Getting a grip on your feelings: effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation.

Koole, Sander L.; Jostmann, Nils B.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.974

Cited by 303Behavioral Health and InterventionsPersonality Traits and PsychologyNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Getting a grip on your feelings: effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation.

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Koole, Sander L., Jostmann, Nils B.·2004·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.974

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Abstract

The authors propose that volitional action is supported by intuitive affect regulation, defined as flexible, efficient, and nonrepressive control of own affective states. Intuitive affect regulation should be most apparent among action-oriented individuals under demanding conditions. Consistent with this, a demanding context led action-oriented individuals to down-regulate negative affect in self-reports (Study 1), in an affective Simon task (Study 2), and in a face discrimination task (Study 3). In line with the idea that intuitive affect regulation is guided by top-down self-regulation processes, intuitive affect regulation in a face discrimination task was mediated by increases in self-accessibility (Study 3). No parallel effects emerged among action-oriented participants in a nondemanding context or among state-oriented participants.

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Self-involvement may be verified by assessing the accessibility of self-related knowledge or memory for self-related material.
“This self-involvement may be verified by assessing the accessibility of self-related knowledge (Koole and Jostmann, 2004) or memory for self-related material (Baumann and Kuhl, 2003).”
From Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance (2016) · cites this paper as Koole and Jostmann, 2004
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“Koole and Jostmann (2004) found that action-oriented individuals are also more able to " down regulate " negative affect in stressful conditions than state-oriented individuals .”
Background
Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior
Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Roefs, A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.013 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“which affect is down-regulated over time (e.g., Koole & Jostmann, 2004 ).”
Background
Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation.
Kessler, E., & Staudinger, U. M. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0015352 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Reward Counteracts Conflict Adaptation
van Steenbergen, H., Band, G. P. H., & Hommel, B. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02470.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Oxytocin buffers cortisol responses to stress in individuals with impaired emotion regulation abilities
Quirin, M., Kuhl, J., & Düsing, R. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.005 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
How to Bite Your Tongue Without Blowing Your Top: Implicit Evaluation of Emotion Regulation Predicts Affective Responding to Anger Provocation
Mauss, I. B., Evers, C., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205283841 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Such a flexible regulatory process might be more adaptive than one that is activated chronically (cf. Bonanno et al., 2004; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
Background
Being someone: the integrated self as a neuropsychological system.
Kuhl, J., Quirin, M., & Koole, S. L. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12162 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implicit self-esteem compensation: Automatic threat defense
Rudman, L. A., Dohn, M. C., & Fairchild, K. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.798 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Using similar reasoning, Koole and Jostmann (2004) investigated what they termed “intuitive affect regulation.””
Method
Putting Self‐Regulation Theory into Practice: A User's Manual
Kühl, J., Kazén, M., & Koole, S. L. (2006) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00260.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“…al. point out, there exists a new breed of theories of personality architecture , which analyse the mental systems that shape the individual's enduring, distinctive patterns of experience and action (Cervone, 2004, 2005; Cloninger, 2004; Kuhl & Koole, 2004; Magnusson, 2003; Mischel & Shoda, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Lost in the Wilderness: Terror Management, Action Orientation, and Nature Evaluation.
Koole, S. L., & den Berg, A. E. V. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.1014 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
What it takes to forgive: When and why executive functioning facilitates forgiveness.
Pronk, T., Karremans, J. C., Overbeek, G. J., Vermulst, A. A., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017875 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Counter-regulation in affective attentional biases: A basic mechanism that warrants flexibility in emotion and motivation.
Rothermund, K., Voß, A., & Wentura, D. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.34 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Offensive Defensiveness: Toward an Integrative Neuroscience of Compensatory Zeal After Mortality Salience, Personal Uncertainty, and Other Poignant Self-Threats
McGregor, I. (2006) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701366977 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…specialized for approach motivation, these findings may help explain why action-oriented individuals are so good at emotion regulation (Koole, 2004; Koole & Jostmann, 2004) Indeed, exciting new research recently revealed that after experiential mortality salience or uncertainty threats,…”
Background
Becoming who you are: An integrative review of self‐determination theory and personality systems interactions theory
Koole, S. L., Schlinkert, C., Maldei, T., & Baumann, N. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12380 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the affect-regulatory effects of action orientation are statistically mediated by increases in extension memory activation (Baumann et al., 2005; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Automatic emotion regulation after social exclusion: Tuning to positivity.
