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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 4,870
Diedrich, A., Hofmann, S. G., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.003 · Cited by 164
Beliefs about emotion: implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health
Castella, K. D., Platow, M. J., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1353485 · Cited by 184
“…these strategies may provide relief in the short term, they can also increase the frequency of unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and sensations (Gross, 1998a, 2002; Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987), as well as dampen positive emotions by interfering with one’s ability to be fully…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDenollet, J., Pedersen, S. S., Ong, A. T. L., Erdman, R. A. M., Serruys, P. W. J. C., & van Domburg, R. T. (2005) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi616 · Cited by 168
“Inhibited individuals suppress the outward signs of inner feelings.(33) This inhibition of self-expression, in turn, is related to enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress,(11) decreased cardiovascular recovery from stress,(34) and reduced heart rate variability.”
BackgroundEmotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals
Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.03.002 · Cited by 165
“…physiological responding in the desired directions when attempting to suppress negative emotions (e.g. Gross, 1998b; Gross & Levenson, 1997), and that cognitive reappraisal is more adaptive in reducing physiological responding during attempts to decrease negative emotion (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundYang, L., & Zhao, S. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108337 · Cited by 164
Matta, F. K., KORKMAZ, H. T. E., Johnson, R. E., & Bıçaksız, P. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1934 · Cited by 182
Fernando, S. C., Beblo, T., Schlosser, N., Terfehr, K., Otte, C., Löwe, B., Wolf, O. T., Spitzer, C., Drießen, M., & Wingenfeld, K. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.863262 · Cited by 167
Creative mood swings: divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways
Chermahini, S. A., & Hommel, B. (2011) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z · Cited by 175
“This provides considerable support for the idea that mood and cognition are not only related, but also that this relation is fully reciprocal (Bar, 2009; Gray, 2004; Gross, 2002; Salovey et al., 2002).”
BackgroundThe influence of emotions on inhibitory functioning in borderline personality disorder
Domes, G., Winter, B. A., Schnell, K., Vohs, K., Fast, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007756 · Cited by 168
“Emotion regulation is conceptualized as referring to the processes by which we influence which emotions we have and when we have them (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSmart environment architecture for emotion detection and regulation
Fernández‐Caballero, A., Martínez‐Rodrigo, A., Pastor, J. M., Castillo, J. C., Lozano-Monasor, E., López, M. T., Zangróniz, R., Latorre, J. M., & Fernández-Sotos, A. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2016.09.015 · Cited by 168
Hayes, A. M., Beevers, C. G., Feldman, G. C., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Perlman, C. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_9 · Cited by 163
“Consistent with a large body of research on the psychological and health consequences of avoiding and suppressing emotions ( Gross, 2002; Keicolt-Glaser et al., 2002; Salovey et al., 2000; Segerstrom et al., 2003), peak avoidance scores during the exposure phase of therapy were associated with less change in depressio…”
BackgroundKneeland, E. T., Dovidio, J. F., Joormann, J., & Clark, M. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.008 · Cited by 194
Vater, A., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1993 · Cited by 162
“The coffee table scene illustrates that social relationships can be strongly influenced by emotion regulation, that is, ‘the processes by which we influence which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them’ (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundHow is affective instability defined and measured? A systematic review
Marwaha, S., He, Z., Broome, M. R., Singh, S. P., Scott, J. L., Eyden, J., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002407 · Cited by 160
“Numbers of different definitions were: AI (n=7), affective lability (n=6), Definition and measurement of affective instability 1795 1796 S.M arw aha et al. Trull et al. (2008) BPD and MDD USA BPD=34, MDD=26 M=34.98 (S.D.=12.25) Out-patients According to APA (2000) and Gunderson (2001), used own definition EMA and DSM-…”
BackgroundInfluentialCompulsive sexual behavior and dysregulation of emotion
Lew-Starowicz, M., Lewczuk, K., Nowakowska, I., Kraus, S., & Gola, M. (2020) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.10.003 · Cited by 163
Frequency, characteristics, and perceived functions of emotional future thinking in daily life
Barsics, C., Van der Linden, M., & D'Argembeau, A. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1051560 · Cited by 152
No words for feelings: alexithymia in schizophrenia patients and first-degree relatives
van 't Wout, M., Aleman, A., Bermond, B., & Kahn, R. S. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.07.003 · Cited by 158
“Indeed, Gross et al [9,10] demonstrated that people who use suppression as an emotion regulation strategy experience less positive affect and have a worse social and interpersonal functioning.”
