The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Animal models of traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity both in civilian life and on the battlefield worldwide. Survivors of TBI frequently experience long-term disabling changes in cognition, sensorimotor function and personality. Over the past three decades, animal models have been developed to replicate the various aspects of human TBI, to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and to explore potential treatments. Nevertheless, promising neuroprotective drugs that were identified as being effective in animal TBI models have all failed in Phase II or Phase III clinical trials. This failure in clinical translation of preclinical studies highlights a compelling need to revisit the current status of animal models of TBI and therapeutic strategies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective
Hyder, A. A., Wunderlich, C. A., Puvanachandra, P., Gururaj, G., & Kobusingye, O. C. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-2007-22502 · Cited by 1,816
Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2013) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.01.013 · Cited by 1,273
Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies
Saatman, K. E., Duhaime, A.-C., Bullock, R., Maas, A. I. R., Valadka, A., & Manley, G. T. (2008) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0586 · Cited by 1,141
A controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury in the rat
Edward Dixon, C., Clifton, G. L., Lighthall, J. W., Yaghmai, A. A., & Hayes, R. L. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(91)90104-8 · Cited by 1,141
Goldstein, L. E., Fisher, A. M., Tagge, C. A., Zhang, X.-L., Velisek, L., Sullivan, J. A., Upreti, C., Kracht, J. M., Ericsson, M., Wojnarowicz, M. W., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003716 · Cited by 958
Clinical trials in head injury
Narayan, R. K., Michel, M. E., Ansell, B., Baethmann, A., Biegon, A., Bracken, M. B., Bullock, M. R., Choi, S. C., Clifton, G. L., Contant, C. F., et al. (2002) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771502753754037 · Cited by 913
Keel, M., & Trentz, O. (2005) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2004.12.037 · Cited by 885
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Ehrenreich, H., Weissenborn, K., Prange, H., Schneider, D., Weimar, C., Wartenberg, K., Schellinger, P. D., Bohn, M., Becker, H., Wegrzyn, M., et al. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.564872 · Cited by 605
Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic
Zhang, Z. G., & Chopp, M. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70061-4 · Cited by 596
Self-citationLoane, D. J., & Faden, A. I. (2010) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.09.005 · Cited by 574
Cited by
Neuroinflammation: The Devil Is in the Details
DiSabato, D. J., Quan, N., & Godbout, J. P. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13607 · Cited by 1,640
The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury
Simon, D. W., McGeachy, M. J., Bayır, H., Clark, R. S. B., Loane, D. J., & Kochanek, P. M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.13 · Cited by 1,190
The hubs of the human connectome are generally implicated in the anatomy of brain disorders
Crossley, N. A., Mechelli, A., Scott, J., Carletti, F., Fox, P. T., McGuire, P., & Bullmore, E. T. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu132 · Cited by 1,166
Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift
Jassam, Y. N., Izzy, S., Whalen, M., McGavern, D. B., & El Khoury, J. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.010 · Cited by 799
Zhang, Y., Chopp, M., Meng, Y., Katakowski, M., Xin, H., Mahmood, A., & Xiong, Y. (2015) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2014.11.jns14770 · Cited by 737
Self-citationTranscranial amelioration of inflammation and cell death after brain injury.
Roth, T. L., Nayak, D., Atanasijevic, T., Koretsky, A. P., Latour, L. L., & McGavern, D. B. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12808 · Cited by 574
“moderate, and severe forms of injury 5 , but therapeutic research in these models has not yet translated successfully into the clinic 4, 13 .”
Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system.
