Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions

Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian

doi:10.1038/nrn3251

Cited by 472Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural dynamics and brain function

Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions

Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian·2012·Nature reviews. Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn3251

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Abstract

Intracranial recordings in subjects suffering from intractable epilepsy - made during their evaluation for an eventual surgical removal of the epileptic focus - have allowed the extraordinary opportunity to study the firing of multiple single neurons in awake and behaving human subjects. These studies have shown that neurons in the human medial temporal lobe respond in a remarkably selective and abstract manner to particular persons or objects, such as Jennifer Aniston, Luke Skywalker or the Tower of Pisa. These neurons have been named 'Jennifer Aniston neurons' or, more recently, 'concept cells'. I argue that the sparse, explicit and abstract representation of these neurons is crucial for memory functions, such as the creation of associations and the transition between related concepts that leads to episodic memories and the flow of consciousness.

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Neonatal bulbar neurogenesis may represent an early developmental mechanism contributing to the formation of abstract, distributed memory representations analogous to concept cells.
“We propose that neonatal bulbar neurogenesis may represent an early developmental mechanism contributing to the formation of such representations.”
From Positive early-life olfactory memory is rooted in the olfactory bulb and triggers large-scale changes beyond the olfactory system (2026) · cites this paper as [66]
Human concept cells seem to encode a stable representation of a specific person or landmark, regardless of size or viewing angle, providing sparse codes for visually invariant abstractions related to personal events.
“Human 'concept cells' seem to encode a stable representation of a specific person or landmark, regardless of size or viewing angle 104,105 , providing sparse codes [G] for visually invariant abstractions related to personal events 106 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [106]

