Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling
Open accessAbstract
The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, genetic and acquired abnormalities of insulin action underlie the far more common conditions of type 2 diabetes, obesity and insulin resistance. The latter predisposes to diseases ranging from hypertension to Alzheimer disease and cancer. Hence, understanding the biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signalling is arguably a priority in biomedical research. In the past decade, major progress has led to the delineation of mechanisms of glucose transport, lipid synthesis, storage and mobilization. In addition to direct effects of insulin on signalling kinases and metabolic enzymes, the discovery of mechanisms of insulin-regulated gene transcription has led to a reassessment of the general principles of insulin action. These advances will accelerate the discovery of new treatment modalities for diabetes.
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Insulin primarily induces glucose uptake in fat and muscle, but not liver.
“consistent with insulin primarily inducing glucose uptake in the fat and muscle, but not liver 59”
From Amphiregulin from regulatory T cells promotes liver fibrosis and insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (2024) · cites this paper as [59]
The Glucose uptake section says insulin’s effect on glucose uptake is most pronounced in adipocytes and muscle cells. The copy does not establish the categorical ‘but not liver’ distinction: it says insulin stimulates uptake in many cell types and, in the Abstract, promotes glucose utilization in the liver. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Lipid phosphatases as drug discovery targets for type 2 diabetes
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Structural Basis for Inhibition of the Insulin Receptor by the Adaptor Protein Grb14
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Demonstration of insulin-responsive trafficking of GLUT4 and vpTR in fibroblasts
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Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Catalytic Activity by the Molecular Adapter Grb14
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β-TrCP-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of PHLPP1 Are Negatively Regulated by Akt
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Clk2 and B56β mediate insulin-regulated assembly of the PP2A phosphatase holoenzyme complex on Akt
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The Insulin Receptor: A New Target for Cancer Therapy
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents
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Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance
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Adipogenesis and metabolic health
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Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy
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Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism
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The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system
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Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease
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Role of Insulin in Health and Disease: An Update
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The cell biology of systemic insulin function
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“…often causally related to insulin resistance, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (Taniguchi et al., 2006; Hoehn et al., 2008; Odegaard and Chawla, 2013; Boucher et al., 2014; DeFronzo et al., 2015; Samuel and Shulman, 2016; Haeusler et al., 2018; also see other important highlights in the text box).”
BackgroundInsulin signaling in health and disease
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Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease
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MicroRNA-mediated regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
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Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer
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The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications
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Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer
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Hepatic Insulin Clearance: Mechanism and Physiology.
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Insulin: too much of a good thing is bad
Kolb, H., Kempf, K., Röhling, M., & Martin, S. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01688-6 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Cardio-Metabolic Effects of High-Fat Diets and Their Underlying Mechanisms—A Narrative Review
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NAFLD, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Marušić, M., Paić, M., Knobloch, M., & Pršo, A.-M. L. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2021/6613827 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Insulin signalling and GLUT4 trafficking in insulin resistance
van Gerwen, J., Shun-Shion, A. S., & Fazakerley, D. J. (2023) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20221066 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Developments in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes
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AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity
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Role of insulin and insulin resistance in androgen excess disorders
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Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Self-citationOxidative stress in cancer: from tumor and microenvironment remodeling to therapeutic frontiers
Liang, X., Weng, J., You, Z., Wang, Y., Wen, J., Xia, Z., Huang, S., Luo, P., & Cheng, Q. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02375-x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Adipose Organ Development and Remodeling
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Free radicals and male reproduction.
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Bednarz, K., Kowalczyk, K., Cwynar, M., Czapla, D., Czarkowski, W., Kmita, D., Nowak, A., & Madej, P. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084334 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarization in Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity
Orliaguet, L., Dalmas, É., Drareni, K., Venteclef, N., & Alzaïd, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00062 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism
Zhou, R., Guo, Q., Xiao, Y., Guo, Q., Huang, Y., Li, C., & Luo, X. (2021) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Insulin resistance in ischemic stroke: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches
Ding, P.-F., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Mao, J.-N., Hang, C., & Li, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1092431 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Insulin receptor endocytosis in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance
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Visualization of ligand-induced transmembrane signaling in the full-length human insulin receptor
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Glucose Response by Stem Cell-Derived β Cells In Vitro Is Inhibited by a Bottleneck in Glycolysis
Davis, J. C., Alves, T., Helman, A., Chen, J. C., Kenty, J. H. R., Cardone, R., Liu, D. R., Kibbey, R., & Melton, D. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107623 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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Mutual regulation of metabolic processes and proinflammatory NF-κB signaling
Kracht, M., Müller‐Ladner, U., & Schmitz, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.027 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Inflammatory Mechanisms of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications
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Redox signaling at the crossroads of human health and disease
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Self-citationThe Relevance of Insulin Action in the Dopaminergic System
Fiory, F., Perruolo, G., Cimmino, I., Cabaro, S., Pignalosa, F. C., Miele, C., Bèguinot, F., Formisano, P., & Oriente, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00868 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Metabolic Changes of Hepatocytes in NAFLD
Lu, Q., Tian, X., Wu, H., Huang, J., Li, M., Mei, Z., Zhou, L., Xie, H., & Zheng, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.710420 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The pseudokinase MLKL regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity independently of inflammation
Xu, H., Du, X., Liu, G., Huang, S., Du, W., Zou, S., Tang, D., Fan, C., Xie, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2019) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Reversing pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
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Self-citationInsulin signaling and its application
Thi Kim Chung, L. E., Dao, X. D., Nguyen, D. V., Luu, D. H., Bui, T. M. H., Le, T. H., Nguyen, H. T., Le, N. T., Hosaka, T., & Nguyen, T. T. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1226655 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Taheri, R., Mokhtari, Y., Yousefi, A., & Bashash, D. (2024) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.12189 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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Insulin Resistance: The Increased Risk of Cancers
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MiT/TFE factors control ER‐phagy via transcriptional regulation of FAM134B
Cinque, L., Leonibus, C. D., Iavazzo, M., Krahmer, N., Intartaglia, D., Salierno, F. G., Cegli, R. D., Malta, C. D., Svelto, M., Lanzara, C., et al. (2020) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2020105696 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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The Role of PIK3R1 in Metabolic Function and Insulin Sensitivity
Tsay, A., & Wang, J.-C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612665 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Luo, X., Yu, Q., Liu, Y., Gai, W., Ye, L., Yang, L., & Cui, Y. (2022) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c02337 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The molecular basis of the anti-diabetic properties of camel milk
Ayoub, M. A., Palakkott, A. R., Ashraf, A., & Iratni, R. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.11.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The role of PI3Kγ in the immune system: new insights and translational implications
Lanahan, S. M., Wymann, M. P., & Lucas, C. L. (2022) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-022-00701-8 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Meng, Q., Qi, X., Chao, Y., Chen, Q., Cheng, P., Yu, X., Kuai, M., Wu, J., Li, W., Zhang, Q., et al. (2020) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-019-0281-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Regulation and function of insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling
Choi, E., Duan, C., & Bai, X. (2025) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-025-00826-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Zhang, A. M. Y., Xia, Y. H., Lin, J. S. H., Chu, K., Wang, W. C. K., Ruiter, T. J. J., Yang, J. C. C., Chen, N., Chhuor, J., Patil, S., et al. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.003 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Impaired Biogenesis of Pancreatic β-Cells to Type 2 Diabetes
Ježek, P., Jabůrek, M., & Plecitá‐Hlavatá, L. (2018) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2018.7656 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Metabolic Health, Insulin, and Breast Cancer: Why Oncologists Should Care About Insulin
Yee, L. D., Mortimer, J. E., Natarajan, R. D., Dietze, E. C., & Seewaldt, V. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00058 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Insulin and Growth Hormone Balance: Implications for Obesity
Huang, Z., Huang, L., Waters, M. J., & Chen, C. (2020) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.04.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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The Activation Mechanism of the Insulin Receptor: A Structural Perspective
Choi, E., & Bai, X. (2023) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-033250 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hazelwood, E., Sanderson, E. C. M., Tan, V. Y., Ruth, K. S., Frayling, T. M., Dimou, N. L., Gunter, M. J., Dossus, L., Newton, C. L., Ryan, N. A. J., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02322-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fazakerley, D. J., van Gerwen, J., Cooke, K. C., Duan, X., Needham, E. J., Díaz‐Vegas, A., Madsen, S., Norris, D. M., Shun-Shion, A. S., Krycer, J. R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36549-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Gut Microbiota as an Endocrine Organ: Unveiling Its Role in Human Physiology and Health
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Multi-dimensional Transcriptional Remodeling by Physiological Insulin In Vivo
Batista, T. M., García-Martín, R., Cai, W., Konishi, M., O'Neill, B. T., Sakaguchi, M., Kim, J. H., Jung, D. Y., Kim, J. K., & Kahn, C. R. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.081 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Insulin and cancer: a tangled web
Leitner, B. P., Siebel, S., Akingbesote, N. D., Zhang, X., & Perry, R. J. (2022) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20210134 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Transcriptional Regulation of INSR, the Insulin Receptor Gene
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Regulation of the immune system by the insulin receptor in health and disease
Makhijani, P., Basso, P. J., Chan, Y. T., Chen, N., Baechle, J. J., Khan, S. M., Furman, D., Tsai, S. J., & Winer, D. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1128622 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The structural determinants of PH domain-mediated regulation of Akt revealed by segmental labeling
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Insulin detection in diabetes mellitus: challenges and new prospects
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Brain insulin resistance triggers early onset Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome
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The Inositol Phosphate System—A Coordinator of Metabolic Adaptability
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Engineering antibody and protein therapeutics to cross the blood–brain barrier
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- Authors
- Haeusler, R. A., McGraw, T. E., & Accili, D.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Accili, Domenico
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2017-10-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-44
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- PMC
- PMC5894887
- OpenAlex
- W2763635492
- Cited by
- 739
- References
- 254
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL125649, P01HL087123)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK057539, R01DK058282, R37DK058282, R01DK052852, T32DK007328, P30DK026687, P30DK063608, P30DK020541, R01DK064819)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- insulin receptor signaling, insulin action, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, glucose transport, lipid metabolism, insulin deficiency, pancreatic beta cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Insulin, Receptor, Insulin, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction
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