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Koole, S. L., Baumeister, R. F., Marquez, A., & Reid, M. W. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023534 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citation
After the Pink Slip: Applying Dynamic Motivation Frameworks to the Job Search Experience
Wanberg, C. R., Zhu, J., Kanfer, R., & Zhang, Z. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0157 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
A New Look at Emotional Intelligence: A Dual-Process Framework
Fiori, M. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308326909 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Top-down modulation of preattentive processing: Testing the recovery account of contingent capture
Folk, C. L., & Remington, R. W. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500193545 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Flexibility: Overcoming the Precedence of Global over Local Processing of Visual Information
Baumann, N., & Kühl, J. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-005-7957-1 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…may promote greater reliance on accessible information and dominant reactions, the high-level intuitive system (extension memory) promotes access to extended networks of relevant semantic meanings, remote action alternatives and integrative abilities (Baumann & Kuhl, 2002; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
Background
Implicit emotion regulation: feeling better without knowing why.
Koole, S. L., Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.027 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citation
Seeing and mastering difficulty: The role of affective change in achievement flow
Baumann, N., & Scheffer, D. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903319911 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Recent findings indicate that such self-regulatory strategies may operate intuitively through activation of the implicit self (Koole & Coenen, 2007; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
Background
Affect sensitivity and affect regulation in dealing with positive and negative affect
Baumann, N., Kaschel, R., & Kühl, J. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.05.002 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Extensive research supports the conceptualization of state versus action orientation in terms of the ability to self-regulate aVect (Brunstein, 2001; Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Kuhl & Beckmann, 1994).”
Background
On the regulation of cognitive control: Action orientation moderates the impact of high demands in Stroop interference tasks.
Jostmann, N. B., & Koole, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.593 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citation
How can you resist? Executive control helps romantically involved individuals to stay faithful.
Pronk, T., Karremans, J. C., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021993 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Painful consequences of anger suppression.
Quartana, P. J., & Burns, J. W. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.400 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Individual differences in intention initiation under demanding conditions: Interactive effects of state vs. action orientation and enactment difficulty
Kazén, M., Kaschel, R., & Kühl, J. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.005 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Athletes’ regulation of emotions experienced during competition: A naturalistic video-assisted study.
Martinent, G., Ledos, S., Ferrand, C., Campo, M., & Nicolas, M. (2015) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000037 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-regulation advantage for high-IQ children: Findings from a research study
Calero, M. D., Garcia-Martin, M., Jiménez, M. I., Kazén, M., & Araque, A. (2007) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.012 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Development and validation of a motivational persistence scale
Constantin, T., Holman, A., & Hojbotă, M. A. (2012) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1202099c · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…given the confusion they make between self – ascribed goals and those imposed by others, state oriented individual may be more persistent in unattractive, boring tasks (Koole & Jostmann, 2004) and show a frustration tolerance in performing unattractive tasks (Koole, Kuhl, Jostmann, & Vohs, 2005).”
Background
Why Religion’s Burdens Are Light: From Religiosity to Implicit Self-Regulation
Koole, S. L., McCullough, M. E., Kuhl, J., & Roelofsma, P. H. M. P. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309351109 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…flexibly and efficiently, such as implicit self-esteem (Koole, 2004), self-serving attributions (Brunstein & Olbrich, 1985), positive affect (Koole & Jostmann, 2004), intuitions (Baumann & Kuhl, 2002), implicit motives (Baumann, Kaschel, & Kuhl, 2005), automatic interpretive biases (Koole &…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Self‐Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science
Cervone, D., Shadel, W. G., Smith, R. E., & Fiori, M. (2006) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00261.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self–Regulation and Well–Being: The Influence of Identity and Motives
Hofer, J., Busch, H., & Kärtner, J. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.789 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The ability to gain access to the self even when facing considerable difficulties and repeated setbacks (Baumann & Kuhl, 2002; Koole & Jostmann, 2004), and to down-regulate the negative affect associated with uncertainty permits adolescents to initiate the search for personally important values,…”
Background
The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health
Hopp, H., Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.532606 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…value placed on various emotion-regulation strategies (e.g., Etkin, Prater, Hoeft, Menon, & Schatzberg, 2010; Haas, Omura, Constable, & Canli, 2007; Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007; Mauss, Evers, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2006; Quirin, Bode, & Kuhl, 2011 this issue; Rothermund, Voss, &…”
Action Versus State Orientation and Self-Control Performance After Depletion
Gröpel, P., Baumeister, R. F., & Beckmann, J. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213516636 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Following recommendations by Kuhl (1994b), we also included the Preoccupation subscale (i.e., the threat-related action/state orientation; cf. Koole & Jostmann, 2004) in Studies 1 to 3 (see Jostmann & Koole, 2007, for similar procedure).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Subliminal Affect Regulation
Jostmann, N. B., Koole, S. L., van der Wulp, N. Y., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2005) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.10.3.209 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder
de Wit, S. J., van der Werf, Y. D., Mataix-Cols, D., Trujillo, J. P., van Oppen, P., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001026 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“John, 2003; Koole & Jostmann, 2004) assessed to what extent participants used reappraisal and suppression as emotion modulating strategies in daily life.”