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NEURONAL ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE DURING RECOGNITION MEMORY
Heit, G., Smith, M. E., & Halgren, E. (1990) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/113.4.1093 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Object memory and perception in the medial temporal lobe: an alternative approach
Bussey, T. J., & Saksida, L. M. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.014 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Plasticity, Hippocampal Place Cells, and Cognitive Maps
Shapiro, M. L. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.6.874 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Decoding Visual Inputs From Multiple Neurons in the Human Temporal Lobe
Quiroga, R. Q., Reddy, L., Christof Koch, A., & Fried, I. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00125.2007 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reversal of Interlaminar Signal Between Sensory and Memory Processing in Monkey Temporal Cortex
Takeuchi, D., Hirabayashi, T., Tamura, K., & Miyashita, Y. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1199967 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Human medial temporal lobe neurons respond preferentially to personally relevant images
Viskontas, I. V., Quiroga, R. Q., & Fried, I. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902319106 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citation
Single neuron studies of inferior temporal cortex
Gross, C. G. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Differences in Mnemonic Processing by Neurons in the Human Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Regions
Viskontas, I. V., Knowlton, B. J., Steinmetz, P. N., & Fried, I. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1654 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Human Hippocampal Neurons Predict How Well Word Pairs Will Be Remembered
Cameron, K. A., Yashar, S., Wilson, C. L., & Fried, I. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00280-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Differences in Onset Latency of Macaque Inferotemporal Neural Responses to Primate and Non-Primate Faces
Kiani, R., Esteky, H., & Tanaka, K. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00540.2004 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A neural substrate in the human hippocampus for linking successive events
Paz, R., Gelbard-Sagiv, H., Mukamel, R., Harel, M., Malach, R., & Fried, I. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910834107 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Spike sorting
Quiroga, R. Q. (2007) · Scholarpedia · doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3583 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trial Outcome and Associative Learning Signals in the Monkey Hippocampus
Wirth, S., Avşar, E., Chiu, C. C., Sharma, V., Smith, A. C., Brown, E. N., & SUZUKI, W. A. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Measuring sparseness in the brain: Comment on Bowers (2009).
Quiroga, R. Q., & Kreiman, G. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0016917 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation
Selectivity of pyramidal cells and interneurons in the human medial temporal lobe
Ison, M. J., Mormann, F., Cerf, M., Christof Koch, A., Fried, I., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2011) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00576.2010 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Responses of Human Medial Temporal Lobe Neurons Are Modulated by Stimulus Repetition
Pedreira, C., Mormann, F., Kraskov, A., Cerf, M., Fried, I., Christof Koch, A., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91323.2008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Visual categorization: accessing abstraction in non–human primates
Fabre‐Thorpe, M. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1310 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
From synchrony to sparseness
Theunissen, F. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)00016-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Borges and Memory: Encounters with the Human Brain
Quiroga, R. Q. (2012) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Postscript: About grandmother cells and Jennifer Aniston neurons.
Quiroga, R. Q., & Kreiman, G. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.117.1.297 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Marr's Theory of the Neocortex as a Self-Organizing Neural Network
Willshaw, D. J., Hallam, J. C. T., Gingell, S., & Lau, S. L. (1997) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.4.911 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Electro-encephalography
O′Leary, J. L. (1955) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-195555100-00032 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways.
Lavenex (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation
Moscovitch, M., Cabeza, R., Winocur, G., & Nadel, L. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143733 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
Human-level performance in 3D multiplayer games with population-based reinforcement learning
Jaderberg, M., Czarnecki, W. M., Dunning, I., Marris, L., Lever, G., Castañeda, A. G., Beattie, C., Rabinowitz, N. C., Morcos, A. S., Ruderman, A., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau6249 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
“We also found individual neurons whose activations coded directly for some of these features, e.g. a neuron that was active if and only if the agent’s teammate was holding the ﬂag, reminiscent of concept cells ( 51 ).”
Background
Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence
Boly, M., Massimini, M., Tsuchiya, N., Postle, B. R., Koch, C., & Tononi, G. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3218-16.2017 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
“Due to space constraints, we will not review possible contributions to consciousness of the medial temporal lobe and of the insular cortex (Craig, 2010; Seth et al., 2011; Quiroga, 2012), except for pointing out that consciousness is preserved after bilateral lesions of these areas (Corkin, 2002; Damasio et al.”
Background
Past, present and future of spike sorting techniques
Rey, H. G., Pedreira, C., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2015) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.04.007 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“1) The multiunit cluster is formed by the superposition of different spikes, it has a relatively low amplitude and violates the refractory period of single neurons—i.e., spikes appear within less than 2.5 ms (Quian Quiroga, 2012a .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