Plog, B. A., Dashnaw, M. L., Hitomi, E., Peng, W., Liao, Y., Lou, N., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3742-14.2015 · Cited by 525
The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation
AKHTAR, A. (2015) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180115000079 · Cited by 527
Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know
Gupte, R. P., Brooks, W. M., Vukas, R. R., Pierce, J. D., & Harris, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6171 · Cited by 533
NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases, from functions to therapies
Song, L., Pei, L., Yao, S., Wu, Y., & Shang, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00063 · Cited by 467
Norden, D. M., Muccigrosso, M. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.028 · Cited by 413
Pathogenesis of Brain Edema and Investigation into Anti-Edema Drugs
Michinaga, S., & Koyama, Y. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms16059949 · Cited by 339
Organ-on-a-chip platforms: a convergence of advanced materials, cells, and microscale technologies
Ahadian, S., Civitarese, R., Bannerman, D., Mohammadi, M. H., Lu, R., Wang, E., Davenport‐Huyer, L., Lai, B., Zhang, B., Zhao, Y., et al. (2018) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201700506 · Cited by 315
Prakash, R., & Carmichael, S. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000248 · Cited by 296
Molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
Walker, K. R., & Tesco, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00029 · Cited by 265
Shao, F., Wang, X., Wu, H., Wu, Q., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086 · Cited by 250
Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury
Russo, M. V., & McGavern, D. B. (2015) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.002 · Cited by 191
“Most models of CNS injury such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) induce two phases of damage: the primary mechanical injury (e.g., severing of spinal cord tissue) and a secondary injury phase propagated by neurotoxic mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), excitatory glutamate, and…”
InfluentialSleep-Wake Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury: Synthesis of Human and Animal Studies
Sandsmark, D. K., Elliott, J. E., & Lim, M. M. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx044 · Cited by 183
Potentiating glymphatic drainage minimizes post-traumatic cerebral oedema
Hussain, R., Tithof, J., Wang, W., Cheetham-West, A., Song, W., Peng, W., Sigurdsson, B., Kim, D., Sun, Q., Peng, S., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06737-7 · Cited by 169
Biological links between traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease
Delic, V., Beck, K. D., Pang, K. C. H., & Citron, B. A. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-00924-7 · Cited by 165
Glutamate neurotransmission in rodent models of traumatic brain injury
Dorsett, C. R., McGuire, J. L., DePasquale, E. A. K., Gardner, A. E., Floyd, C. L., & McCullumsmith, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4373 · Cited by 163
BBB pathophysiology–independent delivery of siRNA in traumatic brain injury
Li, W., Qiu, J., Li, X.-L., Aday, S., Zhang, J., Conley, G., Xu, J., Joseph, J., Lan, H., Langer, R., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6889 · Cited by 160
Li, H., Sun, J., Wang, F., Ding, G., Chen, W., Fang, R., Yao, Y., Pang, M., Lu, Z.-Q., & Liu, J. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.031 · Cited by 152
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
Alluri, H., Wiggins-Dohlvik, K., Davis, M. L., Huang, J. H., & Tharakan, B. (2015) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7 · Cited by 149
Russo, M. V., Latour, L. L., & McGavern, D. B. (2018) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0086-2 · Cited by 149
A porcine model of traumatic brain injury via head rotational acceleration
Cullen, D. K., Harris, J. P., Browne, K. D., Wolf, J. A., Duda, J. E., Meaney, D. F., Margulies, S. S., & Smith, D. H. (2016) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_17 · Cited by 142
“Moreover, the majority of rodent TBI studies utilize open skull techniques and are dominated by focal/ impact injuries, which poorly replicate diffuse brain injury and inherently possess craniectomy and/or bleeding, which confound any attempt at “mild” levels of TBI [93].”
