Cited by 3,203Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionOptimism, Hope, and Well-beingAging and Gerontology Research

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Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change

Lyubomirsky, Sonja, Sheldon, Kennon M., Schkade, David·2005·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111

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Abstract

The pursuit of happiness is an important goal for many people. However, surprisingly little scientific research has focused on the question of how happiness can be increased and then sustained, probably because of pessimism engendered by the concepts of genetic determinism and hedonic adaptation. Nevertheless, emerging sources of optimism exist regarding the possibility of permanent increases in happiness. Drawing on the past well-being literature, the authors propose that a person's chronic happiness level is governed by 3 major factors: a genetically determined set point for happiness, happiness-relevant circumstantial factors, and happiness-relevant activities and practices. The authors then consider adaptation and dynamic processes to show why the activity category offers the best opportunities for sustainably increasing happiness. Finally, existing research is discussed in support of the model, including 2 preliminary happiness-increasing interventions.

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Authors: Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Riverside (US)
University of Missouri (US)
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
Sheldon, Kennon M.
ORCID: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
Sheldon, Kennon M.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-131
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
OpenAlex: W2132638854
Semantic Scholar: e96c510d25e7be671c5e6d6b6450ed48efad8d58
Cited by: 3,203
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 88 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 186 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 171 · 2016: 185 · 2015: 210 · 2014: 197 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 161
FWCI: 67.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: happiness, subjective well-being, genetic determinism, hedonic adaptation, happiness interventions, optimism

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Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change

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