From Knowing to Remembering: The Semantic–Episodic Distinction
Renoult, L., Irish, M., Moscovitch, M., & Rugg, M. D. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.008 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“These studies identiﬁed cells that responded to spe-ciﬁc individuals, places, or objects (and to stimuli associated with these concepts) whether the entity was presented as an image, or as a written or spoken word (reviewed in [61,62]).”
Background
Functional and structural underpinnings of neuronal assembly formation in learning
Holtmaat, A., & Caroni, P. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4418 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Improving data quality in neuronal population recordings
Harris, K. D., Quiroga, R. Q., Freeman, J., & Smith, S. L. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4365 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multimodal Neurons in Artificial Neural Networks
Goh, G., Cammarata, N., Voss, C., Carter, S., Petrov, M., Schubert, L., Radford, A., & Olah, C. (2021) · Distill · doi:10.23915/distill.00030 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Remote Memory and the Hippocampus: A Constructive Critique
Barry, D. N., & Maguire, E. A. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.11.005 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Toward a Neurocentric View of Learning
Titley, H. K., Brunel, N., & Hansel, C. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.021 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“In the extreme case—this is likely to be true for neurons that code for complex feature constellations such as concept cells (e.g., a ‘‘Jennifer Aniston neuron’’ (Quiroga et al., 2005; for a review, see Quiroga, 2012)—synaptic weights and weight ratios are optimally adjusted (Figure 4A).”
Background
Rapid Encoding of New Memories by Individual Neurons in the Human Brain
Ison, M. J., Quian Quiroga, R., & Fried, I. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.016 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“Considering the previous finding that MTL neurons show an invariant representation of concepts (Quian Quiroga et al., 2005), our results of association formation in these neurons suggest conceptual associations.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Understanding What We See: How We Derive Meaning From Vision
Clarke, A., & TYLER, L. K. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.008 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The storage and recall of memories in the hippocampo-cortical system
Rolls, E. T. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-017-2744-3 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“An example of a semantic representation is a Jennifer Aniston neuron, which may respond not only to Jennifer Aniston but also to other actors in the same movie and the places with which they are associated (Quiroga 2012; Rey et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cerebral cortex : principles of operation
Rolls, E. T. (2016) · doi:10.82444/warw.33712699 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Biological constraints on neural network models of cognitive function
Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., Tomasello, R., Henningsen‐Schomers, M. R., & Wennekers, T. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00473-5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Spatial representations in the primate hippocampus, and their functions in memory and navigation
Rolls, E. T., & Wirth, S. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.004 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Consistent with these discoveries, the hippocampus receives projections from the temporal cortical areas specialized for objects or faces, and neurons responsive for particular individuals were found both in the human medial temporal lobe (Kreiman et al., 2000; Quiroga, 2012) and the monkey hippocampus (Sliwa et al.”
Influential
The role of the hippocampus in memory and mental construction
Sheldon, S., & Levine, B. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13006 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
How many neurons can we see with current spike sorting algorithms?
Pedreira, C., Martinez, J., Ison, M. J., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.07.010 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hippocampal ripples and their coordinated dialogue with the default mode network during recent and remote recollection
Norman, Y., Raccah, O., Liu, S., Parvizi, J., & Malach, R. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.020 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript et al., 2008; Quiroga, 2012, 2019; Quiroga et al., 2005; Rutishauser et al., 2021; Staresina et al., 2019).”
Background
Blessing of dimensionality: mathematical foundations of the statistical physics of data
Gorban, A. N., & Tyukin, I. (2018) · Figshare · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Dissociating memory traces and scenario construction in mental time travel
Cheng, S., Werning, M., & Suddendorf, T. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.011 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Schema cells in the macaque hippocampus
Baraduc, P., Duhamel, J.-R., & Wirth, S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav5404 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory
Bird, C. M. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.016 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Blessing of dimensionality: mathematical foundations of the statistical physics of data
Gorban, A. N., & Tyukin, I. Y. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0237 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Imaging Brain Function With EEG
Freeman, W. J., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4984-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“…greatly increased by the introduction of single-cell recordings in the 1950s, now advanced to high level of sophistication with the identi fi cation of concept cells (Quian Quiroga 2012) and, more recently, by imaging techniques of MEG, PET, fMRI and BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent), and fMRI.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
From cognitive maps to spatial schemas
Farzanfar, D., Spiers, H. J., Moscovitch, M., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00655-9 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Human ‘concept cells’ seem to encode a stable representation of a specific person or landmark, regardless of size or viewing angle 104,105 , providing sparse codes [G] for visually invariant abstractions related to personal events 106 .”