BackgroundWang, M., & Saudino, K. J. (2011) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-010-9114-7 · Cited by 207
“Reappraisal is considered as one form of cognitive change ( Gross 2002 ).”
BackgroundXin, Z., & Derakhshan, A. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12845 · Cited by 192
The power of negative and positive episodic memories
Williams, S. E., Ford, J. H., & Kensinger, E. A. (2022) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01013-z · Cited by 188
“A variety of strategies can be implemented, with different efficacy in-the-moment and with different consequences for later memory (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundTraining anxious children to disengage attention from threat: a randomized controlled trial
Bar‐Haim, Y., Morag, I., & Glickman, S. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02368.x · Cited by 173
“, 2009 ; Der - akshan & Eysenck , 2009 ; Eysenck , Derakshan , Santos , & Calvo , 2007 ; Gross , 1998 , 2002 ) .”
The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Validation of the ERQ-9 in two community samples.
Spaapen, D. L., Waters, F., Brümmer, L., Stopa, L. L., & Bucks, R. S. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034474 · Cited by 177
“Indeed, it is required to attain desired affective states and intentional goals (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundKassam, K., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064959 · Cited by 179
Palacios‐Barrios, E. E., & Hanson, J. L. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.012 · Cited by 171
Mulcahy, J. S., Larsson, D. E. O., Garfinkel, S. N., & Critchley, H. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116072 · Cited by 163
Montana, J. I., Matamala-Gomez, M., Maisto, M., Mavrodiev, P. A., Cavalera, C. M., Diana, B., Mantovani, F., & Realdon, O. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9020500 · Cited by 156
“Emotion Regulation (ER) denotes a set of mental processes that influences which emotions we have when we have them and how we experience and express them [4,5].”
BackgroundColmenero-Navarrete, L., García-Sancho, E., & Salguero, J. M. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1999872 · Cited by 155
“From the process model of ER (Gross, 1998, 2002, 2014), a key variable are the ER strategies, defined as behavioral and cognitive methods by which individuals regulate their emotions (Gross, 1998, 2008).”
MethodHuang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000290 · Cited by 173
Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavai, E., Rostami, R., & Nejati, V. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.036 · Cited by 154
Experiences in Virtual Reality: a Window to Autobiographical Memory
Schöne, B., Wessels, M., & Gruber, T. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9648-y · Cited by 153
Reappraising test anxiety increases academic performance of first-year college students.
Brady, S. T., Hard, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000219 · Cited by 174
Self-citationDysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review
Quiñones-Cordero, M. M., Gallegos, A. M., Lin, F. V., & Heffner, K. L. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9 · Cited by 172
Sun, S., Lin, D., Goldberg, S., Shen, Z., Chen, P., Qiao, S., Brewer, J., Loucks, E., & Operario, D. (2022) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000568 · Cited by 138
“According to Gross ’ s process model of emotion regulation, suppression is involved in the second part of emotion regulation in response modulation, following reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
The Link Between Negative Emotions and Eating Disorder Behaviour in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Espeset, E. M. S., Gulliksen, K. S., Nordbø, R. H. S., Skårderud, F., & Holte, A. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2183 · Cited by 156
“Emotional regulation may be defined as the ability to understand one’s emotions and to modulate emotional experience and expression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundA hyper-emotion theory of psychological illnesses.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Mancini, F., & Gangemi, A. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.822 · Cited by 152
“However, they seem to have meant that individuals can try to suppress the expression of their emotions or to adopt a detached attitude to upsetting events (see, e.g., Gross, 2002; Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000; Lazarus & Alfert, 1964).”
