Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in raw water from New Jersey public drinking water systems

Post, Gloria B.; Louis, Judith B.; Lippincott, R. Lee; Procopio, Nicholas A.

doi:10.1021/es402884x

Cited by 130Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchWater Treatment and DisinfectionFluoride Effects and Removal

Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in raw water from New Jersey public drinking water systems

Post, Gloria B., Louis, Judith B., Lippincott, R. Lee, Procopio, Nicholas A.·2013·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es402884x

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Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were previously detected (≥ 4 ng/L) in 65% and 30%, respectively, of 23 New Jersey (NJ) public drinking water systems (PWS) sampled in 2006. We now report on a 2009 study of the occurrence of PFOA, PFOS, and eight other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in raw water samples from 30 intakes (18 groundwater and 12 surface water) from 29 additional NJ PWS. Between 1 and 8 PFCs were detected (≥ 5 ng/L) in 21 (70%) of 30 PWS samples at total PFC concentrations of 5-174 ng/L. Although PFOA was the most commonly detected PFC (57% of samples) and was found at the highest maximum concentration (100 ng/L), some of the higher levels of other PFCs were at sites with little or no PFOA. Perfluorononanoic acid was detected more frequently (30%) and at higher concentrations (up to 96 ng/L) than in raw or finished drinking water elsewhere, and it was found at several sites as the sole or predominant PFC, a pattern not reported in other drinking water studies. PFOS, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorohexanoic acid were each detected in more than 20% of samples, while perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid were detected less frequently. Perfluorobutanoic acid was found only once (6 ng/L), and perfluorodecanoic acid was not detected. Total PFCs were highest in two reservoirs near an airfield; these were also the only sites with total perfluorosulfonic acids higher than total perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFC levels in raw and finished water from the same source were similar at those sites where both were tested. Five wells of two additional NJ PWS known to be contaminated with PFOA were also each sampled 4-9 times in 2010-13 for nine of the same PFCs. Total PFCs (almost completely PFCAs) at one of these PWS located near an industrial source of PFCs were higher than in any other PWS tested (up to 330 ng/L). These results show that multiple PFCs are commonly found in raw water from NJ PWS. Future work is needed to develop approaches for assessing the potential human health risks of exposure to mixtures of PFCs found in drinking water and other environmental media.

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While PFNA and PFDA are often less frequently detected than shorter-chain PFASs, maximum concentrations of PFNA (96 ng/L) and PFDA (3.3 ng/L) were much higher in other studies.
“While these two longer chain carboxylates are often less frequently detected than shorter-chain PFASs, maximum concentrations of PFNA (96 ng/L; Post et al., 2013) and PFDA (3.3 ng/L: Quiñones and Snyder, 2009) were much higher in other studies.”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Post et al., 2013

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Correction to: Risk exposure assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water and atmosphere in central eastern China
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Occurrence of perfluorinated chemicals in untreated New Jersey drinking water sources: Final report
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Occurrence and potential significance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) detected in New Jersey public drinking water systems
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Self-citation
Response to Comment on “Occurrence and Potential Significance of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Detected in New Jersey Public Drinking Water Systems”
Post, G. B., Cooper, K. R., Louis, J. B., & Lippincott, R. L. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es9027524 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
National Screening Study on 10 Perfluorinated Compounds in Raw and Treated Tap Water in France
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Authors: Post, G. B., Louis, J. B., Lippincott, R. L., & Procopio, N. A.
Affiliations: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (US)
Corresponding author: Post, Gloria B.
ORCID: Post, Gloria B.
Procopio, Nicholas A.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2013-11-19
Volume: 47
Issue: 23
Pages: 13266-13275
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es402884x
OpenAlex: W2314103498
Cited by: 130
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 6.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Office of Science
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
Keywords: perfluorinated compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorinated sulfonic acids, raw water contamination, groundwater, surface water, drinking water systems, New Jersey, industrial pollution
MeSH terms: Caproates, Caprylates, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Decanoic Acids, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Humans, New Jersey, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Groundwater, Drinking Water

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Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in raw water from New Jersey public drinking water systems

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