. P., & Luebbe, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714527794 · Cited by 99
“…symptoms are themselves linked to problems with experienced emotions as well as cognitive and behavioral regulation of negative emotions (Erk et al., 2010; Gross, 2003; Gross & Muñoz, 1995; Mennin, Heimberg, Turk, & Fresco, 2005; SaltersPedneault, Roemer, Tull, Rucker, & Mennin, 2006).”
BackgroundEffects of emotion regulation strategies on smoking craving, attentional bias, and task persistence
Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.010 · Cited by 99
“Consistent with the general emotion regulation literature (e.g., Bargh & Williams, 2007; Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Hofmann, Sawyer, Fang, & Asnaani, in press; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt & Oh, 2010; Ochsner & Gross, 2008) and recent literature on emotion regulation in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpontaneous emotion regulation to positive and negative stimuli
Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.015 · Cited by 99
“Although previous research has indicated that reappraisal and suppression are both successful at reducing facial expression, only reappraisal has been shown to decrease internally felt negative emotion (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997).”
MethodDavis, H. A., DiStefano, C., & Schutz, P. A. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013096 · Cited by 111
Karoly, P., Boekaerts, M., & Maes, S. (2005) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00211.x · Cited by 102
Emotional reactivity and regulation in preschool-age children who stutter
Ntourou, K., Conture, E. G., & Walden, T. A. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.002 · Cited by 98
““Distraction” or “attention deployment” (e.g., Gross, 2002) refers to the direction/engagement of attention to other aspects of the environment (e.g., object, person, event) instead of fixating on the emotionally taxing elements of the situation (e.g., Bridges & Grolnick, 1994).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
