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The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Immunological dysregulation is the cause of many non-infectious human diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. In this Review we discuss findings indicating that developmental aspects of the adaptive immune system are influenced by bacterial colonization of the gut. We also highlight the molecular pathways that mediate host-symbiont interactions that regulate proper immune function. Finally, we present recent evidence to support that disturbances in the bacterial microbiota result in dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, and this may underlie disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. This raises the possibility that the mammalian immune system, which seems to be designed to control microorganisms, is in fact controlled by microorganisms.
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“Intestinal microbiota may well be an active participant in this scenario through stimulation of the immune system,153 likely in the subgroup of subjects showing increased epithelial permeability which could154 expose the immune system to an abnormal microbial antigenic load.”
From Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report (2013) · cites this paper as [153]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“which is believed to be caused by complex interactions between gut microbiome (including commensal and pathogenic microbes) (2), intestinal mucosa, and immune components (3).”
From Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human gut-on-a-chip (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“A mutualistic relationship between beneficial symbionts and commensals is important for the maintenance of health and wellbeing; alterations in this balance leads to dysbiosis and ultimately clinical disease expression.1”
From Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Studies suggest that in the gut, greater microbial diversity is associated with protection from inflammation and inflammatory disease[316,317]”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [316]
In the citing paper
“In the gut, the GM and its metabolites have been shown to modulate gastrointestinal functions via their effects on intestinal permeability (32–35), mucosal immune function (36–38), intestinal motility and sensitivity (39, 40), and the enteric nervous system (ENS) (21, 24, 25, 41).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Commensal gut microbiota play an important role in regulating metabolic and inflammatory conditions.”
From Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Previous studies have reported a multitude of genetic polymorphisms that either increase or lower the risk of developing IBD,30 while others have demonstrated a considerable role for intestinal microbes in their pathogenesis.1,31,32”
From Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
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“These mice experience immune dysfunction and are more susceptible to infections than mice kept in conventional facilities [13, 15].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 313-323
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- PMC
- PMC4095778
- OpenAlex
- W2034082915
- Cited by
- 5,029
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 205 · 2025: 284 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 300 · 2022: 401 · 2021: 423 · 2020: 398 · 2019: 390 · 2018: 395 · 2017: 382 · 2016: 345 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 221 · 2013: 223 · 2012: 177
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2009-07-17)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078938)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, intestinal immune response, host-microbe interactions, bacterial colonization, inflammatory bowel disease, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, symbiotic bacteria, pathogenic bacteria
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease, Health, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestines, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Immune System Phenomena
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