Critical features for face recognition
Abudarham, N., Shkiller, L., & Yovel, G. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.09.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“, Halle Barry with a cat-woman mask and a line drawing of her face) as well as their name (Quiroga, Reddy, Kreiman, Koch, & Fried, 2005; Quiroga, 2012).”
Aversive Learning Modulates Cortical Representations of Object Categories
Dunsmoor, J. E., Kragel, P. A., Martin, A. D., & LaBar, K. S. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht138 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology
Roelfsema, P. R., Denys, D., & Klink, P. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Concept cell: neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the (human) brain that encode a highly speci ﬁ c abstract concept, such as a person or a building [24,25].”
Shape Similarity, Better than Semantic Membership, Accounts for the Structure of Visual Object Representations in a Population of Monkey Inferotemporal Neurons
Baldassi, C., Alemi, A., Pagan, M., DiCarlo, J. J., Zecchina, R., & Zoccolan, D. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003167 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“simple visual features to formation of conceptual, semantic categories – are IT neurons closer to the local edge detectors found in primary visual areas or to the concept cells recently found in human middle temporal lobe [9–11]? While most literature supports the notion that IT neurons code moderately to highly compl…”
Crossmodal and action-specific: neuroimaging the human mirror neuron system
Oosterhof, N. N., Tipper, S. P., & Downing, P. E. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.012 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The roles of perceptual and conceptual information in face recognition.
Schwartz, L., & Yovel, G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000220 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In fact, the concept neurons that were revealed in the medial temporal lobe for familiar faces and scenes (Quiroga, Reddy, Kreiman, Koch, & Fried, 2005; for review, see Quiroga, 2012) may be the neural manifestation of such view-invariant conceptual representation.”
Background
Towards a Unified View on Pathways and Functions of Neural Recurrent Processing
Pennartz, C. M. A., Dora, S., Muckli, L., & Lorteije, J. A. M. (2019) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.005 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“For instance, semantic meaning (presumably coded in temporal lobe areas such as the hippocampal formation and the anteromedial temporal lobe [76,77]) needs to be coupled to a specific sensory representation to generate the representation of a meaningful object that can be acted on [63].”
Social memory engram in the hippocampus
Okuyama, T. (2018) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2017.05.007 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“They classify those neurons, that selectively respond to specific individuals like Jennifer Aniston, as the “Jennifer Aniston neurons” – proposing the idea of “concept cells” in the MTL and their ability to store a single “concept” (Quiroga, 2012; Quiroga et al., 2005).”
Background
More than spikes: common oscillatory mechanisms for content specific neural representations during perception and memory
Watrous, A. J., Fell, J., Ekstrom, A. D., & Axmacher, N. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.024 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Independent contributions of LFP power and phase to neural representation There is now abundant evidence for stimulus specific single neuron activity in humans (reviewed in [20]).”
A generative model of memory construction and consolidation
Spens, E., & Burgess, N. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01799-z · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…encoding of a day at the beach is likely to bind together coarse-grained concepts such as ‘beach’ and ‘sea’ along with sensory representations such as the melody of an unfamiliar song or the sight of a particular sandcastle, consistent with the evidence for concept cells in the hippocampus 61 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Word meaning in the ventral visual path: a perceptual to conceptual gradient of semantic coding
Borghesani, V., Pedregosa, F., Buiatti, M., Amadon, A., Eger, E., & Manuela Piazza, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.068 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“This hypothesis would also fit well with the report of “concept cells”, coding for individual items though with a very high degree of invariance (even across symbolic and pictorial presentations) in the medial areas of the human anterior temporal cortex (Quiroga, 2012).”
Result
A non-spatial account of place and grid cells based on clustering models of concept learning
Mok, R. M., & Love, B. C. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13760-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Architecture of Human Memory: Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings
Rutishauser, U., Reddy, L., Mormann, F., & Sarnthein, J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1648-20.2020 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“These data have given rise to the hypothesis that visually selective cells represent semantic memories (Rutishauser, 2019), which in turn are the building blocks of episodic memories (Quiroga, 2012).”
Background
Neuronal Responses to Conspecifics in the Ventral CA1
Rao, R. P., von Heimendahl, M., Bahr, V., & Brecht, M. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.081 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“These studies have established the existence of the so-called concept cells (Quiroga, 2012), which respond to a particular individual (and other complex stimuli) in a distinctly multimodal fashion (i.”
BackgroundInfluential
A Detailed and Fast Model of Extracellular Recordings
Camuñas-Mesa, L. A., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2013) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00433 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“In the first paragraph of his by-now classic paper describing the properties of microelectrodes, Robinson (1968) states, “Despite this prevalence [of the use of microelectrodes for single-cell recordings] there remains a good deal of mystery about how best to make these electrodes and how to interpret the extracellula…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Hippocampal spatial view cells for memory and navigation, and their underlying connectivity in humans
