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Phenomenal transparency and cognitive self-reference
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The capacity for opacity developed quite late phylo- and ontogenetically.
“and that this remarkable capacity has developed quite late (phylo- and ontogenetically, Metzinger, 2003, 2008).”
From 'Seeing the Dark': Grounding Phenomenal Transparency and Opacity in Precision Estimation for Active Inference (2018) · cites this paper as Metzinger, 2003
Phenomenal transparency-opacity is cognitively impenetrable.
“which implies that phenomenal transparency-opacity is ‘cognitively impenetrable’”
From 'Seeing the Dark': Grounding Phenomenal Transparency and Opacity in Precision Estimation for Active Inference (2018) · cites this paper as Metzinger, 2003
Inference about precision may itself be compromised and produce abnormal experiences in derealization or depersonalization or altered states of consciousness.
“In more dramatic cases, inference about precision may itself be compromised and produce abnormal experiences; e.g., in derealization or depersonalization (cf. Metzinger, 2003; Seth et al., 2012) or altered states of consciousness (Millière, 2017).”
From 'Seeing the Dark': Grounding Phenomenal Transparency and Opacity in Precision Estimation for Active Inference (2018) · cites this paper as Metzinger, 2003
A phenomenal self as subject appears exactly when the organism possesses a phenomenal model of the intentionality relation.
“a phenomenal self as subject appears exactly when the organism possesses a phenomenal model of the intentionality relation [6,7,9,21,22]”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
Because the conscious body model is phenomenally transparent, we fully identify with its representational content and are consciously present as bodily selves.
“Because this conscious body model is phenomenally transparent because it cannot introspectively be recognized as a model, we fully identify with its representational content and are consciously present as bodily selves (self-identification) [6,7,23,24].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
There seems to be a continuum between transparency and opacity, which determines how realistically the content of a body representation is experienced and how strongly the dimension of self-identification is expressed.
“In particular, there seems to be a continuum between transparency and opacity, which determines how realistically the content of a body representation is experienced and how strongly the dimension of self-identification is expressed [6,7].”
From Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood
Blanke, O., & Metzinger, T. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.003 · Cited by 1,060
Self-citationMinimal self-models and the free energy principle.
Limanowski, J., & Blankenburg, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00547 · Cited by 263
“Presence is hence a structural property of conscious experience (Seth, 2009) that is transparent in the sense that Metzinger (2003) uses the term (Seth et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialArtificial suffering: an argument for a global moratorium on synthetic phenomenology
Metzinger, T. (2021) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness · doi:10.1142/s270507852150003x · Cited by 182
“I think that this is exactly the reason why con¯gurations of this type have only rarely emerged in biological evolution, with phenomenally opaque states beginning to play a major causal role only recently, in the high-level, cognitive self-model of human beings [Metzinger, 2003a].”
Self-citationThe thalamic dynamic core theory of conscious experience
Ward, L. M. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.007 · Cited by 176
“It might seem obvious to philosophers of mind because it is closely related to the idea of phenomenal transparency, in which we can access introspectively the content properties of a conscious mental state but not the carrier (vehicle properties) of that content (e.g., Metzinger, 2003; Moore, 1903).”
The myth of cognitive agency: subpersonal thinking as a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy
Metzinger, T. K. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00931 · Cited by 186
Self-citationTimmermann, C., Bauer, P. R., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Vollenweider, F., Laureys, S., Singer, T., Antonova, E., & Lutz, A. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.11.006 · Cited by 150
Limanowski, J., & Friston, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00643 · Cited by 154
Werning, M. (2020) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-020-00471-z · Cited by 151
“What matters in the context of episodic memory is whether the experience was reliably produced and perhaps that it, in a certain sense, had some phenomenal quality or transparency (Metzinger 2003; Werning 2010). alone, and would not require a causal link to the experience of the event in question.”
BackgroundDissociating memory traces and scenario construction in mental time travel
Cheng, S., Werning, M., & Suddendorf, T. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.011 · Cited by 141
“Transparent simulation account: Several authors have suggested hat conscious experience is characteristically linked to what is alled phenomenal transparency (Harman, 1990; Metzinger, 2003; oore, 1903; Werning, 2010).”