BackgroundHankin, B. L., Snyder, H. R., Gulley, L. D., Schweizer, T. H., Bijttebier, P., Nelis, S., Toh, G. Y., & Vasey, M. W. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000663 · Cited by 172
“First, attention facilitates the selection of appropriate and relevant emotional information for further processing, and second, it aids disengagement from inappropriate and irrelevant emotional information (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundVranješ, I., Baillien, E., Vandebosch, H., Erreygers, S., & Witte, H. D. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.055 · Cited by 162
“It is expected that this strategy, while decreasing emotion expression, will in fact fail to decrease emotional experience and will even increase physiological responses in an individual due to the amount of effort required (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress
Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098 · Cited by 152
“The other metacognitive regulation skill in ERT is cognitive reappraisal (e.g., Gross, 2002) or reframing as it is described to clients.”
BackgroundFung, J., Kim, J. J., Jin, J., Chen, G., Bear, L., & Lau, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0425-7 · Cited by 148
Fosco, G. M., Caruthers, A. S., & Dishion, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028873 · Cited by 152
Monrouxe, L. V., Rees, C. E., Dennis, I., & Wells, S. E. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007518 · Cited by 172
“Emotion regulation is the process of influencing which emotions we experience, when and how we experience them and how we express them.(85) Successful emotional regulation has been shown to contribute to healthcare workers’ performance and well-being: influencing time spent in listening to patients, reducing burnout a…”
BackgroundBeltzer, M., Nock, M. K., Peters, B. J., & Jamieson, J. P. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0036326 · Cited by 151
Kramer, I., Simons, C. J. P., Wigman, J. T. W., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Wichers, M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs194 · Cited by 151
Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review
Soler-Gutiérrez, A.-M., Pérez-González, J.-C., & Mayas, J. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280131 · Cited by 152
“regulation or ER can be defined as a complex process by which people modulate their emotions to direct their behavior towards goals using strategies (for example, cognitive change strategy of reappraisal and response modulation strategy of suppression, see [33, 34]), which start when there are overlearned responses th…”
BackgroundMagai, C., Consedine, N. S., Krivoshekova, Y. S., Kudadjie-Gyamfi, E., & McPherson, R. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.303 · Cited by 167
Iordan, A. D., Dolcos, S., & Dolcos, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00200 · Cited by 148
“While here we discuss both objective and subjective aspects of coping with distraction, more in-depth discussions of the latter can be found in other sources (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003; Ochsner et al., 2012; Ray and Zald, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Role of Cognitive and Affective Challenge in Entertainment Experience
Bartsch, A., & Hartmann, T. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650214565921 · Cited by 147
“This process of meaning-making through immaterial rewards (Anderson & Kay, 2013) is compatible with both theories of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), and eudaimonic well-being (Ryff & Singer, 2008; Waterman, 1993), thus offering a promising framework for explaining the combined role of affective…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSleep Deprivation and Interference by Emotional Distracters
Chuah, L. Y. M., Dolcos, F., Chen, A. K., Zheng, H., Parimal, S., & Chee, M. W. L. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.10.1305 · Cited by 152
Reconsidering Emotion Dysregulation
D’Agostino, A., Covanti, S., Monti, M. R., & Starčević, V. (2017) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9499-6 · Cited by 183
“According to Gross [103], reappraisal of an event or its consequences may reduce the intensity of an emotional experience rather than inhibit emotional expression.”
Understanding Resilience and Preventing and Treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., & Feder, A. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194 · Cited by 162
Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account
Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J. J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024 · Cited by 169
Self-citationThe influence of emotion regulation on social interactive decision-making.
Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Chang, L. J., & Sanfey, A. G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020069 · Cited by 144
“…emotional experience, reducing or altering psychophysiological activity, and improving social functioning (Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002), expressive suppression seems much less effective in these respects and…”
The Common Neural Basis of Exerting Self-Control in Multiple Domains
Cohen, J. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2010) · Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0008 · Cited by 147
“Although most research has been done on intentional emotion regulation, and that will be the focus in this chapter, unintentional emotion regulation can occur as well (Gross, 2002; Lieberman, 2007).”
InfluentialThe Role of Emotion Regulation in Eating Disorders: A Network Meta-Analysis Approach
Leppänen, J., Brown, D., McLinden, H., Tchanturia, K., & Williams, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.793094 · Cited by 184
Kever, A., Pollatos, O., Vermeulen, N., & Grynberg, D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.014 · Cited by 145
“As emotions unfold over time, emotion regulation strategies are often differentiated along the timeline of the emotion- generative process (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRandall, W. M., Rickard, N. S., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2014) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864914536430 · Cited by 142
“Deficits in emotion regulation are prominent in many forms of psychopathology, and are implicated in the development, maintenance and treatment of various mental disorders (Berking et al., 2012; Bradley, Cuthbert, & Lang, 1990; Gross, 2002; Larsen, 2000; van Praag, 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialPoole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.047 · Cited by 145
Emotion Display Rules, Emotion Regulation, and Teacher Burnout
Chang, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00090 · Cited by 196
“Gross (2002) proposed the framework of regulating emotion in two forms: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.”
BackgroundHagenauer, G., & Volet, S. (2013) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2012.754929 · Cited by 149
“Applying a psychological-orientated framework underpinned by basic emotion regulation research (e.g. Gross 1998, 2002), and combined with a relational approach to emotions (e.g. Van Kleef 2009), would add a significant, new theoretical angle in discussing emotion management strategies of university…”
MethodThe role of emotion regulation in auditory hallucinations
Badcock, J. C., Paulik, G., & Maybery, M. T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.011 · Cited by 141
“Different strategies for emotion regulation are associated with different affective, cognitive and social consequences (Gross, 2002) and different underlying neural circuits (Ochsner et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialKhamis, V. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.013 · Cited by 140
The Effects of Analytical Rumination, Reappraisal, and Distraction on Anger Experience
Denson, T. F., Moulds, M. L., & Grisham, J. R. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.001 · Cited by 147
“In contrast to rumination, a substantial body of research suggests that cognitive reappraisal may be an adaptive way to manage negative emotional experiences (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMaladaptive emotion regulation and aggression in adult offenders
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2014) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2014.893333 · Cited by 157
“Third, the use of avoidance or suppression can deplete available cognitive resources, such as memory (Gross, 2002), and those required for task focus and performance (Wallace, Edwards, Shull, & Finch, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe SAGE Handbook of Applied Memory
Perfect, T. J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2014) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446294703 · Cited by 153
Coutinho, J. F. P., Ribeiro, E., Ferreirinha, R., & Dias, P. C. (2010) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832010000400001 · Cited by 196
Is “masculinity” a problem?: Framing the effects of gendered social learning in men.
Addis, M. E., Mansfield, A. K., & Syzdek, M. R. (2010) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0018602 · Cited by 163
Froeliger, B., Garland, E. L., Modlin, L. A., & McClernon, F. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00048 · Cited by 136
Jentsch, V. L., Kuchinke, L., Dierolf, A. M., Merz, C. J., Otto, T., & Wolf, O. T. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12816 · Cited by 140
“Descriptors: Emotion regulation, Pupil dilation, Skin conductance responses, Emotional arousal, Peripheral physiology Emotion regulation plays a pivotal role for mental health and interpersonal functioning (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundPsychological aspects of diabetes care: Effecting behavioral change in patients
Chew, B. (2014) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.796 · Cited by 157
Houghton, J. D., Wu, J.-P., Godwin, J. L., Neck, C. P., & Manz, C. C. (2012) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562911430205 · Cited by 100
“Over the past two decades, scholars have paid increasing attention to the concept of emotion regulation (e.g., Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Gross, 1998, 2002; Thompson, 1994).”