Rolls, E. T. (2022) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23467 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“, 2022d), and neurons responsive for particular individuals were found both in the human medial temporal lobe (Kreiman et al., 2000; Quiroga, 2012) and the monkey hippocampus (Sliwa et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Human single neuron activity precedes emergence of conscious perception
Gelbard-Sagiv, H., Mudrik, L., Hill, M. R., Koch, C., & Fried, I. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03749-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Solving the binding problem: Assemblies form when neurons enhance their firing rate—they don’t need to oscillate or synchronize
Roelfsema, P. R. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.016 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Timing of Single-Neuron and Local Field Potential Responses in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Rey, H. G., Fried, I., & Quian Quiroga, R. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Given the proposed role of the MTL in combining information from different sensory modalities to create a unified percept [17, 18], the timing mechanism given by the theta LFP responses may be critical for synchronizing and combining multisensory information involving different processing times.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Correction of AI systems by linear discriminants: Probabilistic foundations
Gorban, A. N., Golubkov, A., Grechuk, B., Mirkes, E. M., & Tyukin, I. (2018) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2018.07.040 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“One of the brain mystery is the well-documented phenomenon of Grandmother Cells and the so-called Concept Cells [43].”
Background
Disrupted social memory ensembles in the ventral hippocampus underlie social amnesia in autism-associated Shank3 mutant mice
Tao, K., Chung, M., Watarai, A., Huang, Z., Wang, M., & Okuyama, T. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01430-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Indeed, “concept cells” in the human hippocampus that encode social memory can fire selectively not only in response to pictures of a specific person but also in response to other sensory modality cues such as the pronounced or written name of that person [51].”
Background
Neuroscientific Evidence for Processing Without Awareness
Mudrik, L., & Deouell, L. Y. (2022) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-033151 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The so-called concept neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), measured by intracranial electrodes for clinical reasons, show selectivity to individual faces (Quiroga 2012).”
Background
Hippocampal neurons code individual episodic memories in humans
Kolibius, L. D., Roux, F., Parish, G., Wal, M. T., van der Plas, M., Chelvarajah, R., Sawlani, V., Rollings, D. T., Lang, J., Gollwitzer, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01706-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“One contemporary idea is that the diverse elements that make up an episode are coded by the simultaneous activity of a set of these concept neurons 11,12 or by expanding the selectivity of existing concept neurons 13 .”
Background
Long-term coding of personal and universal associations underlying the memory web in the human brain
Falco, E. D., Ison, M. J., Fried, I., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13408 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citation
Doctor, Teacher, and Stethoscope: Neural Representation of Different Types of Semantic Relations
Xu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, X., Men, W., Gao, J., & Yanchao Bi, A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2562-17.2018 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Consistent with these assumptions, it has been reported that the concept cell assemblies in the medial temporal lobe encode semantic associations in a sparse manner (Quiroga, 2012; De Falco et al., 2016).”
Background
Single Neuron Coding of Identity in the Human Hippocampal Formation
Rey, H. G., Gori, B., Chaure, F. J., Collavini, S., Blenkmann, A. O., Seoane, P., Seoane, E., Kochen, S. S., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.035 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Contrasting with the graded responses in neocortex [4–6, 9–11, 13–15, 18], which may be useful for recognition in order to detect changes in the environment, we can postulate that the degree of visual invariance shown by MTL neurons leads to a high degree of conceptualization and abstraction that is the basis of our m…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Theta-phase dependent neuronal coding during sequence learning in human single neurons
Reddy, L., Self, M. W., Zoefel, B., Poncet, M., Possel, J. K., Peters, J. C., Baayen, J. C., Idema, S., Rufin Vanrullen, A., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25150-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Spike sorting with Gaussian mixture models
Souza, B. C., Lopes‐dos‐Santos, V., Bacelo, J., & Tort, A. B. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39986-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Low-level properties of natural images predict topographic patterns of neural response in the ventral visual pathway
Andrews, T. J., Watson, D. M., Rice, G. E., & Hartley, T. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.7.3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Locating the engram: Should we look for plastic synapses or information-storing molecules?
Langille, J. J., & Gallistel, C. R. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107164 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Plugging in to Human Memory: Advantages, Challenges, and Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings
Quiroga, R. Q. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Episodic memory relies on the fast formation of associations (Eichenbaum, 2004; Quian Quiroga, 2012; Wallenstein et al., 1998); for example, the memory of seeing a celebrity in the subway involves making a link between these concepts.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives hippocampal theta oscillations induced by mismatch computations
Garrido, M. I., Barnes, G. R., Kumaran, D., Maguire, E. A., & Dolan, R. J. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.016 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“First, the iEEG recordingswere conducted in patients with epilepsy whichmakes it difficult to exclude the possibility that pathological changes in the hippocampus or medicationrelated effects could have contributed to the results (though see Quiroga (2012).”
Result
Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex
Kay, K., & Frank, L. M. (2018) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22956 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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No Pattern Separation in the Human Hippocampus
Quiroga, R. Q. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“With these recordings, we have found Concept Cells responding to specific concepts [15,16].”
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“Most existing spike sorting methods operate either manually or semi-automatically (Lewicki 1998, Einevoll et al 2012, Marre et al 2012, Quiroga 2012).”
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High frequency oscillations in human memory and cognition: a neurophysiological substrate of engrams?
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Single‐cell recordings in the human medial temporal lobe
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How Do We Recognize a Face?
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“…a spatial view or location associated with that person, the sound of the person ’ s voice, and the name of the person (Quian Quiroga et al., 2005; Quian Quiroga, 2012; Fried et al., 2014; Ison et al., 2015; Rey et al., 2015; De Falco et al., 2016; Rutishauser, 2019; Gastaldi et al., E.T. Rolls…”
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Independent Neuronal Representation of Facial and Vocal Identity in the Monkey Hippocampus and Inferotemporal Cortex
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“…amygdala, entorhinal cortex) have the longest time delay to peak response and are more selective compared to parahippocampal and inferotemporal areas (Mormann et al., 2008; Quiroga, 2012), implicating the mesial temporal lobe structures at the top of this cognitive processing hierarchy.”
Background
Volitional learning promotes theta phase coding in the human hippocampus
Pacheco, D., Zucca, R., Arsiwalla, X. D., Príncipe, A., Zhang, H., Rocamora, R., Axmacher, N., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2021238118 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“locations and people) in the real world appears to provide the ideal ‘building blocks’ [32] for event engrams (Figure 1b).”
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Distinct functions of ventral CA1 and dorsal CA2 in social memory
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“Concept cells can also ﬁre to the spoken or written name of the same person (Quian Quiroga, 2012).”
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Encoding of facial features by single neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus
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Rey, H. G., Falco, E. D., Ison, M. J., Valentı́n, A., Alarcón, G., Selway, R., Richardson, M. P., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06870-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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Single-Cell Responses to Face Adaptation in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe
Quiroga, R. Q., Kraskov, A., Mormann, F., Fried, I., & Christof Koch, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“From the continuous wide-band data, spike detection and sorting were carried out using ''Wave_Clus,'' an adaptive and stochastic clustering algorithm (Quian Quiroga et al., 2004).”
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Linguistic Aspects of Primary Progressive Aphasia
Grossman, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034253 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“These structures have been linked with high-level aspects of visual perception (Mundy et al. 2013, Murray et al. 2007), mental imagery (Zeidman & Maguire 2016), and high-level visual-object representation (Kravitz et al. 2013, Murray et al. 2007, Quiroga 2012).”
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Mental navigation and the neural mechanisms of insight
Aru, J., Drüke, M., Pikamäe, J., & Larkum, M. E. (2023) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Concept neurons in the human medial temporal lobe flexibly represent abstract relations between concepts
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Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes
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The neural basis of rapid unfamiliar face individuation with human intracerebral recordings
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Semantic Knowledge of Famous People and Places Is Represented in Hippocampus and Distinct Cortical Networks
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“Semantic representations in hippocampus may facilitate reasoning about high-level item properties, such as conceptual categories (Mack et al., 2016) and social status (Tavares et al., 2015), while also serving as building blocks for representing new memories (Quiroga, 2012).”
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Concept Cells in the Human Brain
Quiroga, R. Q. (2014) · Advances in cognitive neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9548-7_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Concept Cells and the Neural Bases of Human Memory
Arruda, B. S., & Quiroga, R. Q. (2026) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.70234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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20 years of concept cells: From invariant responses to a unique coding of human memory
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The Architecture of Human Memory: Insights from Human Single-Neuron Recordings
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Concept neurons in the human medial temporal lobe flexibly represent abstract relations between concepts
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Authors: Quiroga, R. Q.
Affiliations: University of Leicester (GB)
Corresponding author: Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian
ORCID: Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian
Venue: Nature reviews. Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-07-04
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
Pages: 587-597
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn3251
OpenAlex: W2040309074
Cited by: 472
References: 124
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Keywords: medial temporal lobe, declarative memory, episodic memory, single-unit recording, drug-resistant epilepsy, object recognition, person recognition, memory associations, stream of consciousness
MeSH terms: Animals, Concept Formation, Humans, Memory, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Temporal Lobe, Synaptic Potentials

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Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions

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