Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain
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Socioeconomic disparities in childhood are associated with remarkable differences in cognitive and socio‐emotional development during a time when dramatic changes are occurring in the brain. Yet, the neurobiological pathways through which socioeconomic status (SES) shapes development remain poorly understood. Behavioral evidence suggests that language, memory, social‐emotional processing, and cognitive control exhibit relatively large differences across SES. Here we investigated whether volumetric differences could be observed across SES in several neural regions that support these skills. In a sample of 60 socioeconomically diverse children, highly significant SES differences in regional brain volume were observed in the hippocampus and the amygdala. In addition, SES × age interactions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting increasing SES differences with age in these regions. These results were not explained by differences in gender, race or IQ. Likely mechanisms include differences in the home linguistic environment and exposure to stress, which may serve as targets for intervention at a time of high neural plasticity.
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Recent evidence suggests that the interaction between SES and biological variables (e.g. side of hemispheric injury, genomics, neural imaging) may contribute to the relationship between SES and cognition.
“While the association of SES with cognition has been well studied, recent evidence suggests that the interaction between SES and biological variables (e.g. side of hemispheric injury, genomics, neural imaging) may contribute to this relationship (Cohen-Zimerman et al., 2019; Noble et al., 2012; Raizada et al., 2008; Schneider et al., 2024; Shi et al., 2024).”
From Evaluating cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery in children with traumatic brain injury (2025) · cites this paper as Noble et al., 2012
The Abstract and Discussion report SES-related differences in brain regions that support cognitive skills, consistent with a possible neural pathway linking SES and cognition. But the study did not test whether an interaction between SES and a biological variable contributes to the SES–cognition relationship; the Discussion says that assessing brain structure and specific cognitive skills together is future work. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLow parental SES is associated with decreased volume and volume by age in association cortex, particularly prefrontal cortex.
“low SES is additionally associated with decreased volume and volume by age in association cortex, particularly the PFC (Noble, Houston, Kan, & Sowell, 2012; Sheridan et al, in prep).”
From Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience (2014) · cites this paper as Noble, Houston, Kan, & Sowell, 2012
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Self-citationEarly Predictors of De Novo and Subthreshold Late-Onset ADHD in a Child and Adolescent Cohort
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- Authors
- Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., & Sowell, E. R.
- Affiliations
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Noble, Kimberly G.
- Venue
- Developmental Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-03-29
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 516-527
- ISSN
- 1363-755X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-7687
- PMC
- PMC6554027
- OpenAlex
- W2159252734
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 41.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH087563)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017830, R01 DA 017831)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053893)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, brain development, regional brain volume, hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, language development, social-emotional processing, cognitive control, stress exposure, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Amygdala, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Diagnostic Imaging, Emotions, Female, Frontal Lobe, Hippocampus, Humans, Language Development, Male, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neuronal Plasticity, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Parahippocampal Gyrus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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