Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans

Barrouillet, Pierre; Bernardin, Sophie; Camos, Valérie

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83

Cited by 994Cognitive Abilities and TestingMemory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and Memory

Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans

Barrouillet, Pierre, Bernardin, Sophie, Camos, Valérie·2004·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

DOI 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article presents a new model that accounts for working memory spans in adults, the time-based resource-sharing model. The model assumes that both components (i.e., processing and maintenance) of the main working memory tasks require attention and that memory traces decay as soon as attention is switched away. Because memory retrievals are constrained by a central bottleneck and thus totally capture attention, it was predicted that the maintenance of the items to be recalled depends on both the number of memory retrievals required by the intervening treatment and the time allowed to perform them. This number of retrievals:time ratio determines the cognitive load of the processing component. The authors show in 7 experiments that working memory spans vary as a function of this cognitive load.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83

Cites

94 of 94 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

If components of a working memory task can be performed faster, this should enhance performance.
“If components of a WM task can be performed faster, then this too should enhance performance (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004

The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336 · see citing works
Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455 · see citing works
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328 · see citing works
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153 · see citing works
Toward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466 · see citing works
Human memory : theory and practice
Baddeley, A. (1990) · Cited by 3,029 · see citing works
Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control
Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999) · Cited by 2,404 · see citing works
Exploring the Central Executive
Baddeley, A. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755608 · Cited by 2,390 · see citing works
Is working memory capacity task dependent?
Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90040-5 · Cited by 2,299 · see citing works
The Atomic Components of Thought
Anderson, J. R., & Lebiere, C. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315805696 · Cited by 2,183 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,882 · see citing works
Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!
Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80012-1 · Cited by 1,810 · see citing works
Attention and memory: an integrated framework
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2415 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
The Psychology of Attention
Pashler, H. (1997) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5677.001.0001 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
An Embedded-Processes Model of Working Memory
Cowan, N. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.006 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity.
Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Working Memory: The Multiple-Component Model
Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.005 · Cited by 1,374 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, the memory traces of the items to be recalled suffer from a time-related decay as soon as attention is switched away from maintenance (Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Cowan, 1999).”
Background
Consciousness and Self-Regulation
SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Shapiro, D. L. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2571-0 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Intellectual development : birth to adulthood
Case, R. (1985) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Basic Processes in Reading: Visual Word Recognition
Adams, M. J., Besner, D., & Humphreys, G. W. (1993) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423186 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews
Förstl, H. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747.54.1.68a · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.4.763 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and What They Tell Us About Controlled Attention, General Fluid Intelligence, and Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex
Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999) · Models of Working Memory · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.007 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span
Case, R., Kurland, D. M., & Goldberg, J. S. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(82)90054-6 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Emerging minds: the process of change in children's thinking
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5984 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Basic Processes in Reading
(2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203052242 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
A mathematical model for the transition rule in Piaget's developmental stages
Pascual‐Leone, J. (1970) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(70)90108-3 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach.
Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.1.4 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.
Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Origins of cognitive skills
Howlin, P. (1986) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(86)90107-6 · Cited by 872 · see citing works
Emerging Minds: The Process of Change in Children's Thinking
Siegler, R. S. (1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195077872.001.0001 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall.
Page, M. P. A., & Norris, D. G. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.4.761-781 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
A feature model of immediate memory
Nairne, J. S. (1990) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213879 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Oscillator-based memory for serial order.
Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T., & Hulme, C. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.127 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences.
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.4.561 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Short-Term Memory for Serial Order: The Start-End Model
Henson, R. N. (1998) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0685 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder.