BackgroundEmpirical perspectives from the self-model theory of subjectivity: a brief summary with examples
Metzinger, T. (2007) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)68018-2 · Cited by 123
“The solution has to do with what philosophers call ' ' phenomenal transparency ' ' ( for a short explanation of the concept of ' ' phenomenal transparency , ' ' see Metzinger , 2003c ; Metzinger , 2003b is the German precursor ) .”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMultimodal Contributions to Body Representation
Azañón, E., Tamè, L., Maravita, A., Linkenauger, S. A., Ferrè, E. R., Tajadura‐Jiménez, A., & Longo, M. R. (2016) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002531 · Cited by 121
“These reports suggest a vestibular contribution to body ownership, such as the feeling that one’s body belongs to oneself, over and above any particular bodily sensation (Metzinger, 2003).”
BackgroundSandved-Smith, L., Hesp, C., Mattout, J., Friston, K. J., Antoine Lutz, A., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab018 · Cited by 133
“…being self-immersed in the contents of one’s mind has been called cognitive fusion (Fletcher and Hayes 2005), reification (Lutz et al. 2015), absorption (Tellegen and Atkinson 1974), experiential fusion (Dahl et al. 2015), subjective realism (Lebois et al. 2015), or transparency (Metzinger 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLynn, S. J., Polizzi, C. P., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Chiu, C., Maxwell, R., der Kloet, D. V. H., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424 · Cited by 109
The epistemic and pragmatic value of non-action: a predictive coding perspective on meditation
Antoine Lutz, A., Mattout, J., & Pagnoni, G. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.019 · Cited by 97
“A mental event is said to be transparent when we have conscious access to its content, but not to its nonintentional structure or construction process [30].”
BackgroundThe Enactive Torch: A New Tool for the Science of Perception
Froese, T., McGann, M., Bigge, W., Spiers, A. J., & Seth, A. K. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2011.57 · Cited by 96
“…neuroscience, where it is recognized that normal human consciousness is transparent in similar sense; namely, that conscious perceptions do not include as contents the processes of their generation; rather, they appear as unmediated, direct presentations of the world and self (see, e.g., [39]).”
BackgroundLlewellyn, S. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003135 · Cited by 95
“(For further elucidation of the way that consciousness is understood in this article, see, for example, Donald [1995] and Metzinger [2003b; 2009].)”
BackgroundNaturalism and the First-Person Perspective
Baker, L. R. (2008) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110328950.203 · Cited by 89
“(3) Philosophers cannot “decide on the truth or falsity of empirical statements by logical argument alone” (Metzinger 2003b, 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLosing Ourselves: Active Inference, Depersonalization, and Meditation
Deane, G., Miller, M., & Wilkinson, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.539726 · Cited by 87
“A mental process is considered transparent insofar as its contents are available to consciousness, while its nonintentional structure or construction process are not (Metzinger, 2003).”
BackgroundMetzinger, T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00746 · Cited by 84
Self-citationWhy Is Virtual Reality Interesting for Philosophers?
Metzinger, T. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00101 · Cited by 99
“Below I will argue that VR is the most relevant technology to create innovative experimental designs for philosophical phenomenologists interested in empirically researching the transparency/opacity continuum characterizing human consciousness (as introduced in Metzinger, 2003b).”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2006) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2457.001.0001 · Cited by 82
“What about the cognitive PMIR? The consciously experienced cognitive first-person perspective allows us to become thinking subjects (Metzinger 2003b).”
BackgroundWhen the Window Cracks: Transparency and the Fractured Self in Depersonalisation
Ciaunica, A., Charlton, J., & Farmer, H. (2021) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-020-09677-z · Cited by 78
“Specifically, the question of what, if anything, makes the ‘self’ a unifying phenomenon has attracted a considerable number of recent empirical studies and theoretical accounts (Gallagher 2000; Metzinger 2003; Zahavi 2005; Blanke and Metzinger 2009).”
BackgroundFrom Generative Models to Generative Passages: A Computational Approach to (Neuro) Phenomenology
Ramstead, M. J. D., Seth, A. K., Hesp, C., Sandved-Smith, L., Mago, J., Lifshitz, M., Pagnoni, G., Smith, R. S., Dumas, G., Antoine Lutz, A., et al. (2022) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-021-00604-y · Cited by 100
The Interaction between Interoceptive and Action States within a Framework of Predictive Coding
Marshall, A. C., Gentsch, A., & Schütz‐Bosbach, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00180 · Cited by 71
“To date, several accounts postulate that top–down predictions about the sensory consequences of events shape their perception, the generation of selfhood and the general cognitive framework for perceiving and acting within the environment (Metzinger, 2003, 2004, 2005; Allen and Friston, 2016).”