Background
Power and Action Orientation: Power as a Catalyst for Consumer Switching Behavior
Jiang, Y., Zhan, L., & Rucker, D. D. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/675723 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Implicit but Not Explicit Affectivity Predicts Circadian and Reactive Cortisol: Using the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test
Quirin, M., Kazén, M., Rohrmann, S., & Kühl, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00552.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
How to Resist Temptation: The Effects of External Control Versus Autonomy Support on Self‐Regulatory Dynamics
Baumann, N., & Kühl, J. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00315.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The focus of the present study was on decision-related state orientation (SOD) and action orientation (AOD) because of their important role in self-regulated implementation of intentions (Kuhl & Goschke, 1994). These two orientations can be found on opposite ends of a bipolar continuum: Low scores indicate SOD, wherea…”
BackgroundInfluential
Implicit self and affect regulation: effects of action orientation and subliminal self priming in an affective priming task.
Koole, S. L., & Coenen, L. H. M. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860601118835 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…individuals, as evidenced in self-reports (e.g., Baumann, Kaschel, & Kuhl, 2005; Brunstein & Olbrich, 1985), physiological functioning (Heckhausen & Strang, 1988), and implicit measures (Jostmann, Koole, van der Wulp, & Fockenberg, 2005; Koole & Fockenberg, 2006; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Schizophrenia and the Scaffolded Self
Krueger, J. W. (2018) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-018-9547-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“For example, there is evidence that recovery from negative emotional episodes is augmented by selectively attuning to smiling faces (Koole and Jostmann 2004), particularly in individuals who exhibit strong emotional resilience and self-esteem (DeWall et al.”
Background
The Impact of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Mexican University Students: Emotions, Coping Strategies, and Self-Regulated Learning
González, M. L. G., Gaeta, L., & Guardado, M. D. S. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642823 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“According to Boekaerts (2002), a stressful factor may unleash very intense emotions in some young people and moderate emotions in others; hence, having effective control mechanisms helps students to protect themselves against the emotional states that arise as a result of daunting circumstances (Koole and Jostmann, 20…”
Background
Teachers’ Emotional Exhaustion: Associations With Their Typical Use of and Implicit Attitudes Toward Emotion Regulation Strategies
Donker, M. H., Erisman, M. C., van Gog, T., & Mainhard, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00867 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Teachers’ typical use of emotion regulation strategies was measured using the Dutch version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross and John, 2003; Koole and Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Overt Attention and Context Factors: The Impact of Repeated Presentations, Image Type, and Individual Motivation
Kaspar, K., & Peter König, B. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021719 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“But the main construct of action orientation itself is widespread in motivational psychology [38,39,40,41].”
Background
Do Demanding Conditions Help or Hurt Self‐Regulation?