Roediger, H. L., & Crowder, R. G. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10394-000 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
The role of working memory capacity in retrieval.
Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.126.3.211 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences.
Dempster, F. N. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.63 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Working memory and retrieval: A resource-dependent inhibition model.
Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.123.4.354 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching
Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D., & Adlam, A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.641 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
What makes interruptions disruptive? A study of length, similarity, and complexity
Gillie, T., & Broadbent, D. (1989) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00309260 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Remembering Over the Short-Term: The Case Against the Standard Model
Nairne, J. S. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
The role of working memory capacity in retrieval.
Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.3.211 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Working memory and retrieval: A resource-dependent inhibition model.
Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.354 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Serial attention within working memory
Garavan, H. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201138 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual-differences approach.
Cantor, J., & Engle, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.19.5.1101 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Cognitive arithmetic: Evidence for retrieval and decision processes in mental addition.
Ashcraft, M. H., & Battaglia, J. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.5.527 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
A Reevaluation of Working Memory Capacity in Children
Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. M. Z. (1998) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2574 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
On the autonomy of mental processes: A case study of arithmetic.
Zbrodoff, N. J., & Logan, G. D. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.2.118 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
What limits children's working memory span? Theoretical accounts and applications for scholastic development.
Hitch, G. J., Towse, J. N., & Hutton, U. M. Z. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.184 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Working Memory Constraints on the Resolution of Lexical Ambiguity: Maintaining Multiple Interpretations in Neutral Contexts
Miyake, A., Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1009 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Working Memory in Perspective
(2002) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203194157 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The Nature and Locus of Word Frequency Effects in Reading
Monsell, S. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203052242-9 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Is there a Relationship between Task Demand and Storage Space in Tests of Working Memory Capacity?
Towse, J. N., & Hitch, G. J. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749508401379 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
On the autonomy of mental processes: A case study of arithmetic.
Zbrodoff, N. J., & Logan, G. D. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.118 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term memory span.
Cowan, N., Wood, N. L., Wood, P. K., Keller, T. A., Nugent, L. D., & Keller, C. V. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.127.2.141 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Verbal memory span and the timing of spoken recall
Cowan, N. (1992) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(92)90034-u · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Word-length effects in immediate memory: Overwriting trace decay theory
Neath, I., & Nairne, J. S. (1995) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210981 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Short-Term and Working Memory
Baddeley, A. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122657.003.0005 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Short-Term and Working Memory
Darling, S. (2016) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781483346274.n291 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The atomic components of thought
Taatgen, N. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01250-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Modeling Working Memory in a Unified Architecture: An ACT-R Perspective
Lovett, M. C., Reder, L. M., & Lebiere, C. J. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.008 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
What is working memory capacity?
Engle, R. W. (2004) · The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder. · doi:10.1037/10394-016 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Models of Working Memory: An Introduction
Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.004 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Who is Likely to Acquire Programming Skills?
Shute, V. J. (1991) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/vqjd-t1yd-5wvb-rypj · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Digit Span, Reading Rate, and Linguistic Relativity
Naveh‐Benjamin, M., & Ayres, T. J. (1986) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748608401623 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Two separate verbal processing rates contributing to short-term memory span.
Cowan, N., Wood, N. L., Wood, P. K., et al. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.127.2.141 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Attentional limits in memory retrieval.
Carrier, L. M., & Pashler, H. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.21.5.1339 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Developmental Increase in Working Memory Span: Resource Sharing or Temporal Decay?
Barrouillet, P., & Camos, V. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2767 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation
Book Reviews
Pons, F., & de Rosnay, M. (2000) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.59.3.215 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A framework for interpreting recency effects in immediate serial recall
Nairne, J. S. (1988) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197045 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
On the interpretation of working memory span in adults.
Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198549 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Verifying simple arithmetic sums and products: Are the phonological loop and the central executive involved?
Rammelaere, S. D., Stuyven, E., & Vandierendonck, A. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194920 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Verbal Memory Span in Children: Speech Timing Clues to the Mechanisms Underlying Age and Word Length Effects
Cowan, N., Keller, T. A., Hulme, C., et al. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1012 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Using working memory theory to investigate the construct validity of multiple-choice reading comprehension tests such as the SAT.
Daneman, M., & Hannon, B. A. M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.208 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The Development of Working Memory: Exploring the Complementarity of Two Models
Kemps, E., Rammelaere, S. D., & Desmet, T. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2589 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Insights into Working Memory from the Perspective of the EPIC Architecture for Modeling Skilled Perceptual-Motor and Cognitive Human Performance
Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E., Mueller, S. T., & Seymour, T. L. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174909.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Determining Spatial Span: The Role of Movement Time and Articulation Rate
Smyth, M. M., & Scholey, K. A. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724989208250624 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Concurrent task effects on memory retrieval
Rohrer, D., & Pashler, H. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196472 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The contribution of working memory resources in the verification of simple mental arithmetic sums
Rammelaere, S. D., Stuyven, E., & Vandierendonck, A. (1999) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s004260050041 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
From algorithmic computing to direct retrieval: Evidence from number and alphabetic arithmetic in children and adults
Barrouillet, P., & Fayol, M. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201146 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the nature of the relationship between processing activity and item retention in children
Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. M. Z. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(02)00003-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Compounds, confounds, and models in developmental information processing: A reply to Trabasso and Foellinger
Pascual‐Leone, J. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(78)90106-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Transitive inferences from set-inclusion relations and working memory.
Barrouillet, P. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1408 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
An efficient code in V1?
Baddeley, R. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381560a0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Objective measurement of mental load
KALSBEEK, J. W. H., & Sykes, R. N. (1967) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(67)90066-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Principles for creating a computerized test battery
Kyllonen, P. C. (1991) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(91)90019-a · Cited by 37 · see citing works
When two memories can and cannot be retrieved concurrently
Rohrer, D., Pashler, H., & Etchegaray, J. M. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211393 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ON THE EVALUATION OF PERCEPT UAL AND MENTAL LOAD
Schouten, J. F., KALSBEEK, J. W. H., & Leopold, F. F. (1962) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140136208930581 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Does the Coordination of Verbal and Motor Information Explain the Development of Counting in Children?
Camos, V., Barrouillet, P., & Fayol, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2570 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Promoting cost effective prescribing
Towse, A., & Wells, N. E. J. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6997.126b · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Douglas N. Jackson, 1929?2004
Rushton, J. P. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.10.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies
Baddeley, A. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 · Cited by 4,271 · see citing works
The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory.
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
For Whom the Mind Wanders, and When: An Experience-Sampling Study of Working Memory and Executive Control in Daily Life
Kane, M. J., Brown, L. H., McVay, J. C., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Pre-trained models: Past, present and future
Han, X., Zhang, Z., Ding, N., Gu, Y., Liu, X., Huo, Y., Qiu, J., Yao, Y., Zhang, A., Zhang, L., et al. (2021) · AI Open · doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2021.08.002 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Working memory, attention control, and the N-back task: a question of construct validity
Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., Miura, T. K., & Colflesh, G. J. H. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Working memory and attention - a conceptual analysis and review
Oberauer, K. (2019) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.58 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: a latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage.
Unsworth, N., Redick, T. S., Heitz, R. P., Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210902998047 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer
Baddeley, A. D., Allen, R. J., & Hitch, G. J. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.042 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Enhancing cognition with video games: a multiple game training study
Oei, A. C., & Patterson, M. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058546 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Memory for serial order across domains: An overview of the literature and directions for future research
Hurlstone, M. J., Hitch, G. J., & Baddeley, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034221 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The mechanisms of working memory capacity: Primary memory, secondary memory, and attention control
Shipstead, Z., Lindsey, D. R. B., Marshall, R. L., & Engle, R. W. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.01.004 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Impacts of an AI-based chabot on College students' after-class review, academic performance, self-efficacy, learning attitude, and motivation