BackgroundA unified model of ketamine’s dissociative and psychedelic properties
Marguilho, M., Figueiredo, I., & Castro-Rodrigues, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221140011 · Cited by 71
Schiller, D., Yu, A. N. C., Alia‐Klein, N., Becker, S., Cromwell, H. C., Dolcos, F., Eslinger, P. J., Frewen, P., Kemp, A. H., Pace-Schott, E. F., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105450 · Cited by 92
(2005) · Cited by 64
Self-citationThe contemplative exercise through the lenses of predictive processing: A promising approach
Pagnoni, G. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.022 · Cited by 63
Presence, objecthood, and the phenomenology of predictive perception
Seth, A. K. (2015) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2015.1026888 · Cited by 52
“To account for phenomenal unreality itself, we can take a cue from Metzinger (2003, 2014), for whom the issue of presence resolves into a question about the transparency of the representational machinery supporting perceptual experience.”
BackgroundFingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Kallio-Tamminen, T. (2021) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-021-09719-5 · Cited by 54
“However, phenomenologically only contents are experienced and not the content-formation process itself (background mechanisms of consciousness), so called ‘‘phenomenal transparency’’ (Metzinger 2003; 2014).”
BackgroundKukkonen, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190050955.001.0001 · Cited by 103
The vestibular body: Vestibular contributions to bodily representations
Ferrè, E. R., & Haggard, P. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2016.1168390 · Cited by 45
“The sense of body ownership is often described as a feeling of mineness , that one's body belongs to oneself (Metzinger, 2003).”
Selfhood triumvirate: From phenomenology to brain activity and back again
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Kallio-Tamminen, T. (2020) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.103031 · Cited by 47
“…episodic memory events related to self, as well as projecting the self into the future, thus enabling the sense of invariance of a narrative self over time (James, 1890; Neisser, 1988; Damasio, 1999, 2010; Gallagher, 2000; Demiray & Bluck, 2011; Metzinger, 2003; Klein, 2016; Friston et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFerrè, E. R., Berlot, E., & Haggard, P. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.032 · Cited by 40
“The sense of bodily awareness is often described as a feeling of “mineness”: that one's body belongs to oneself (Metzinger, 2003), over and above any particular bodily sensation.”
3Mo: A Model for Music-Based Biofeedback
Maes, P., Buhmann, J., & Leman, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00548 · Cited by 49
Metzinger, T. (2014) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2014.905519 · Cited by 37
Self-citationDołęga, K., & Dewhurst, J. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02548-9 · Cited by 34
“A commitment to some form of this view is clear from the deployment by PEM proponents’ of the argument from transparency, which has long played an important role in the representationalists’ argumentative arsenal (cf. e.g. Moore 1903; Harman 1990; Tye 1995, 2003; Dretske 2003; Metzinger 2003, 2008).”
BackgroundCiaunica, A., Roepstorff, A., Fotopoulou, A., & Petreca, B. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613587 · Cited by 37
“” As we will see shortly in more detail, the property of “transparency” has been spelled out in a variety of different ways by different theorists (Moore, 1903; Harman, 1990; Tye, 1999; Metzinger, 2003; Sass and Parnas, 2003; Fuchs, 2005; Ciaunica et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetacognitive Feelings: A Predictive-Processing Perspective
Velasco, P. F., & Loev, S. (2024) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231221976 · Cited by 49
“To say that metacognitive feelings are affective is to say that their phenomenology comprises a positive or negative affect or valence (Car-ruthers, 2017; Proust, 2015; Russell, 1980, 2003; Topo-linski & Strack, 2009c); that is, they feel positive (e.g., FoK) or negative (e.g., ToT).”
That Which Makes the Sensation of Blue a Mental Fact: Moore on Phenomenal Relationism
Hellie, B. (2007) · European Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0378.2007.00274.x · Cited by 29
A New Understanding of the First-Person and Third-Person Perspectives
Choifer, A. (2018) · Philosophical Papers · doi:10.1080/05568641.2018.1450160 · Cited by 27
Gasser, G. (2008) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110328950 · Cited by 27
Pattern Theory of Selflessness: How Meditation May Transform the Self-Pattern
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Brown, K. W., Gallagher, S., Barendregt, H. P., Bauer, P. R., Giommi, F., Nyklı́ček, I., Ostafin, B. D., Raffone, A., Slagter, H. A., et al. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02418-2 · Cited by 37
“…like thoughts and emotions are subjectively experienced as representational processes, in contrast to transparent processes, where the representational character and earlier processing phases of the contents of conscious experience are not accessible for subjective experience (Metzinger, 2003).”