BackgroundTraining emotion regulation through real-time fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala activity
Herwig, U., Lutz, J., Scherpiet, S., Scheerer, H., Kohlberg, J., Opialla, S., Preuss, A., Steiger, V. R., Sulzer, J. S., Weidt, S., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.068 · Cited by 140
“Emotion regulation is a crucial skill associated with well-being and mental health in general (Gross, 2002).”
Cristea, I. A., Mogoaşe, C., David, D., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12383 · Cited by 135
The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence
Leiberg, S., & Anders, S. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6 · Cited by 134
Strauss, G. P., Kappenman, E. S., Culbreth, A. J., Catalano, L. T., Lee, B. G., & Gold, J. M. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs186 · Cited by 131
“The “Process Model” by Gross (1998, 2002) proposes that emotions unfold as a multicomponential process, whereby a situation occurs (either external or internal) that is then attended to, giving rise to an appraisal of the situation’s valence and motivational relevance, which results in a series of…”
BackgroundAn appraisal framework of the determinants and consequences of brand happiness
Schnebelen, S., & Bruhn, M. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21073 · Cited by 146
In a Nervous Voice: Acoustic Analysis and Perception of Anxiety in Social Phobics’ Speech
Laukka, P., Linnman, C., Åhs, F., Pissiota, A., Frans, Ö., Faria, V., Michelgård, Å., Appel, L., Fredrikson, M. G., & Furmark, T. (2008) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0055-9 · Cited by 135
“Suppression of emotion expressions is one of the most common emotion regulation strategies (e.g., Gross 2002 ), especially for people with excessive social anxiety (e.g., Kashdan and Steger 2006; J Nonverbal Behav (2008) 32:195‐214 209”
BackgroundFenton-O'Creevy, M., Dibb, S., & Furnham, A. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21078 · Cited by 124
“The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross, 2002) was used to measure habitual use of an intentional cognitive strategy for emotion regulation (Reappraisal) and an outcome focused strategy (Expressive Suppression).”
MethodRosen, N. O., & Bergeron, S. (2018) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2018.1513987 · Cited by 146
“Poor emotion regulation enhances distress and interferes with adaptive coping efforts (Gross, 2002).”
Emotion Regulation in Youth with Emotional Disorders: Implications for a Unified Treatment Approach
Trosper, S. E., Buzzella, B. A., Bennett, S. M., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2009) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0043-6 · Cited by 128
Jiang, J. Y., Zhang, X., & Tjosvold, D. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1834 · Cited by 132
Emotional sharing and the extended mind
León, F., Szanto, T., & Zahavi, D. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1351-x · Cited by 141
The Temporal Dynamics of Voluntary Emotion Regulation
Walter, H., von Kalckreuth, A., Schardt, D. M., Stephan, A., Goschke, T., & Erk, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006726 · Cited by 131
“, a number of contemporary behavioral studies has demonstrated that cognitive emotion regulation can reduce negative feelings by re-appraising an unpleasant situation in less emotional terms indexed by reduced autonomic and startle responses (e.g.”
BackgroundKeep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure
He, V. F., Sirén, C. A., Singh, S., Solomon, G. T., & von Krogh, G. (2018) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258718783428 · Cited by 137
“The regulation mechanism relies on two distinct sets of strategies: antecedent-focused and response-focused (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundKaunhoven, R. J., & Dorjee, D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.007 · Cited by 130
“The process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002; ross and John, 2003) suggests that emotion regulatory strategies an have an impact during several stages of an emotional response. egulatory strategies which impact the early stages of emotion rocessing are effective as they act before full…”
InfluentialAndreotti, C., Thigpen, J. C., Dunn, M. J., Watson, K. H., Potts, J., Reising, M. M., Robinson, K. E., Rodríguez, E. M., Roubinov, D. S., Luecken, L. J., et al. (2011) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.631526 · Cited by 128
“In spite of the importance of both coping and emotion regulation for understanding the effects of stress on emotional and physical health, this work has been pursued in separate and generally unrelated research literatures (e.g., Gross, 2002; Compas, Jaser & Benson, 2008).”
