Losing Ourselves: Active Inference, Depersonalization, and Meditation
Open accessAbstract
Disruptions in the ordinary sense of selfhood underpin both pathological and "enlightened" states of consciousness. People suffering from depersonalization can experience the loss of a sense of self as devastating, often accompanied by intense feelings of alienation, fear, and hopelessness. However, for meditative contemplatives from various traditions, "selfless" experiences are highly sought after, being associated with enduring peace and joy. Little is understood about how these contrasting dysphoric and euphoric experiences should be conceptualized. In this paper, we propose a unified account of these selfless experiences within the active inference framework. Building on our recent active inference research, we propose an account of the experiences of selfhood as emerging from a temporally deep generative model. We go on to develop a view of the self as playing a central role in structuring ordinary experience by "tuning" agents to the counterfactually rich possibilities for action. Finally, we explore how depersonalization may result from an inferred loss of allostatic control and contrast this phenomenology with selfless experiences reported by meditation practitioners. We will show how, by beginning with a conception of self-modeling within an active inference framework, we have available to us a new way of conceptualizing the striking experiential similarities and important differences between these selfless experiences within a unifying theoretical framework. We will explore the implications for understanding and treating dissociative disorders, as well as elucidate both the therapeutic potential, and possible dangers, of meditation.
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Sensitivity to worse than expected rates of prediction error reduction over time, manifesting phenomenologically as negative affect, drives the system to switch to more tractable goals.
“Deane et al. (2020) suggest that a sensitivity to worse than expected rates of prediction error reduction over time (Kiverstein et al. 2017, 2020; Hesp et al. 2021), manifesting phenomenologically as negative affect, drives the system to switch to more tractable goals.”
From Consciousness in active inference: Deep self-models, other minds, and the challenge of psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution (2021) · cites this paper as Deane et al. 2020
Affective valence is reimagined within the active inference framework as a domain general controller.
“Affective valence here is being reimagined within the active inference framework as a ‘domain general controller’ (Deane et al. 2020; Ramstead et al. 2020b).”
From Consciousness in active inference: Deep self-models, other minds, and the challenge of psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution (2021) · cites this paper as Deane et al. 2020
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Control your mind, make affordance available
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From the Five Aggregates to Phenomenal Consciousness: Toward a Cross-Cultural Cognitive SciencePreprint
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Self-Boundary Dissolution in Meditation: A Phenomenological Investigation
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On the varieties of conscious experiences: Altered Beliefs Under Psychedelics (ALBUS)
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Expecting some action: predictive processing and the construction of conscious experience
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“This phenomenology is contrasted with a perceived gain in allostatic control in meditation practitioners, as precision (on prior preferences, for instance) becomes increasingly under endogenous control (Deane et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAn active inference perspective for the amygdala complex
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Exploration of self- and world-experiences in depersonalization traits
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An Active Inference Account of Touch and Verbal Communication in Therapy
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Wiese, W., & Friston, K. J. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113704 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A beautiful loop: An active inference theory of consciousness.
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“…to consider how active inference can now accommodate some altered states of mind and consciousness, particularly those that can occur during long term meditation (Lutz et al., 2019; Pagnoni, 2019; Laukkonen and Slagter, 2021; Deane et al., 2020; Prest et al., 2024; Berkovich-Ohana et al., 2024).”
Surfing uncertainty with screams: predictive processing, error dynamics and horror films
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Meditators Probably Show Increased Behaviour-Monitoring Related Neural Activity
Bailey, N. W., Geddes, H., Zannettino, I., Humble, G., Payne, J., Baell, O., Emonson, M., Chung, S. W., Hill, A. T., Rogasch, N. C., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02052-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
On efficient computation in active inference
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Arousal coherence, uncertainty, and well-being: an active inference account
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A vessel without a pilot: Bodily and affective experience in the Cotard delusion of inexistence
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Ambient smart environments: affordances, allostasis, and wellbeing
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Self-citationEditorial: Predictive Processing and Consciousness
Miller, M., Clark, A., & Schlicht, T. (2022) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-022-00666-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTal, H., Wright, M., Prest, S., Sandved-Smith, L., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106539 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Thinking about hallucinations: why philosophy matters
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Self-citationDigital Being: social media and the predictive mind
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Active Inference for Stochastic Control
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Experienced meditators show greater forward traveling cortical alpha wave strengths
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The rational role of the perceptual sense of reality
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Towards an active inference account of deep meditative deconstruction
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On Predictive Planning and Counterfactual Learning in Active Inference
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Self-citationExperienced meditators show greater forward travelling cortical alpha wave strengthsPreprint
Bailey, N. W., Hill, A. T., Godfrey, K. E. M., Perera, M. P. N., Hohwy, J., Corcoran, A. W., Rogasch, N. C., Fitzgibbon, B. M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598110 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Touching and being touched: where knowing and feeling meet
Fischman, L. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097402 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Akbari, M., & Seydavi, M. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70194 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Realization experiences: a convergent account of insight and mystical experiences
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Filtered States: Active Inference, Social Media and Mental Health
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The Cruel and Unusual Phenomenologies of Torture and Solitary Confinement
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Disorder, Dissociation, and Disruption in Self-narrative
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Navigating the Therapeutic Potential of Ego Dissolution
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- Authors
- Deane, G., Miller, M., & Wilkinson, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Mark
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-10-29
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 539726-539726
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7673417
- OpenAlex
- W3096810469
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- active inference, depersonalization, meditation, selfhood, self-modeling, dissociative disorders, counterfactual reasoning, phenomenal consciousness, meditation therapy
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