Parvizi-Wayne, D., Sandved-Smith, L., Pitliya, R. J., Limanowski, J., Tufft, M. R. A., & Friston, K. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1354719 · Cited by 37
“…dynamical process, grounded in physiological mechanisms, which, nevertheless, afford a subjective, first-person perspective directed at the world( − model) via a modelled intentionality relation (cf., phenomenal model of the intentionality-relation; Metzinger, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005a, 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRelative fluency (unfelt vs felt) in active inference
Brouillet, D., & Friston, K. J. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103579 · Cited by 29
“But fluency is phenomenologically transparent to its own causal source, in the sense that it does not represent such a source (Metzinger, 2003).”
A beautiful loop: An active inference theory of consciousness.
Laukkonen, R., Friston, K., & Chandaria, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106296 · Cited by 45
“In the parlance of phenomenology, we experience ‘seeing ’ and phenomenological transparency gives way to opacity (Limanowski and Friston, 2018; Metzinger, 2003).”
Reply to Gallagher: Different conceptions of embodiment
Metzinger, T. K. (2006) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 22
Self-citationAntoine Lutz, A., Abdoun, O., Dor‐Ziderman, Y., Trautwein, F., & Berkovich‐Ohana, A. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.008 · Cited by 35
From generative models to generative passages: A computational approach to (neuro)phenomenologyPreprint
Ramstead, M. J. D., Seth, A. K., Hesp, C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k9pbn · Cited by 21
Graziadei, D., Hartmann, B., Kinane, I., et al. (2017) · Island Studies Journal · doi:10.24043/isj.28 · Cited by 18
“…experience and the embodied quality of thought and language suggest that sensory and embodied experiences share a complex relationship with narration and the act of reading (cf. Iser, 1978, p. 225-226), and direct attention towards phenomenal representations of objects (cf. Metzinger 2003, p. 356).”
BackgroundUsing Extended Reality to Study the Experience of Presence
Suzuki, K., Mariola, A., Schwartzman, D. J., & Seth, A. K. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_401 · Cited by 26
Albarracin, M., Hipólito, I., Tremblay, S. E., Fox, J. G., René, G., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47958-8_9 · Cited by 25
Fingelkurts, A. A., & Fingelkurts, A. A. (2017) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059417696180 · Cited by 17
“These basic aspects of selfhood are crucially important to guarantee the presence of a primary structure of subjectivity and self-consciousness.(23,28,83,84) Thirteen months later, at the time of the second EEG test, the integrity of 2 out of 3 self-referential brain network OMs reached normative values (“Me” OM z = −…”
BackgroundEnacting Virtual Reality: The Philosophy and Cognitive Science of Optimal Virtual Experience
Hovhannisyan, G., Henson, A., & Sood, S. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_17 · Cited by 15
Owning a Virtual Body Entails Owning the Value of Its Actions in a Detection-of-Deception Procedure
Pyasik, M. M., & Pia, L. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104693 · Cited by 16
Surfing uncertainty with screams: predictive processing, error dynamics and horror films
Miller, M. M., White, B. P., & Scrivner, C. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0425 · Cited by 18
“…experienced as an object of thought (at least not in the present moment) — they are transparent in the sense that they are simply experienced as a part of the self, and because of this are generally highly motivating, driving selections of policies directly given our phenotype and habits [67].”