Koole, S. L., Jostmann, N. B., & Baumann, N. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00425.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In addition, action-oriented individuals are more efficient than state-oriented individuals at up-regulating positive affect under demanding conditions (Koole & Fockenberg, 2011; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Counter-Regulation and Control-Dependency
Rothermund, K. (2011) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000043 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Testing the convergent and discriminant validity of three implicit motive measures: PSE, OMT, and MMG
Schüler, J., Brandstätter, V., Wegner, M., et al. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9502-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Left-Hemispheric Activation and Self-Infiltration: Testing a Neuropsychological Model of Internalization
Baumann, N., Kühl, J., & Kazén, M. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-005-9439-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Guiding others for their own good: Action orientation is associated with prosocial enactment of the implicit power motive
Baumann, N., Chatterjee, M. B., & Hank, P. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9511-0 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Demand-related action orientation (AOD) is the ability to self-generate positive affect, to overcome hesitation and procrastination, and to initiate the implementation of self-congruent goals—especially in the face of high demands and difficulties (Baumann et al. 2005; Koole and Jostmann 2004; Koole et al. 2012; Kuhl…”
BackgroundInfluential
Seeking flow in the achievement domain: The achievement flow motive behind flow experience
Baumann, N., & Scheffer, D. (2010) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9195-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…with the assumption that individuals high in achievement flow motive have good access to their experiential self which is a strong source of positive affect and intuitive affect regulation (e.g., Greenwald and Banaji 1995; Koole and Coenen 2007; Koole and Jostmann 2004; Sedikides and Strube 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The functional architecture of human motivation: Personality systems interactions theory
Kühl, J., Quirin, M., & Koole, S. L. (2020) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2020.06.001 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recovering from negative events by boosting implicit positive affect
Quirin, M., Bode, R. C., & Kuhl, J. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.536418 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Half of participants were asked to press F with their left index finger if a deviant face was present among the distractor faces and J with their right index finger if all nine faces were identical (see Koole & Jostmann, 2004, for detailed task instructions).”
Influential
Incidental regulation of attraction: The neural basis of the derogation of attractive alternatives in romantic relationships
Meyer, M. L., Berkman, E. T., Karremans, J. C., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.527494 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Creativity and Firm-Level Performance: The Mediating Effects of Action Orientation
Weinzimmer, L. G., Michel, E. J., & Franczak, J. (2011) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Motivation, affect, and hemispheric asymmetry: Power versus affiliation.
Kühl, J., & Kazén, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.456 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…validated in experimental research are self-confrontational rather than defensive coping with negative life events (Baumann, Kuhl, & Kazén, 2005; Koole & Jostmann, 2004), stimulation of creativity and flexibility (Bowden et al., 2005; Isen, 2002), and empathic personal interaction (Adolphs et…”
Background
Cognition and Emotion
de Houwer, J., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853054 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Implicit emotion regulation under demanding conditions: The moderating role of action versus state orientation
Koole, S. L., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544891 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“This pattern fits with the notion that action-oriented participants were more efficient at down-regulating implicit negative affect than their state-oriented counterparts (Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Volitional Shielding of The Self: Effects of Action Orientation and External Demands on Implicit Self-evaluation
Koole, S. L. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.1.100.30985 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Dynamics of Personality Approach (DPA): 20 Tenets for Uncovering the Causal Mechanisms of Personality
Quirin, M., Robinson, M. D., Rauthmann, J. F., Kühl, J., Read, S. J., Tops, M., & DeYoung, C. G. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2295 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Other frameworks focus on the ability (or flexibility) to disengage from negative or intensify positive emotional states and concomitant thoughts in the service of goal pursuit (Beckmann & Kuhl, 1984; Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Kuhl, 1994; Quirin, Kuhl, & Düsing, 2011).”
Background
Does Emotion Regulation Occur Only Inside People's Heads? Toward a Situated Cognition Analysis of Emotion-Regulatory Dynamics
Koole, S. L., & Veenstra, L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.964657 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“One way in which people may accomplish this is by selectively attending to smiling faces (Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Counter-regulation triggered by emotions: Positive/negative affective states elicit opposite valence biases in affective processing
Schwager, S., & Rothermund, K. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.750599 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The self-regulation of emotion
Koole, S. L., van Dillen, L. F., & Sheppes, G. (2010) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autonomy Support and its Links to Physical Activity and Competitive Performance: Mediations Through Motivation, Competence, Action Orientation and Harmonious Passion, and the Moderator Role of Autonomy Support by Perceived Competence
Halvari, H., Ulstad, S. O., Bagøien, T. E., & Skjesol, K. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830903302059 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In an experimental test of a recent theory of volition (Kuhl, 2000 ; Kuhl & Koole, 2004 ), Koole and Jostmann ( 2004 , p.”