ResultChiang, J. T., Chen, X.-P., Liu, H., Akutsu, S., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726720908649 · Cited by 137
“Previous research has focused exclusively on the individual level, not only regarding its conceptualization and measurement, but also its relationship with work outcomes and personal well-being (e.g. Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004; Lieberman and Rosenthal, 2001; Richards a…”
BackgroundMethodCognitive and Affective Empathy Relate Differentially to Emotion Regulation
Thompson, N. M., van Reekum, C. M., & Chakrabarti, B. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00062-w · Cited by 136
Reddy, R., Palmer, C. A., Jackson, C., Farris, S. G., & Alfano, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12484 · Cited by 130
“reinterpreting a situation to make it more positive) to down-regulate their emotional responses to negative images, which has been shown to be effective in previous research (Carthy et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; McRae et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultLavy, S., & Eshet, R. (2018) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2018.04.001 · Cited by 138
Self-Compassionate Reactions to Health Threats
Terry, M. L., Leary, M. R., Mehta, S., & Henderson, K. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213488213 · Cited by 124
“Given that emotional regulation in the face of illness and injury is an important factor in health promotion (Gross, 2002), future research should directly explore the hypothesis that being high in selfcompassion is associated not only with lower distress when people are ill but also with more…”
BackgroundA Critical Analysis of Approaches to Targeted PTSD Prevention
Feldner, M. T., Monson, C. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2006) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445506295057 · Cited by 129
“For instance, data suggest emotion suppression results in increased activation of the cardiovascular system during (Gross, 1998, 2002) and after (Feldner, Zvolensky, Stickle, Bonn-Miller, & Leen-Feldner, 2006) suppression attempts.”
BackgroundDanner, U. N., Sternheim, L. C., & Evers, C. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.005 · Cited by 124
“It is regarded as a maladaptive strategy, because it decreases the expression of emotions rather than the experience of emotions (e.g., Gross and Levenson, 1997; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundVrtička, P., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.020 · Cited by 131
“E-mail address: pascal.vrticka@unige.ch (P. Vrtička). itive health outcomes when used appropriately, or by promoting mood disorders and anxiety when malfunctioning (Gross, 2002; Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTodd, R. M., Lewis, M. D., Meusel, L.-A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.011 · Cited by 125
“1999; Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Gross, 2002).”
Niven, K. R., Holman, D. J., & Totterdell, P. (2012) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712439909 · Cited by 123
“Because the internal consistency of the scale was relatively modest in the current sample, we used an additional method to check the reliability of the scale, as used by Grosser and colleagues (2010). This method involves running a correlation between the data matrix representing the scale and a symmetrized version of…”
MethodResultRegulation of emotions during experimental stress in alexithymia
Connelly, M., & Denney, D. R. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.12.008 · Cited by 123
“Although definitions of emotion regulation can vary substantially across studies, broadly defined, this construct refers to the process by which one influences how, when, to what degree, and which emotions he or she experiences and expresses [1].”
BackgroundLynch, T. R., Cheavens, J. S., Morse, J. Q., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2004) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860412331303775 · Cited by 124
“Studies suggest that deliberate attempts to suppress emotion decreases emotional expression and impairs memory (Gross, 2002) while paradoxically increasing autonomic arousal and vulnerability to psychosomatic disease (Gross, 1998; Gross & Levenson 1993, 1997; Hokanson & Burgess, 1962; King &…”
BackgroundEmotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Ritter, M. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.02.001 · Cited by 120
Monteiro, N. M., Balogun, S. K., & Oratile, K. N. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2014.908784 · Cited by 148
“It has been found that suppression decreases behavioural experience, impairs memory and increases physiological reactiveness (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttentional mechanisms in the generation of sympathy
Dickert, S., & Slovic, P. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003879 · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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