BackgroundMindful Attention as a Skillful Means Toward Intergroup Prosociality
Berry, D. R., Rodriguez, K., Tasulis, G., & Behler, A. M. C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01926-3 · Cited by 15
“Rather than becoming attached to mental phenomena and how they relate to oneself autobiographically (e.g., Metzinger, 2003; Trautwein et al., 2014), a first-person perspective is favored and mental processes (e.g., thoughts, emotions, visceral responses) are seen as transient (Brown & Cordon, 2009;…”
BackgroundO'Donovan, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-010-9116-x · Cited by 15
“... the use of cognitive disabilities as tools to gain insight into nondisabled minds Unlike in disability studies, where disabilities are studied to understand and better advocate for disabled persons, in philosophy of mind disabilities are treated as opportunities to better understand the ‘normal’ mind: “Generally,…”
BackgroundThe Human AffectomePreprint
Schiller, D., Yu, A. N. C., Alia‐Klein, N., Becker, S., Cromwell, H. C., Dolcos, F., Eslinger, P. J., Frewen, P., Kemp, A. H., Pace-Schott, E. F., et al. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9nu32 · Cited by 17
Ramstead, M. J. D., Albarracin, M., Kiefer, A. B., Klein, B., Fields, C., Friston, K. J., & Safron, A. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6afs3 · Cited by 33
Sandved-Smith, L., Bogotá, J. D., Hohwy, J., Kiverstein, J. D., & Antoine Lutz, A. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf016 · Cited by 31
“An agent performing higher level inferences therefore opacifies aspects of the perceptual process that otherwise would have represented an immersed transparent perspective (Metzinger 2003a, 2003b).”
(2005) · Cited by 26
Self-citationA model of time-varying music engagement
Omigie, D., & Mencke, I. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0421 · Cited by 13
“A state is said to be opaque when its underlying processes can be attended to using introspective attention [86].”
BackgroundDreaming of a stable world: vision and action in sleep
Rosen, M. G. (2019) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-019-02149-1 · Cited by 14
“Waking delusions by definition are highly “immune to rational revision” (Metzinger 2003, p. 380).”
BackgroundWerning, M. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.07.003 · Cited by 12
“13 For a discussion of the phenomenal transparency of emotions see Metzinger (2003).”
InfluentialThe Opacity of Fictional Minds: Transparency, Interpretive Cognition and the Exceptionality Thesis
Bernini, M. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-59329-0_3 · Cited by 12
Enactive or inactive? Cranially envatted dream experience and the extended conscious mind
Rosen, M. G. (2018) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2018.1477984 · Cited by 11
“The mind generates the experience of a body that is “embedded into the currently active world-model” (Metzinger 2003, 373), which is also internally generated.”
BackgroundSandved-Smith, L., Hesp, C., Antoine Lutz, A., Mattout, J., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5jh3c · Cited by 9
Dissociative Symptoms and Interoceptive Integration
Woelk, S. P., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_480 · Cited by 11
What it Means to Live in a Virtual World Generated by Our Brain
Westerhoff, J. (2015) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-015-9752-z · Cited by 10
“41 See Morganti (2009, 2014) as well as Schaffer (2003), Ladyman and Ross (2007), Cameron (2008), Orilia (2009), Bliss (2013).”
InfluentialConstructing priors in synesthesia
van Leeuwen, T. M. (2014) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2014.905520 · Cited by 11
Aplasic phantoms and the mirror neuron system: An enactive, developmental perspective
Wood, R., & Stuart, S. (2009) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-009-9138-2 · Cited by 10
“Some authors go so far as to deny that such things as selves exist in any substantial or forensic sense (Stuart 2006), others even preferring to posit representations to account for the sense of perspectival ownership or phenomenological “mineness” of experience ( Metzinger 2003a, b). On this view, complex representat…”
BackgroundFingelkurts, A. A., & Fingelkurts, A. A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050814 · Cited by 9
“…objects, or scenes existing in the physical world, as opposed to some sort of ‘virtual simulations’ (transparent phenomenal surrogates) of the things that they are presenting [96]. space and time that are ‘self-constructed’ in the brain each time a particular mental operation needs to be performed.”
BackgroundTal, H., Wright, M., Prest, S., Sandved-Smith, L., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106539 · Cited by 12
Turner, P., Hetherington, R., Turner, S., & Kosek, M. (2015) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2015.1091778 · Cited by 8
A Conceptual Framework for Music-Based Interaction Systems
Maes, P., Nijs, L., & Leman, M. (2018) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55004-5_37 · Cited by 8
Sleeper Agents: The Sense of Agency Over the Dream Body
Rosen, M. G. (2021) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-021-09598-z · Cited by 7
“The ability to control the environment might be supported by the fact that dreams are no longer entirely transparent world models (Metzinger 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat Does it Mean to Have an Open Mind?
