Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study

Bornovalova, Marina A.; Hicks, Brian M.; Iacono, William G.; McGue, Matt

doi:10.1017/s0954579409990186

Cited by 217Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyPersonality Traits and PsychologyMental Health Research Topics

Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study

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Bornovalova, Marina A., Hicks, Brian M., Iacono, William G., McGue, Matt·2009·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579409990186PMC PMC2789483

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Abstract

Although personality disorders are best understood in the context of lifetime development, there is a paucity of work examining their longitudinal trajectory. An understanding of the expected course and the genetic and environmental contributions to these disorders is necessary for a detailed understanding of risk processes that lead to their manifestation. The current study examined the longitudinal course and heritability of borderline personality disorder (BPD) over a period of 10 years starting in adolescence (age 14) and ending in adulthood (age 24). In doing so, we built on existing research by using a large community sample of adolescent female twins, a sensitive dimensional measure of BPD traits, an extended follow-up period, and a longitudinal twin design that allowed us to investigate the heritability of BPD traits at four discrete ages spanning midadolescence to early adulthood. Results indicated that mean-level BPD traits significantly decline from adolescence to adulthood, but rank order stability remained high. BPD traits were moderately heritable at all ages, with a slight trend for increased heritability from age 14 to age 24. A genetically informed latent growth curve model indicated that both the stability and change of BPD traits are highly influenced by genetic factors and modestly by nonshared environmental factors. Our results indicate that as is the case for other personality dimensions, trait BPD declines as individuals mature from adolescence to adulthood, and that this process is influenced in part by the same genetic factors that influence BPD trait stability.

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Recent longitudinal and genetic findings establish that BPD in adolescents is a valid diagnostic entity.
“Though initially considered a disorder limited to adults, recent longitudinal and genetic findings establish BPD in adolescents as a valid diagnostic entity, warranting empirical attention [4–6].”
From First evidence of a prospective relation between avoidance of internal states and borderline personality disorder features in adolescents. (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report longitudinal stability and heritability of BPD traits in adolescent twins, supporting the relevance of studying BPD during adolescence. But the study used a dimensional trait measure, and the paper notes that categorical adolescent BPD diagnoses have shown low stability. Its findings do not establish the validity of adolescent BPD as a diagnostic entity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Bornovalova et al. found a significant mean-level decline in BPD from age 14 to 24, although rank-order stability was high.
“Similarly, Bornovalova et al. (35), who investigated the stability and heritability of BPD in a community sample, showed a significant mean-level decline from age 14 to 24, although rank-order stability was high.”
From Prevalence and 10-year stability of personality disorders from adolescence to young adulthood in a high-risk sample (2022) · cites this paper as [35]

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Rothschild L Cleland C Haslam N Zimmerman M A taxometric study of borderline personality disorder Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003 112 4 657 666 14674877
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Skodol AE Gunderson JG Pfohl B Widiger TA Livesley WJ Siever LJ The borderline diagnosis I: Psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure Biological Psychiatry 2002 51 936 950 12062877
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Authors: Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Bornovalova, Marina A.
ORCID: Bornovalova, Marina A.
Hicks, Brian M.
Iacono, William G.
McGue, Matt
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2009-10-14
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 1335-1353
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409990186
PMC: PMC2789483
OpenAlex: W2121646188
Cited by: 216
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 9.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009367, R37AA009367, AA-09367)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH017069, T32MH017069)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA13240, DA-05147, R01DA013240, R01DA005147, R37DA005147)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: borderline personality disorder, adolescence, adulthood, longitudinal development, heritability, genetic factors, nonshared environment, rank-order stability, trait change, latent growth curve models, female twins
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Borderline Personality Disorder, Child, Environment, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Change, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Cohort Studies, Young Adult

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Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study

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