Li, D., Huang, S., Yin, Z., Zhu, J., Ge, X., Han, Z., Tan, J., Zhang, S., Zhao, J., Chen, F., et al. (2019) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-019-02825-1 · Cited by 121
Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats
Wright, D. K., O'Brien, T. J., Shultz, S. R., & Mychasiuk, R. (2017) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.441 · Cited by 119
Dietary Therapy Mitigates Persistent Wake Deficits Caused by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Lim, M. M., Elkind, J., Xiong, G., Galante, R., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Lian, J., Rodin, J., Kuzma, N. N., Pack, A. I., et al. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007092 · Cited by 113
Amyloid-beta and tau pathology following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury
Edwards, G., Moreno-Gonzalez, I., & Soto, C. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.123 · Cited by 96
Ccr2 deletion dissociates cavity size and tau pathology after mild traumatic brain injury
Gyoneva, S., Kim, D., Katsumoto, A., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Lamb, B. T., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0443-0 · Cited by 95
Bianchi, F., Malboubi, M., Li, Y., George, J. H., Jerusalem, A., Szele, F., Thompson, M. S., & Ye, H. (2018) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2018.09.006 · Cited by 91
Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury
Barekat, A., Gonzalez, A., Mauntz, R. E., Kotzebue, R. W., Molina, B., El-Mecharrafie, N., Conner, C. J., Garza, S., Melkani, G. C., Joiner, W. J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25252 · Cited by 87
Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury
Guedes, V. A., Devoto, C., Leete, J., Sass, D., Acott, J. D., Mithani, S., & Gill, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00663 · Cited by 85
Pituitary dysfunction after blast traumatic brain injury: The UK BIOSAP study
Baxter, D., Sharp, D. J., Feeney, C., Papadopoulou, D., Ham, T. E., Jilka, S., Hellyer, P. J., Patel, M. C., Bennett, A. N., Mistlin, A., et al. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23958 · Cited by 81
Webster, S. J., Van Eldik, L. J., Watterson, D. M., & Bachstetter, A. D. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0291-15.2015 · Cited by 80
Weis, C. N., Webb, E. K., deRoon-Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.023 · Cited by 75
All’s well that transcribes well: Non-coding RNAs and post-stroke brain damage
Vemuganti, R. (2013) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.014 · Cited by 71
Patten, A. R., Yau, S. Y., Fontaine, C. J., Meconi, A., Wortman, R. C., & Christie, B. R. (2015) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-150016 · Cited by 64
Carotenoids for Antiaging: Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmeceutical Applications
Shanaida, M., Mykhailenko, O., Lysiuk, R., Hudz, N., Balwierz, R., Shulhai, A., Shapovalova, N., Shanaida, V., & Bjørklund, G. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18030403 · Cited by 62
Traumatic injury compromises nucleocytoplasmic transport and leads to TDP-43 pathology
Anderson, E. N., Morera, A. A., Kour, S., Cherry, J. D., Ramesh, N., Gleixner, A., Schwartz, J. C., Ebmeier, C., Old, W., Donnelly, C. J., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.67587 · Cited by 61
Hyperphosphorylated tau is implicated in acquired epilepsy and neuropsychiatric comorbidities.
Zheng, P., Shultz, S. R., Hovens, C. M., Velakoulis, D., Jones, N. C., & O’Brien, T. J. (2014) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8601-9 · Cited by 48
Chronic Effects of Mild Neurotrauma: Putting the Cart Before the Horse?
Castellani, R. J., Perry, G., & Iverson, G. L. (2015) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0000000000000193 · Cited by 40
Velayudhan, P. S., Schwab, N., Hazrati, L.-N., & Wheeler, A. L. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01297-1 · Cited by 27
Rosa, D. F., Sarandy, M. M., Novaes, R. D., da Matta, S. L. P., & Gonçalves, R. V. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176240 · Cited by 19
Antonius, D., Mathew, N., Picano, J., Hinds, A., Cogswell, A., Olympia, J., Brooks, T., DiGiacomo, M., Baker, J., Willer, B., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13090201 · Cited by 14
Thomsen, G. M., Vit, J.-P., Lamb, A., Gowing, G., Shelest, O., Alkaslasi, M., Ley, E. J., & Svendsen, C. N. (2015) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0059-14.2015 · Cited by 13
Ahmed, M. E., Selvakumar, G. P., Kempuraj, D., Raikwar, S. P., Thangavel, R., Bazley, K., Wu, K., Khan, O., Kukulka, K., Bussinger, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6932 · Cited by 13
Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System
Somach, R. T., Lim, M. M., & Cohen, A. S. (2025) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2024.0111 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., & Chopp, M.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-18
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 128-142
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2071425128
- Cited by
- 1,408
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