BackgroundMethod
Personality dynamics, meaning, and idiosyncrasy: Identifying cross-situational coherence by assessing personality architecture
Orom, H., & Cervone, D. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.015 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
How attribution influences aggression: Answers to an old question by using an implicit measure of anger
Reichardt, R., Wittstadt, D., & Strack, F. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.10.003 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Finally, as recent publications highlighted the possibly automatic nature of emotion regulation (Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Mauss, Cook, & Gross, 2007; Webb & Sheeran, 2003) it may be interesting to investigate how automatic emotion regulation affects the influence of attribution on anger.”
Background
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Volition: Action Orientation Is Associated With Less Anxious Motive Enactment and Greater Well-Being in Germany, New Zealand, and Bangladesh
Chatterjee, M. B., Baumann, N., Osborne, D., Mahmud, S. H., & Koole, S. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01043 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Second, prior work indicates that action- and state-oriented individuals do not differ in their ability to access their motives and enact them adequately under relaxed and friendly conditions (Baumann and Kuhl, 2003; Koole and Jostmann, 2004; Baumann et al., 2005; Jostmann and Koole, 2006; Chatterjee et al., 2013, 201…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Decision-related action orientation predicts police officers' shooting performance under pressure
Landman, A., Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1070834 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…related to lower levels of anxiety when performing under stressful or demanding circumstances (Jostmann, Koole, van der Wulp, & Fockenberg, 2005; Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Quirin, Kuhl & Düsing, 2011) and individuals with high AOD have been shown to have more voluntary control over their thoughts…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
In the mood to face the facts: When a positive mood promotes systematic processing of self-threatening information
Das, E. H. H. J., & Fennis, B. M. (2008) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9093-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Recent findings suggest that a positive mood may promote the integration of information into the self-system, which may serve to downregulate the associated negative affect (Bolte et al. 2003; Koole and Jostmann 2004 ).”
Background
Chapter 13 Implicit Motives: A Look from Personality Systems Interaction Theory
Baumann, N., Kaz, M., & Kühl, J. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0013 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Autotelic Personality
Baumann, N. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Entfremdung als Krankheitsursache: Selbstregulation von Affekten und integrative Kompetenz
Kühl, J., & Kaschel, R. (2004) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042.55.2.61 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
On the Waxing and Waning of Working Memory: Action Orientation Moderates the Impact of Demanding Relationship Primes on Working Memory Capacity
Jostmann, N. B., & Koole, S. L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206292595 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“To induce high or low levels of situational demands, we primed a demanding or accepting relationship schema (Baldwin & Sinclair, 1996; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Individual Differences in Self-Regulation
Kühl, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_13 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
On the Hidden Benefits of State Orientation: Can People Prosper Without Efficient Affect-Regulation Skills?
Koole, S. L., Kühl, J., Jostmann, N. B., & Vohs, K. D. (2005) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human Reward Pursuit
Bijleveld, E., Ruud Custers, A., & Aarts, H. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412438463 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“For example, some task contexts more than others have the potential to be interpreted in terms of reward pursuit (e.g., because of task instructions) and may thus be more likely to be influenced by full reward processing (Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Richter, 2010).”