Metzinger, T. K., & Windt, J. (2015) · Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) · doi:10.15502/9783958571044 · Cited by 10
“…of a small area in the anterior-dorsal insula causes intense feelings of bliss (Picard et al. 2013), and it has been suggested that such blissful states, if occurring in the context of epileptic seizures, are associated with maxim ized coherence of the phenomenal self-model (PSM; Metzinger 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEpistemic Constraints on Autonomous Symbolic Representation in Natural and Artificial Agents
Windridge, D., & Kittler, J. (2008) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78534-7_16 · Cited by 7
Inference About Absence as a Window Into the Mental Self-Model
Mazor, M. (2025) · Open Mind · doi:10.1162/opmi_a_00206 · Cited by 7
“Self-models have been suggested to play an important role in attention control (Wilterson et al., 2020), theory of mind (Graziano, 2019), and subjectivity more generally (Metzinger, 2003).”
I could do that in my sleep: skilled performance in dreams
Rosen, M. G. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03079-7 · Cited by 6
“The dream world may simply conform to the dreamer’s intentions, controlled unconsciously by the dreamer’s expectations (Metzinger 2003).”
BackgroundSandved-Smith, L., Bogotá, J. D., Hohwy, J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/qfgmj · Cited by 6
What makes a mental state feel like a memory: feelings of pastness and presence
Rosen, M. G., & Barkasi, M. (2021) · Estudios de Filosofía · doi:10.17533/udea.ef.n64a05 · Cited by 5
“For example, while lucid dreaming, realising that one is dreaming doesn’t necessarily make the phenomenology less realistic (Metzinger, 2003; Revonsuo, 1995).”
BackgroundContemplating on the Nature of Selfhood in DoC Patients: Neurophenomenological Perspective
Fingelkurts, A. A., & Fingelkurts, A. A. (2023) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2201023 · Cited by 5
Transparency and the Mindfulness Opacity Hypothesis
Lange, V., & Grünbaum, T. (2023) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.1093/pq/pqad098 · Cited by 6
Towards an active inference account of deep meditative deconstruction
Prest, S., & Berryman, K. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag053 · Cited by 11
“2015), opacification ( Metzinger 2003), phenomenological reduction (as interpreted by Varela 1996), and experiential reduction ( Katyal 2022).”
Inference about Absence as a Window into the Mental Self-ModelPreprint
Mazor, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zgf6s · Cited by 3
Lutz, A., Abdoun, O., Dor‐Ziderman, Y., et al. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b6gx3 · Cited by 5
Affective Neuroscience and the Philosophy of Self
Asma, S. T. (2012) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 4
Metzinger, T. K. (2003) · Cited by 4
Self-citationUsing extended reality to study the experience of presencePreprint
Suzuki, K., Mariola, A., Schwartzman, D. J., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uysjw · Cited by 4
Ramstead, M. J. D., Albarracin, M., Kiefer, A. B., Williford, K., Safron, A., Fields, C., Solms, M., & Friston, K. J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6eqxh · Cited by 4
Parvizi-Wayne, D., Sandved-Smith, L., Pitliya, R. J., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bqf8c · Cited by 4
Kavi, P. C., Zamora‐López, G., Friedman, D., & Patow, G. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27050459 · Cited by 5
“Meta-Awareness: This mechanism detects shifts in behavior that do not correspond to global policies and triggers corrective actions of potential actions within the Thought-seed Network [71].”
Visual Adaptation to a Remapped Spectrum
Grush, R., Jaswal, L., Knoepfler, J., & Brovold, A. (2015) · doi:10.15502/9783958570283 · Cited by 4
Hecht, H. (2015) · doi:10.15502/9783958570290 · Cited by 4
The first-person perspective description error in naturalism
Gasparyan, D. E. (2021) · Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Philosophy and Conflict Studies · doi:10.21638/spbu17.2021.303 · Cited by 3
CRITIQUE ON IDENTITY ECONOMICS
Bağçe, S., & Yılmaz, E. (2020) · Journal of Research in Economics · doi:10.35333/jore.2020.147 · Cited by 3
Arvidson, P. S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2646-0_6 · Cited by 6
Balzan, F., Munarini, M., & Angeli, L. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64299-9_42 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Metzinger, T.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Metzinger, Thomas
- ORCID
- Metzinger, Thomas
- Venue
- Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 353-393
- ISSN
- 1568-7759 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8676
- OpenAlex
- W2142672241
- Semantic Scholar
- 64df353577b671dc812baa22548d381888587871
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- phenomenal transparency, self-reflection, representationalism, first-person perspective, self-model, naturalism
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