Nanoplatforms for mRNA Therapeutics
Abstract
mRNA‐based therapeutics are a unique class of drugs for treatment of human diseases. Since in vitro transcribed mRNA molecules have relatively low stability and their surface charge prevents them from direct cell entry, they need to be packaged into specially designed delivery platforms to exert their activities. Multiple nanotechnology‐based delivery platforms have been developed for mRNA delivery, such as polymer‐based polyplex, lipid‐based lipoplex, and lipid‐coated polymer‐based lipopolyplex. In this review, an overview of the nanoplatforms for mRNA delivery is provided. A number of applications in biotechnology including cell reprogramming and gene editing are also described. In addition, their clinical translational potential for protein replacement therapy and for infectious disease and cancer treatment is introduced.
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mRNA has therapeutic potential in viral vaccines, protein replacement therapies, cancer immunotherapies, cellular reprogramming and genome editing.
“mRNA has shown therapeutic potential in a range of applications, including viral vaccines, protein replacement therapies, cancer immunotherapies, cellular reprogramming and genome editing2,4,7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulations typically contain other lipid components, such as phospholipids, cholesterol or PEG-lipids.
“In addition to cationic or ionizable lipids, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations typically contain other lipid components, such as phospholipids (for example, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine), cholesterol or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized lipids (PEG-lipids)7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
The pH-sensitivity of ionizable lipids is beneficial for mRNA delivery in vivo because neutral lipids have less interactions with anionic membranes of blood cells and improve biocompatibility.
“The pH-sensitivity of ionizable lipids is beneficial for mRNA delivery in vivo, because neutral lipids have less interactions with the anionic membranes of blood cells and, thus, improve the biocompatibility of lipid nanoparticles7,11,14.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
These other lipids can improve nanoparticle properties, such as particle stability, delivery efficacy, tolerability and biodistribution.
“These lipids can improve nanoparticle properties, such as particle stability, delivery efficacy, tolerability and biodistribution7,14,17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Trapped in endosomes, ionizable lipids are protonated and become positively charged, which may promote membrane destabilization and facilitate endosomal escape.
“Trapped in endosomes, in which the pH is lower than in the extracellular environment, ionizable lipids are protonated and, therefore, become positively charged, which may promote membrane destabilization and facilitate endosomal escape of the nanoparticles7,11,14”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
mRNA-based cellular reprogramming, tissue regeneration and genome editing have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical studies.
“Moreover, mRNA-based cellular reprogramming, tissue regeneration and genome editing have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical studies2,4,8,12–14.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Many other lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulations are in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorders.
“Many other lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations are in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorders2,4,8,12–14 (Tables 1,2).”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Engineering of mRNA molecules and design of lipid nanoparticles have been optimized, contributing to the rapid development and clinical assessment of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
“To address these concerns, the engineering of mRNA molecules (Box 1) and the design of lipid nanoparticles have been optimized2,4,7–17, which has contributed to the rapid development and clinical assessment15,17 of the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, mRNA-1273 (NCT04470427)19,20 and BNT162b2 (NCT04368728)21.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Polymers such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives are already widely used for mRNA delivery.
“Polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, protamine and polyaspartamide derivatives, are already widely used for mRNA delivery7–17.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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Delivery challenges for CRISPR—Cas9 genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Ionizable Lipids with Branched Linkers Enhance the Delivery of mRNA Vaccines
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Immunogenicity, effectiveness, safety and psychological impact of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines
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Telomerase mRNA Enhances Human Skin Engraftment for Wound Healing
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Chirality-Controlled Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery
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Non-viral nucleic acid therapeutics: Revolutionizing the landscape of atherosclerotic treatment
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Turbulence health systems: engineering a rapidly adaptive health system for times of crisis
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Random Copolymers of Lysine and Isoleucine for Efficient mRNA Delivery
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Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy
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Applications and challenges of biomaterial mediated mRNA delivery
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Anion Exchange Chromatography to Determine mRNA Encapsulation in Lipid Nanoparticles
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Aminolysis of Highly Branched Poly(β-amino ester)s for Efficient mRNA Delivery
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Cell-specific mRNA delivery via nanobody-functionalized lipid nanoparticles
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mRNA-LNP vaccines: rational design, delivery optimization, and clinical translation
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RNA-based therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: state of the art and clinical perspectives
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- Authors
- Meng, C., Chen, Z., Li, G., Welte, T., & Shen, H.
- Affiliations
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Haifa
- Venue
- Advanced Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-07-21
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2366-3987 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3045083782
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U54CA210181, R01CA193880, R01CA222959)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
- Keywords
- mRNA therapeutics, mRNA delivery, nanoplatforms, polyplexes, lipoplexes, lipopolyplexes, in vitro transcribed mRNA, mRNA stability, cellular reprogramming, genome editing, protein replacement therapy, cancer therapy, infection treatment, clinical translation
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