Background
On the dynamics of implicit emotion regulation: Counter-regulation after remembering events of high but not of low emotional intensity
Schwager, S., & Rothermund, K. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.866074 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“As long as emotional events are experienced as 5 Implicit affect regulation has been associated with the “implicit self as agent” (Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Kuhl, 2000) and in turn with right hemispheric processing (Baumann, Kuhl, & Kazén, 2005; Keenan, Nelson, O’Connor, PascualLeone, 2001; Ranganath…”
BackgroundInfluential
Relative frontal brain asymmetry and cortisol release after social stress: The role of action orientation
Düsing, R., Mattie Tops, A., Radtke, E. L., Kühl, J., & Quirin, M. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The impact of personality traits and professional experience on police officers’ shooting performance under pressure
Landman, A., Nieuwenhuys, A., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1107625 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…threat; see carver and White 1994; Spielberger et al. 1983), (b) the tendency to maintain goal-directed attention and behaviour (see Dickman 1990; Koole and Jostmann 2004; Kuhl 1994; Schmeichel and Baumeister 2004) and (c) having affinity with risky activities (i.e. being thrill- and…”
Background
Volition und kognitive Kontrolle
Goschke, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53898-8_9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Automatic coping mechanisms in committed relationships: Increased interpersonal trust as a response to stress
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Oxytocin Differentially Modulates Amygdala Responses during Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Aversive Anticipation
Xin, F., Zhou, X., Dong, D., Zhao, Z., Yang, X., Wang, Q., Gu, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Chen, A., & Becker, B. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202001077 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Role of Guanfacine as a Therapeutic Agent to Address Stress-Related Pathophysiology in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals
Fox, H. C., & Sinha, R. (2014) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00006-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…mechanisms (Erb et al., 2000; Erb et al., 1998; Shaham et al., 2003) may serve to assist with the reduction of anxiety, negative affective state (Ambrose-Lanci et al., 2010; H. C. Fox, Seo, et al., 2012), and hence attenuate potential conflict in regulatory goals (Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
Background
Taking Action or Thinking About It? State Orientation and Rumination Are Correlated in Athletes
Michel‐Kröhler, A., & Berti, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00576 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The efficiency of reappraisal and expressive suppression in regulating everyday affective experiences
Meyer, T., Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.034 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A Dutch translation (Koole and Jostmann, 2004) of the Emotion Regulation”
Overcoming action crises in personal goals – Longitudinal evidence on a mediating mechanism between action orientation and well-being
Herrmann, M., & Brandstätter, V. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Attributional Retraining: A Motivation Treatment With Differential Psychosocial and Performance Benefits for Failure Prone Individuals in Competitive Achievement Settings
Hamm, J. M., Perry, R. P., Clifton, R. A., Chipperfield, J. G., & Boese, G. D. B. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2014.890623 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“In line with this logic and in accordance with recent theory and research on affect regulation (Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Koole & Kuhl, 2008; Kuhl, 2000; Kuhl & Koole, 2004), failure-ruminators in the no-AR condition were expected to report elevated levels of attribution-related emotions detrimental…”
BackgroundResult
Incongruency effects in affective processing: Automatic motivational counter-regulation or mismatch-induced salience?
Rothermund, K., Gast, A., & Wentura, D. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.537075 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…incongruency effects have been found by other researchers investigating the influence of motivational states on affective processing (De Lange & van Knippenberg, 2007; Derryberry, 1993; Ellenbogen, Schwartzman, Stewart, & Walker, 2002; Gawronski, Deutsch, & Strack, 2005; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
Background
Self-Affection without Self-Reflection: Origins, Models, and Consequences of Implicit Self-Esteem
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Self-citation
When the going gets tough…: Self-motivation is associated with invigoration and fun
Kazén, M., Kühl, J., & Leicht, E.-M. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0631-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This scale has a wellestablished construct validity in research and applied settings (Kuhl & Beckmann, 1994; see also Heckhausen & Strang, 1988; Goschke & Kuhl, 1993; Kazén et al., 2008; Kehr, 2004; Koole & Jostmann, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Implicit self and affect regulation: effects of action orientation and subliminal self priming in an affective priming task.
Koole, S. L., & Coenen, L. H. M. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860601118835 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Implicit emotion regulation under demanding conditions: The moderating role of action versus state orientation
Koole, S. L., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544891 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Subliminal Affect Regulation
Jostmann, N. B., Koole, S. L., van der Wulp, N. Y., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2005) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040.10.3.209 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
When tough gets you going: Action orientation unfolds with difficult intentions and can be fostered by mental contrasting
Friederichs, K. M., Kees, M.-C., & Baumann, N. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109970 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
From intentions to action: An integrative review of action control theory and research
Koole, S. L., Jostmann, N. B., & Baumann, N. (2023) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2023.07.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Koole, S. L., & Jostmann, N. B.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Koole, Sander L.
ORCID: Koole, Sander L.
Jostmann, Nils B.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 87
Issue: 6
Pages: 974-990
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.974
OpenAlex: W2148740291
Semantic Scholar: d0cb5ae76bf502602842a6291925685b0c909698
Cited by: 303
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 21.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.vu.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: action orientation, state orientation, external demand, self-regulation, top-down control, face discrimination
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Discrimination, Psychological, Face, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Social Behavior, Volition, Intuition, Self Efficacy

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Getting a grip on your feelings: effects of action orientation and external demands on intuitive affect regulation.

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