Lee, Y.-F., Hwang, G.-J., & Chen, P.-Y. (2022) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-022-10142-8 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The development of strategy use in elementary school children: Working memory and individual differences
Imbo, I., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.09.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Checking email less frequently reduces stress
Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.005 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Working memory training involves learning new skills
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Norris, D. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
A psychoengineering paradigm for the neurocognitive mechanisms of biofeedback and neurofeedback
Gaume, A., Vialatte, A., Mora-Sánchez, A., Ramdani, C., & Vialatte, F. B. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.012 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Working memory updating and binding training: Bayesian evidence supporting the absence of transfer.
De Simoni, C., & von Bastian, C. C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000453 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Automatic Prioritization of Self-Referential Stimuli in Working Memory
Yin, S., Sui, J., Chiu, Y.-C., Chen, A., & Egner, T. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618818483 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Developmental differences in working memory: Where do they come from?
Gaillard, V., Barrouillet, P., Jarrold, C., & Camos, V. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation
Strategy use in the reading span test: An analysis of eye movements and reported encoding strategies
Kaakinen, J. K., & Hyönä, J. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701457096 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Response selection involves executive control: evidence from the selective interference paradigm
Szmalec, A., Vandierendonck, A., & Kemps, E. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193069 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Functional dissociation of the inferior frontal junction from the dorsal attention network in top-down attentional control
Tamber-Rosenau, B. J., Asplund, C. L., & Marois, R. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00506.2018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Poor working memory
Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., & Dunning, D. L. (2010) · Advances in Child Development and Behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374748-8.00001-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Are Working Memory Training Effects Paradigm-Specific?
Holmes, J., Woolgar, F., Hampshire, A., & Gathercole, S. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01103 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Measuring Working Memory Is All Fun and Games: A Four-Dimensional Spatial Game Predicts Cognitive Task Performance
Atkins, S. M., Sprenger, A. M., Colflesh, G. J. H., Briner, T. L., Buchanan, J. B., Chavis, S. E., Chen, S.-Y., Iannuzzi, G. L., Kashtelyan, V., Dowling, E., et al. (2014) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000262 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Danielson’s Framework for Teaching: Convergence and Divergence With Conceptions of Effectiveness in Special Education
Morris-Mathews, H., Stark, K. R., Jones, N. D., Brownell, M. T., & Bell, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219420941804 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of Time Constraints on Clinician–Computer Interaction: A Study on Information Synthesis from EHR Clinical Notes
Farri, O., Monsen, K. A., Pakhomov, S. V., Pieczkiewicz, D. S., Speedie, S. M., & Melton, G. B. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2013.08.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Experimental Evaluation of Near‐ and Far‐Transfer Effects of an Adaptive Multicomponent Working Memory Training
Lange, S., & Süß, H. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3126 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of Redundant Haptic Information on Task Performance during Visuo-Tactile Task Interruption and Recovery
Moon, H.-S., Baek, J., & Seo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01924 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Like the workingmemorymodel proposed by Barrouillet et al. (2004), the MFG theory asserts that activation associated with a cognitive task decays over time (Altmann and Trafton, 2002).”
Method
For whom and under what circumstances does email message batching work?
Wijngaards, I., Pronk, F. R., & Burger, M. J. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100494 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Forgetting during interruptions: the role of goal similarity
Piątkowski, K., Beaman, C. P., Jones, D. M., Zawadzka, K., & Hanczakowski, M. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2024.2313570 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Application of time-sharing operating system in multi-microcomputer system
Wang, Y. (2012) · Journal of Computer Applications
Load Sharing in Soft Real-Time Distributed Computer Systems
Kurose, J. F., & Chipalkatti, R. (1987) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.1987.5009522 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The limited performance benefits of migrating active processes for load sharing
Eager, D. L., Lazowska, E. D., & Zahorjan, J. (1988) · ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS) · doi:10.1145/55595.55604 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Load sharing in soft real-time distributed systems
Srimani, P. K., & Reddy, R. L. N. (1992) · International Journal of Systems Science · doi:10.1080/00207729208949369 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The limited performance benefits of migrating active processes for load sharing
Eager, D. L., Lazowska, E. D., & Zahorjan, J. (1988) · ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review · doi:10.1145/1007771.55604 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Authors: Barrouillet, P., Bernardin, S., & Camos, V.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
Université de Bourgogne (FR)
Université Paris Descartes (FR)
ORCID: Barrouillet, Pierre
Camos, Valérie
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004
Volume: 133
Issue: 1
Pages: 83-100
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83
OpenAlex: W2003025525
Semantic Scholar: 86c97493c2c7245afefd0336824eb48669923ddd
Cited by: 994
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 31.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: working memory span, time-based resource-sharing model, cognitive load, memory trace decay, attention, memory retrieval, central bottleneck, time constraints, adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Cognition, Humans, Memory, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks