The DOI matches its Crossref record; 199 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 14 of the 220 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Open accessAbstract
An important challenge in mental health research is to translate findings from cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging research into effective treatments that target the neurobiological alterations involved in psychiatric symptoms. To address this challenge, in this review we propose a heuristic neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). We do this by integrating information from several sources. First, we provide case vignettes in which patients with OCD describe their symptoms and discuss different clinical profiles in the phenotypic expression of the condition. Second, we link variations in these clinical profiles to underlying neurocircuit dysfunctions, drawing on findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in OCD. Third, we consider behavioral, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory treatments that could target those specific neurocircuit dysfunctions. Finally, we suggest methods of testing this neurocircuit-based taxonomy as well as important limitations to this approach that should be considered in future research.
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121 Not checked yet · 31 Own interpretation · 6 Partly supported · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Indeed, clusters of individuals with neural network alterations have been identified in depression [7–8], psychotic disorders [9] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD [10]).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Williams LM. Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:472–80. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
For the depression portion of the sentence, the ‘Types of neural circuit dysfunction underlying depression and anxiety’ section reports differing profiles of neural activation and connectivity. It says these variations *might* reflect multiple biotypes and conceptualises those biotypes for future classification; it does not establish that clusters of individuals have already been identified. The separate citations, not this paper, accompany the psychotic-disorder and ADHD portions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [8] Wager TD, Woo CW. Imaging biomarkers and biotypes for depression. Nat Med. 2017;23:16–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4264. source
- Partly supportedcites [9] Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Hamm JP, Ivleva EI, Ethridge LE, Pearlson GD, et al. Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:373–84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Distinct Psychosis Biotypes Identified by Multivariate Biomarkers” (page unavailable), reports distinct groups of people with psychosis who differ in brain-function biomarkers. That supports the clustering claim for psychotic disorders, the part attributed to this source. The paper does not establish that the groups were identified specifically by neural network alterations; it used measures including cognitive control and sensorimotor reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked yetcites [10] Barth B, Mayer-Carius K, Strehl U, Kelava A, Häußinger FB, Fallgatter AJ, et al. Identification of neurophysiological biotypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;72:836–48. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies indicate that better CBT response in OCD is predicted by hyperactive fronto-limbic responses to OCD-provoking stimuli and weaker amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity [52–53].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Olatunji BO, Ferreira-Garcia R, Caseras X, Fullana MA, Wooderson S, Speckens A, et al. Predicting response to cognitive behavioral therapy in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2125–37. source
- Partly supportedcites [53] Fullana MA, Zhu X, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Real E, López-Solà C, et al. Basolateral amygdala–ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2017;42:378. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results passage in the Abstract reports that decreased resting-state basolateral amygdala–vmPFC connectivity predicted better CBT outcome in patients with OCD. The cited paper does not establish that hyperactive fronto-limbic responses to OCD-provoking stimuli predict better response; its Introduction says fMRI findings on pretreatment frontal activation have been inconsistent. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“other research on DBS in OCD (and other psychiatric disorders) has highlighted that the efficacy of DBS in reducing symptoms may depend less on the gray or white matter stimulation target and more on the white matter networks affected by the stimulation [70–71]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [70] Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, Treu S, Akram H, Elias GJ, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) concerns U1 snRNP, transcriptome changes, and cancer-cell phenotypes, not deep brain stimulation. Searches for DBS, OCD, stimulation targets, and white-matter networks found no passage addressing the claimed relationship between network effects and symptom reduction. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [71] Liebrand LC, Caan MW, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, Figee M, Denys D, et al. Individual white matter bundle trajectories are associated with deep brain stimulation response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12:353–60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 6) reports that stimulation closer to the medial forebrain bundle correlated with better OCD treatment response, whereas stimulation location relative to anatomical landmarks did not. This supports the importance of white matter pathways, but the study did not compare gray-matter with white-matter targets or establish the claim for other psychiatric disorders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Fluctuations in OCD symptom severity measured over 1-year post-DBS-activation were accompanied by and correlated with alterations in the level of theta oscillations; decreases in symptom severity co-occurred with increases in theta oscillations and vice versa [130].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [130] Rappel P, Marmor O, Bick AS, Arkadir D, Linetsky E, Castrioto A, et al. Subthalamic theta activity: a novel human subcortical biomarker for obsessive compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:1–11. source
The Results report that, in one OCD patient followed during the first postoperative year, lower Y-BOCS scores accompanied higher ventro-medial STN theta activity, with significant inverse correlations on both sides. They also describe a temporary increase in symptom severity accompanied by a decline in theta power. The paper dates the follow-up from surgery rather than precisely from DBS activation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Altered dopaminergic signals during reward learning have also been reported in OCD [153].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [153] Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Dolan RJ, Ball J, Hättenschwiler J, Drechsler R, et al. Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychological Med. 2017;47:1246–58. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports increased reward-prediction-error signals in the ACC and putamen of patients with OCD during a learning task. It says these signals are influenced by the dopaminergic system and may indicate dysregulation, but the study did not directly measure dopaminergic signals. The citing sentence presents that inference as a reported finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“DBS targeting the medial forebrain bundle (white matter tracts connecting regions of the reward system including the NAcc) also improves symptoms in treatment-resistant OCD [160].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [160] Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Goll P, Reinacher PC, Voderholzer U, Tebartz van Elst L, et al. The medial forebrain bundle as a target for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:282–9. source
The Introduction reports two treatment-refractory OCD cases with significant, sustained benefit after stimulation of the superolateral medial forebrain bundle. The Abstract reports clinically significant improvement in OCD severity ratings after bilateral stimulation, while identifying the study as an uncontrolled two-patient case series. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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In the paper
“In addition, some patients do not have obsessions but perform their rituals to relieve or achieve specific tactile, visual or auditory sensations, a sense of completeness or a just-right feeling (i.e., sensory phenomena [22]).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Miguel EC, Prado HS, Rauch SL, Coffey BJ, Baer L, Savage CR, et al. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:150–6. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“likely due to impaired “safety-signaling” functions of the vmPFC [40], which may further contribute to the maintenance of fear-related OCD symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Apergis-Schoute AM, Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Fernandez-Egea E, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Neural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder. PNAS. 2017;114:3216–21. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Some patients carry out compulsive behaviors because they feel rewarding and almost pleasurable, rather than to elicit a sense of relief [24].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, IU has been shown to predict impaired fear extinction in non-psychiatric volunteers [48]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Morriss J, Christakou A, van Reekum CM. Intolerance of uncertainty predicts fear extinction in amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical circuitry. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2015;5:4. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormalities in these different neurocircuits likely interact with each other to generate the complex OCD phenotype [13–14].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:1–26. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Dysfunctional activity in the fronto-limbic circuit during emotional processing is a robust finding in OCD [36].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in some patients, dysregulated fear responses to intrusive thoughts mediated by fronto-limbic circuitry could be the starting point that turns ordinary thoughts into obsessions.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In support, previous studies investigating the content of patients’ descriptions of their OCD symptoms have revealed that physiological changes associated with fear and anxiety, such as a racing heart, play a key role in triggering a variety of obsessions and compulsions [38].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Van Schalkwyk GI, Bhalla IP, Griepp M, Kelmendi B, Davidson L, Pittenger C. Toward understanding the heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from narratives in adult patients. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2016;50:74–81. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting these fronto-limbic dysfunctions may be related to one another.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Finally, higher-order cognitive alterations, such as executive dysfunction, may trigger or perpetuate compulsive behaviors for some patients [25].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Endrass T, Klawohn J, Schuster F, Kathmann N. Overactive performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: ERP evidence from correct and erroneous reactions. Neuropsychologia. 2008;46:1877–87. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is also evidence that individuals with OCD have difficulty extinguishing learned fear responses [37, 40–42]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Milad MR, Furtak SC, Greenberg JL, Keshaviah A, Im JJ, Falkenstein MJ, et al. Deficits in conditioned fear extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiological changes in the fear circuit. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:608–18. source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Apergis-Schoute AM, Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Fernandez-Egea E, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Neural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder. PNAS. 2017;114:3216–21. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] McLaughlin NC, Strong D, Abrantes A, Garnaat S, Cerny A, O’Connell C, et al. Extinction retention and fear renewal in a lifetime obsessive–compulsive disorder sample. Behav Brain Res. 2015;280:72–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Fyer AJ, Schneier FR, Simpson HB, Choo TH, Tacopina S, Kimeldorf MB, et al. Heterogeneity in fear processing across and within anxiety, eating, and compulsive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2020;271:329–38. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Repetitive behaviors originally undertaken to neutralize obsessions may, over time, become habits that are elicited by stimuli rather than by intrusive thoughts [23].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Gillan CM, Papmeyer M, Morein-Zamir S, Sahakian BJ, Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, et al. Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:718–26. source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Difficulties with top-down cognitive appraisal, such as interpreting one’s own thoughts and feelings as evidence that an unlikely event occurred, likely also play a role in perpetuating obsessive symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be particularly amenable to this approach since it represents one of the better investigated neurocircuit-based models [11].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Dougherty DD, Brennan BP, Stewart SE, Wilhel S, Widge AS, Rauch SL. Neuroscientifically informed formulation and treatment planning for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:1081–7. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“other studies have shown that that higher IU trait scores predict more severe OCD symptoms [43, 45].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Jacoby RJ, Abramowitz JS. Intolerance of uncertainty in OCD. Obsessive-Compuls Disord: Phenomenol, Pathophysiol, Treat. 2017;12:171.
- Not checked yetcites [45] Gentes EL, Ruscio AM. A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:923–33. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the content of obsessions and expression of compulsions can vary dramatically between individuals, ranging from concerns about contamination or harm to preoccupation with symmetry or taboo thoughts [21].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Miguel EC, Leckman JF, Rauch S, do Rosario-Campos MC, Hounie AG, Mercadante MT, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:258–75. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a significant proportion of patients (60–70%) also experience sensory phenomena (SP) consisting of aversive or uncomfortable sensations or perceptions that drive repetitive behaviors (Table 2) [73–76].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Lee JC, Prado HS, Diniz JB, Borcato S, da Silva CB, Hounie AG, et al. Perfectionism and sensory phenomena: phenotypic components of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50:431–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Rosario MC, Prado HS, Borcato S, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG. Validation of the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale: initial psychometric properties. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:315–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Shavitt RG, de Mathis MA, Oki F, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, Torres AR, et al. Phenomenology of OCD: lessons from a large multicenter study and implications for ICD-11. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;57:141–8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, this fMRI-neurofeedback protocol resulted in a 20% decrease in OCD symptom severity in a small sample (n=5) of patients with contamination-related OCD [65].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Scheinost D, Stoica T, Wasylink S, Gruner P, Saksa J, Pittenger C, et al. Resting state functional connectivity predicts neurofeedback response. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:338. source
plaindirectn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“SP are also prevalent in Tourette syndrome (TS) [22, 73], in which they manifest as premonitory urges or “sensory tics” [79] in a specific body part prior to a tic.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Miguel EC, Prado HS, Rauch SL, Coffey BJ, Baer L, Savage CR, et al. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:150–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Reese HE, Scahill L, Peterson AL, Crowe K, Woods DW, Piacentini J, et al. The premonitory urge to tic: measurement, characteristics, and correlates in older adolescents and adults. Behav Ther. 2014;45:177–86. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further, stronger functional connectivity between the serotonergic raphe nuclei and temporal and limbic regions including the amygdala predicts better response to SSRIs in OCD [58].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Kim M, Kwak S, Yoon YB, Kwak YB, Kim T, Cho KI, et al. Functional connectivity of the raphe nucleus as a predictor of the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44:2073–81. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a recent analysis examining tractography correlates of OCD symptom improvement following DBS targeted at different stimulation sites, including the ALIC, indicated that successful reduction of symptoms was associated with connectivity of all stimulation sites to a common fiber bundle [70].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, Treu S, Akram H, Elias GJ, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–2. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These phenomena additionally manifest as tactile sensations of feeling dirty that drive washing and cleaning compulsions, rather than fear of illness or disease [73, 75].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Rosario MC, Prado HS, Borcato S, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG. Validation of the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale: initial psychometric properties. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:315–23. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, content analyses have revealed a key theme in the content of contamination obsessions to be sensations of feeling dirty under the skin, which lead to washing rituals [78].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] Coughtrey AE, Shafran R, Lee M, Rachman SJ. It’s the feeling inside my head: a qualitative analysis of mental contamination in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioural Cogn Psychother. 2012;40:163–73. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, SSRIs may improve OCD symptoms in part by reducing excessive limbic activity.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
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In the paper
“Importantly, self-report anxiety ratings while viewing contamination-provoking stimuli were also significantly reduced several days following fMRI-neurofeedback [64].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Scheinost D, Stoica T, Saksa J, Papademetris X, Constable RT, Pittenger C, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e250. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“SP are prevalent in patients with ordering, arranging, counting and repeating compulsions, which are frequently performed until the patient achieves the sensation or perception that things are “just right” (“not-just-right” experiences) [73, 75] or “complete” [77].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Rosario MC, Prado HS, Borcato S, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG. Validation of the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale: initial psychometric properties. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:315–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Summerfeldt LJ, Kloosterman PH, Antony MM, Swinson RP. Examining an obsessive-compulsive core dimensions model: Structural validity of harm avoidance and incompleteness. JOCRD. 2014;3:83–94.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another sham-controlled study in patients with generalized anxiety disorder showed that low-frequency (inhibitory) rTMS of the right dlPFC normalized atypical dlPFC-amygdala functional connectivity that was induced by uncertainty during a gambling task designed to elicit IU [61].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Assaf M, Rabany L, Zertuche L, Bragdon L, Tolin D, Goethe J, et al. Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Brain Behav. 2018;8:e01015. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a recent systematic review and meta-analysis [62] of 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of rTMS for OCD, which showed that low-frequency and high-frequency rTMS were both superior to sham in improving OCD symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Rehn S, Eslick GD, Brakoulias V. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different cortical targets used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatr Q. 2018;89:645–65. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“SSRIs can also reduce IU [59], though the mechanism underlying this improvement has not been studied.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Nitschke JB, Sarinopoulos I, Oathes DJ, Johnstone T, Whalen PJ, Davidson RJ, et al. Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:302–10. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consistent with this suggestion, habit-reversal training was reported to be effective in reducing OCD symptom severity in a patient with treatment-refractory OCD [102].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Dillenburger K. Habit reversal training as a treatment for refractory OCD–A case study. Eur J Behav Anal. 2006;7:67–75. source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Further support for this hypothesis comes from experimental studies, which report excessive habit formation and/or an over-reliance on habitual behavior at the expense of flexible goal-directed behavior on experimental tasks in OCD [90–91], as well as in other disorders characterized by compulsive behavior including TS [92–93].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Gillan CM, Robbins TW. Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369:20130475. source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Gillan CM, Apergis-Schoute AM, Morein-Zamir S, Urcelay GP, Sule A, Fineberg NA, et al. Functional neuroimaging of avoidance habits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:284–93. source
- Not checked yetcites [92] Delorme C, Salvador A, Valabregue R, Roze E, Palminteri S, Vidailhet M, et al. Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2016;139:605–15. source
- Not checked yetcites [93] Gillan CM, Kosinski M, Whelan R, Phelps EA, Daw ND. Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control. Elife. 2016;5:e11305. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Habit-reversal therapy is similar to the response prevention aspect of ERP (Table 3) in that both aim to break the association between sensation(s) (sensory phenomena/obsessions/feelings of fear/anxiety) and repetitive, compulsive behaviors (compulsions/tics) [101].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Van de Griendt JM, Verdellen CW, Van Dijk MK, Verbraak MJ. Behavioural treatment of tics: habit reversal and exposure with response prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:1172–7. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Activation in these areas remained correlated with SP severity after controlling for medication status, comorbidity and overall OC symptom severity, suggesting that these effects were specific to SP.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Brown C, Shahab R, Collins K, Fleysher L, Goodman WK, Burdick KE, et al. Functional neural mechanisms of sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:68–75. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“studies examining the content of compulsions have reported that patients rate some of their compulsions as highly habit-like, i.e. they are felt to be automatic behaviors that are performed largely without conscious awareness, they have a long history of repetition over the patient’s life, and they form part of the patient’s daily routines [24].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“supporting the notion that the urges-for-action network is also dysfunctional in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“OCD+SP (but not OCD-SP) had larger volumes of posterior putamen, pallidum, and thalamus than controls.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Subirà M, Sato JR, Alonso P, do Rosário MC, Segalàs C, Batistuzzo MC, et al. Brain structural correlates of sensory phenomena in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40:232–40. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, a recent study reported reductions in not-just-right experiences alongside reduced contamination obsessions in OCD patients following ERP [97].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] Mathes BM, Kennedy GA, Wilver NL, Carlton CN, Cougle JR. A multi-method analysis of incompleteness in behavioral treatment of contamination-based OCD. Behav Res Ther. 2019;114:1–6. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recent study examining the urge to blink in OCD found that patients exhibited increased activity in mid and anterior insula and CMA during eyeblink suppression [85]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Stern ER, Brown C, Ludlow M, Shahab R, Collins K, Lieval A, et al. The buildup of an urge in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates. Hum Brain Mapp. 2020;41:1611–25. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, over the years, increased sensorimotor circuit activity involved in habit-formation may have played a role in the transition from goal-directed (in this case, repetitive behaviors performed to relieve specific fears/worries) to habitual behaviors (here, repetitive behaviors to relieve feelings of incompleteness).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The formation and execution of habits is mediated by motor portions of the sensorimotor circuit (putamen and premotor/motor cortex) [88–89].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Tricomi E, Balleine BW, O’Doherty JP. A specific role for posterior dorsolateral striatum in human habit learning. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29:2225–32. source
- Not checked yetcites [89] De Wit S, Watson P, Harsay HA, Cohen MX, van de Vijver I, Ridderinkhof KR. Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control. J Neurosci. 2012;32:12066–75. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Single high doses of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist FDA approved for severe nausea and vomiting [104], reduce activation in the insula, precentral and postcentral gyri, and cingulate cortex [105].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Ye JH, Ponnudurai R, Schaefer R. Ondansetron: a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist and its applications in CNS-related disorders. CNS Drug Rev. 2001;7:199–213. source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Stern ER, Shahab R, Grimaldi SJ, Leibu E, Murrough JW, Fleysher L. High-dose ondansetron reduces activation of interoceptive and sensorimotor brain regions. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44:390–8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the awareness training component of habit-reversal therapy may be particularly helpful for OCD patients in whom symptoms have become habit-like”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that these effects were specific to SP.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A neuroimaging study reported significantly reduced activity in the putamen following habit-reversal training in patients with TS, suggesting that this form of therapy works (at least in part) by normalizing atypically increased sensorimotor circuit activity associated with excessive habit formation [100].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Deckersbach T, Chou T, Britton JC, Carlson LE, Reese HE, Siev J, et al. Neural correlates of behavior therapy for Tourette׳ s disorder. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 2014;224:269–74. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In OCD, it has been proposed that compulsions may reflect maladaptive sensorimotor circuit-mediated habitual behaviors that, over time, become decoupled from the initial obsessive thoughts [12, 90].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Graybiel AM, Rauch SL. Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron. 2000;28:343–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Gillan CM, Robbins TW. Goal-directed learning and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369:20130475. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Greater SP severity was correlated with greater activity in mid-posterior insula and, at a lower statistical threshold, bilateral postcentral gyri, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lateral PFC.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Brown C, Shahab R, Collins K, Fleysher L, Goodman WK, Burdick KE, et al. Functional neural mechanisms of sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:68–75. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Subirà and colleagues [86] reported larger gray matter volumes in a sensorimotor area encompassing postcentral gyrus, the posterior extent of precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule in individuals with OCD and SP (OCD+SP) compared to those with OCD without SP (OCD-SP) and non-psychiatric controls.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Subirà M, Sato JR, Alonso P, do Rosário MC, Segalàs C, Batistuzzo MC, et al. Brain structural correlates of sensory phenomena in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40:232–40. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, the STN is involved in the control of emotional and motivational behaviors via its connections with fronto-limbic and ventral affective circuits, respectively [128].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] van Wijk BC, Alkemade A, Forstmann BU. Functional segregation and integration within the human subthalamic nucleus from a micro-and meso-level perspective. Cortex. 2020;131:103–13. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The IFG participates along with regions of the dorsal cognitive circuit to form a network that mediates working memory [129].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Rottschy C, Langner R, Dogan I, Reetz K, Laird AR, Schulz JB, et al. Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neuroimage. 2012;60:830–46. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, targeting the ventral cognitive circuit for response inhibition impairments in OCD, discussed next, is likely to affect the function of other neurocircuits.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“neuroimaging studies have reported reduced IFG and/or caudate activity during response inhibition [122–123] in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [122] De Wit SJ, de Vries FE, van der Werf YD, Cath DC, Heslenfeld DJ, Veltman EM, et al. Presupplementary motor area hyperactivity during response inhibition: a candidate endophenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:1100–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [123] Kang DH, Jang JH, Han JY, Kim JH, Jung WH, Choi JS, et al. Neural correlates of altered response inhibition and dysfunctional connectivity at rest in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;40:340–6. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“recent connectomic analyses suggesting that a specific white matter network connecting frontal regions to the STN was associated with clinical response in ALIC, STN and other DBS techniques [70].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, Treu S, Akram H, Elias GJ, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–2. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Widge et al. [132] found that stimulation at this target resulted in significantly greater theta oscillations in prefrontal regions, including the IFG, during an inhibition task in patients with OCD and/or depression.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] Widge AS, Zorowitz S, Basu I, Paulk AC, Cash SS, Eskandar EN, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the internal capsule enhances human cognitive control and prefrontal cortex function. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such deficits might explain (partly at least) both the expression of obsessions and the consequent compulsive behaviors.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“this study indicates that stimulation of the STN is an effective treatment approach for some individuals with OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Rappel P, Marmor O, Bick AS, Arkadir D, Linetsky E, Castrioto A, et al. Subthalamic theta activity: a novel human subcortical biomarker for obsessive compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:1–11. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that better function in neural mechanisms implicated in response inhibition are involved in OCD symptom improvement in (some) treatment-refractory patients.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Senço et al. [113] proposed using tDCS with the cathode over pre-SMA and anode over an extra-cephalic region, a montage that has shown some efficacy in reducing OCD symptom severity [114].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Senço NM, Huang Y, D’Urso G, Parra LC, Bikson M, Mantovani A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: emerging clinical evidence and considerations for optimal montage of electrodes. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2015;12:381–91. source
- Not checked yetcites [114] D’Urso G, Brunoni AR, Mazzaferro MP, Anastasia A, de Bartolomeis A, Mantovani A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, partial crossover trial. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33:1132–40. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggests that similar response inhibition failures were involved in the experience of OCD symptoms during provocation.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, not all studies report impairments in response inhibition in individuals with OCD [124–126].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124] Rasmussen J, Siev J, Abramovitch A, Wilhelm S. Scrupulosity and contamination OCD are not associated with deficits in response inhibition. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2016;50:120–6. source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Silveira VP, Frydman I, Fontenelle LF, Mattos P, de Oliveira-Souza R, Moll J, et al. Exploring response inhibition and error monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;126:26–33. source
- Not checked yetcites [126] Kalanthroff E, Teichert T, Wheaton MG, Kimeldorf MB, Linkovski O, Ahmari SE, et al. The role of response inhibition in medicated and unmedicated obsessive‐compulsive disorder patients: evidence from the stop‐signal task. Depression Anxiety. 2017;34:301–306. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A study in non-psychiatric volunteers showed that H-coil TMS targeting the insula significantly modulated metabolic activity in connection regions, including the sensorimotor striatum [117].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Malik S, Jacobs M, Cho SS, Boileau I, Blumberger D, Heilig M, et al. Deep TMS of the insula using the H-coil modulates dopamine release: a crossover [11 C] PHNO-PET pilot trial in healthy humans. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12:1306–17. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The persistence of maladaptive, repetitive thoughts and behaviors in OCD, despite awareness that these are excessive, unreasonable and have negative consequences, is suggestive of impairment inhibition.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar approach may be helpful for OCD patients with response inhibition impairments.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In support, content analyses have indicated that the ability to ignore obsessive thoughts and withhold associated compulsive behaviors (i.e. use inhibition effectively) is a key theme in patients’ experiences of symptoms [38].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Van Schalkwyk GI, Bhalla IP, Griepp M, Kelmendi B, Davidson L, Pittenger C. Toward understanding the heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from narratives in adult patients. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2016;50:74–81. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consistent with these clinical observations, meta-analyses have reported consistent impairments in response inhibition performance [121]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A. The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:1163–71. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A meta-analysis comparing neuropsychological performance between OCD patients with predominant washing versus checking symptoms reported significantly better response inhibition in washers than checkers [127]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Leopold R, Backenstrass M. Neuropsychological differences between obsessive-compulsive washers and checkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;30:48–58. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“STN theta oscillations were found to be smaller during failed inhibition trials of a Go/Nogo task and during OCD-symptom provocation prior to DBS stimulation.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Rappel P, Marmor O, Bick AS, Arkadir D, Linetsky E, Castrioto A, et al. Subthalamic theta activity: a novel human subcortical biomarker for obsessive compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:1–11. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“novel rTMS coils (H-coils) have been designed [115], which generate deeper electromagnetic fields at the same motor threshold intensity [116].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Deng ZD, Lisanby SH, Peterchev AV. Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125:1202–12. source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Zibman S, Pell GS, Barnea-Ygael N, Roth Y, Zangen A. Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: coil design and neuroanatomical variability considerations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019. In Press.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another recent study also indicated that ventral cognitive circuit function can be improved by ventral capsular/ventral striatal (VC/VS) DBS targeting the ALIC [132].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] Widge AS, Zorowitz S, Basu I, Paulk AC, Cash SS, Eskandar EN, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the internal capsule enhances human cognitive control and prefrontal cortex function. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the presence of response inhibition deficits may depend on the dimension of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“clinical trials have shown that H-coil TMS of the insula in substance use disorders alleviated symptoms [118].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Dinur-Klein L, Dannon P, Hadar A, Rosenberg O, Roth Y, Kotler M, et al. Smoking cessation induced by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal and insular cortices: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:742–9. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ventral cognitive circuit includes prefrontal and striatal regions involved in self-regulatory behaviors (Figure 4) [16].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“fMRI-based neurofeedback training to increase activity in the IFG during response inhibition has been successful in ADHD [133–134].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Alegria AA, Wulff M, Brinson H, Barker GJ, Norman LJ, Brandeis D, et al. Real‐time fMRI neurofeedback in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:3190–209. source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Rubia K, Criaud M, Wulff M, Alegria A, Brinson H, Barker G, et al. Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD. NeuroImage. 2019;188:43–58. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, a larger Phase 2 trial using adjunctive very low dose ondansetron in 168 OCD patients failed to find a significant Y-BOCS reduction at the end of 12 weeks [109].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Transcept Pharmaceuticals I. Transcept pharmaceuticals announces that a phase 2 clinical trial of TO-2061 as adjunctive therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder did not meet primary endpoint. 2012. http://ir.transcept.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=728327. Accessed 4 Oct 2014.
plainn = 168- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent findings showing the importance of targeting white matter networks rather than discrete cortical targets [70–71].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, Treu S, Akram H, Elias GJ, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–2. source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Liebrand LC, Caan MW, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, Figee M, Denys D, et al. Individual white matter bundle trajectories are associated with deep brain stimulation response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12:353–60. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“patients on SSRIs have been found to perform better on reward-learning tasks than patients off-SSRIs [156]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Palminteri S, Clair A-H, Mallet L, Pessiglione M. Similar improvement of reward and punishment learning by serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:244–50. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies examining neural activity during experimental paradigms that engage the reward circuit (see Table 2) have reported altered functional connectivity between the NAcc and/or OFC and other reward-related regions during the anticipation of reward and punishment in OCD [141–142].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141] Jung WH, Kang D-H, Kim E, Shin KS, Jang JH, Kwon JS. Abnormal corticostriatal-limbic functional connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder during reward processing and resting-state. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;3:27–38. source
- Not checked yetcites [142] Koch K, Reeß TJ, Rus OG, Gürsel DA, Wagner G, Berberich G, et al. Increased default mode network connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder during reward processing. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:254. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The NAcc also participates in processing and control of negative emotion along with fronto-limbic regions [154].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Moore GJ, Uhde TW, Tancer ME. Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:210–9. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work has also indicated that a proportion of patients with OCD report feelings of reward and positive affect following the completion of compulsive behaviors [24, 38].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Van Schalkwyk GI, Bhalla IP, Griepp M, Kelmendi B, Davidson L, Pittenger C. Toward understanding the heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from narratives in adult patients. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2016;50:74–81. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“dopaminergic reward signals from the NAcc are integrated with activity in the sensorimotor circuit to facilitate the learning of associations between stimuli and responses in the early stages of habit-learning [94].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Yin HH, Knowlton BJ. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:464–76. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In OCD, compulsions are suggested to function either as rewards or as a means to avoid punishments because they successfully (if maladaptively) diminish some of the anxiety associated with obsessions [136–137].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867–74. source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Kaufmann C, Beucke JC, Preuße F, Endrass T, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, et al. Medial prefrontal brain activation to anticipated reward and loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:212–20. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that these medications may be beneficial for improving reward-related alterations in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“may be an effective augmentative strategy for some OCD treatment resistant patients [155].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, et al. Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:2325–36. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to highlight that the NAcc plays a crucial role in the functions of several of the other neurocircuits.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previous studies have reported clinically significant levels of anhedonia, conceptualized as the inability to experience pleasure and reduced sensitivity to rewards, in OCD patients, which predicted OCD symptom severity independently of depression symptoms [138–139].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Abramovitch A, Pizzagalli DA, Reuman L, Wilhelm S. Anhedonia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond comorbid depression. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216:223–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [139] Pushkarskaya H, Sobowale K, Henick D, Tolin DF, Anticevic A, Pearlson GD, et al. Contrasting contributions of anhedonia to obsessive-compulsive, hoarding, and post-traumatic stress disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:202–13. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings support the proposal that individuals with OCD have lowered sensitivity to rewards.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These dorsal cognitive regions connect to inferior parietal regions, forming the frontoparietal network [162–163]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [162] Marek S, Dosenbach NU. The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20:133. source
- Not checked yetcites [163] Vossel S, Geng JJ, Fink GR. Dorsal and ventral attention systems: distinct neural circuits but collaborative roles. Neuroscientist. 2014;20:150–9. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The dorsal cognitive circuit (Figure 6) underpins executive functions required for effective goal-directed behavior, including planning, working memory and top-down control of emotional, motivational and sensorimotor processes [16] (Table 2).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dysfunction in this circuit may contribute to impairments in OCD in a more general manner.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatments targeted at dorsal cognitive circuitry may therefore help with top-down control of the emotional response to symptoms in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Non-invasive neuromodulatory approaches (rTMS, tDCS) stimulating dorsal cognitive regions including the dlPFC and pre-SMA show efficacy in reducing OCD symptoms [62, 177–179] even in treatment-resistant cases [178–179].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Rehn S, Eslick GD, Brakoulias V. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different cortical targets used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatr Q. 2018;89:645–65. source
- Not checked yetcites [177] Zhou DD, Wang W, Wang GM, Li DQ, Kuang L. An updated meta-analysis: short-term therapeutic effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2017;215:187–96. source
- Not checked yetcites [178] D’Urso G, Brunoni AR, Mazzaferro MP, Anastasia A, de Bartolomeis A, Mantovani A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, partial crossover trial. Depression Anxiety. 2016;33:1132–40. source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Gowda SM, Narayanaswamy JC, Hazari N, Bose A, Chhabra H, Balachander S, et al. Efficacy of pre-supplementary motor area transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a randomized, double blinded, sham controlled trial. Brain Stimul. 2019;12:922–9. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Experimental studies have reported impaired memory functions to correlate with OCD symptom dimensions, including pathological doubt [166] and compulsive checking [167].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Olson CA, Hale LR, Hamilton N, Powell JN, Martin LE, Savage CR. Altered source memory retrieval is associated with pathological doubt in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behavioural Brain Res. 2016;296:53–60. source
- Not checked yetcites [167] Jaafari N, Frasca M, Rigalleau F, Rachid F, Gil R, Olié JP, et al. Forgetting what you have checked: a link between working memory impairment and checking behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28:87–93. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the pre-SMA target is likely to affect activity in several circuits (sensorimotor, ventral cognitive) and not the dorsal cognitive circuit alone.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The cognitive reappraisal component of CBT (Table 3) trains patients to change their thoughts and emotional responses to OCD symptoms and is known to engage dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Kohn N, Eickhoff SB, Scheller M, Laird AR, Fox PT, Habel U. Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation - an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage. 2014;87:345–55. source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhle JT, Silvers AJ, Wager TD, Lopez R, Onyemekwu C, Kober H. Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:2981–90. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is therefore likely to be useful for patients presenting with emotion regulation deficits mediated by dorsal cognitive circuitry.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the complex phenomenology of the condition likely reflects widespread abnormalities across multiple brain regions and circuits encompassing a variety of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral domains, like most psychiatric disorders [5, 7].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] van den Heuvel MP, Sporns O. A cross-disorder connectome landscape of brain dysconnectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:435–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Williams LM. Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:472–80. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“even when patients do not present behavioral deficits, they can show altered brain activity, including underactive dlPFC and weaker dlPFC-striatal functional connectivity [165–166].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Vaghi MM, Vértes PE, Kitzbichler MG, Apergis-Schoute AM, van der Flier FE, Fineberg NA, et al. Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:708–17. source
- Not checked yetcites [166] Olson CA, Hale LR, Hamilton N, Powell JN, Martin LE, Savage CR. Altered source memory retrieval is associated with pathological doubt in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behavioural Brain Res. 2016;296:53–60. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Preliminary findings suggest that methylphenidate augmentation may be beneficial in treatment-resistant OCD [172].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172] Zheng H, Jia F, Han H, Wang S, Guo G, Quan D. Combined fluvoxamine and extended-release methylphenidate improved treatment response compared to fluvoxamine alone in patients with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29:397–404. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“difficulties recruiting dorsal prefrontal regions for efficient emotion regulation has been reported during cognitive reappraisal of OCD-provoking stimuli in OCD [39, 60] and may contribute to the persistence of fear-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [60] De Wit SJ, Van der Werf YD, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JP, Van Oppen P, Veltman DJ, et al. Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological Med. 2015;45:3059–73. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A single mechanism is therefore unlikely to explain such a heterogeneous disorder”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“High levels of psychiatric comorbidity and heterogeneity, fluid symptom trajectories, cross-diagnostic overlap in genetic and neurobiological factors, and the limited efficacy of many psychiatric treatments restrict our understanding of the neurobiology of mental illness based on categorical diagnoses [3–6].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion identifies excessive comorbidity, heterogeneous mechanisms, and poor alignment of diagnostic categories with genetic and neuroscience findings as impediments to understanding pathology. It also discusses cross-disorder mechanisms and treatments that are often only marginally effective. The passages found do not establish fluid symptom trajectories as a reason categorical diagnoses impede neurobiological understanding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1371–9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [5] van den Heuvel MP, Sporns O. A cross-disorder connectome landscape of brain dysconnectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:435–46. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [6] Wang T, Zhang X, Li A, Zhu M, Liu S, Qin W, et al. Polygenic risk for five psychiatric disorders and cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity in two independent populations. NeuroImage: Clin. 2017;14:441–9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion (pages unavailable) describe shared genetic risks, cross-disorder neural connectivity, and clinical and genetic heterogeneity across five psychiatric disorders. They do not address fluid symptom trajectories, the efficacy of psychiatric treatments, or the claim that these factors restrict understanding through categorical diagnoses; the searched passages also do not substantiate high psychiatric comorbidity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, neuroimaging studies have reported atypically increased vmPFC and amygdala activity during the anticipation of uncertain threat [46] and during uncertainty in decision-making [47] in OCD patients, suggestive of fronto-limbic hyper-responsivity to uncertainty in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Weidt S, Lutz J, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Jakob NJ, Herwig U, et al. Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:1427–36. source
- Supportedcites [47] Stern ER, Welsh RC, Gonzalez R, Fitzgerald KD, Abelson JL, Taylor SF. Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34:1956–70. source
The Discussion reports greater vmPFC and amygdala activity in OCD patients in a decision-making task, under conditions associated with heightened subjective uncertainty. The relevant finding concerns evidence presented on objectively certain sequences; this source is cited for decision-making uncertainty [47], not anticipation of uncertain threat [46]. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD [13]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The current model of OCD” (page unavailable), the paper describes serotonergic reuptake inhibitors as a standard treatment for OCD. “Enhancing Treatment for OCD” (page unavailable) says pharmacological interventions are established as effective. Neither passage identifies SSRIs specifically as the first-line pharmacological treatment. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, individuals with OCD may have different degrees and patterns of alterations in these neurocircuits, leading to the phenotypic heterogeneity.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with these clinical observations, neuroimaging studies have reported increased amygdala activity, reduced dorsal prefrontal activity and reduced prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity during the provocation and cognitive reappraisal of stimuli that provoke OCD symptoms and increase physiological arousal [36, 39].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distinct neurocircuit alterations could help explain the heterogeneity of mental disorders, and targeted interventions focused on specific circuit dysfunctions could improve treatment efficacy and guide clinical practice.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current diagnostic classification systems [1–2] are effective in ensuring communication of diagnoses among clinicians but are largely “etiologically agnostic” when determining the biological nature of psychopathology [3].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Association; Arlington, VA 2013. source
- Not checked yetcites [2] World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland 1993.
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OCD has traditionally been associated with dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits [12–13], although it is now recognized that alterations in other circuits (fronto-limbic, fronto-parietal, cerebellar) also play a role [14].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Graybiel AM, Rauch SL. Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron. 2000;28:343–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:1–26. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that hyperactive limbic fear responses and insufficient recruitment of dorsal prefrontal top-down control are involved in the production and/or maintenance of fear in the context of OCD triggers.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, dysregulated fear, i.e. excessive and/or poorly controlled fear responses mediated by fronto-limbic circuitry, has been proposed as a key mechanism in OCD [37]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Milad MR, Furtak SC, Greenberg JL, Keshaviah A, Im JJ, Falkenstein MJ, et al. Deficits in conditioned fear extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiological changes in the fear circuit. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:608–18. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, it remains unclear how these different phenotypic subtypes are associated with specific pathophysiological mechanisms or their usefulness in guiding treatment selection [21].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Miguel EC, Leckman JF, Rauch S, do Rosario-Campos MC, Hounie AG, Mercadante MT, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:258–75. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD [13], reduce fronto-limbic responses to threatening stimuli in non-psychiatric volunteers [56, but see 57] and are associated with lower limbic response during emotion processing and symptom provocation in OCD [36].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56, but see 57]
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“resulted in significantly reduced connectivity between the orbitofrontal regions and other limbic areas, including the amygdala, as well as significantly increased connectivity in prefrontal regions associated with emotion regulation, including right lateral PFC [64].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Scheinost D, Stoica T, Saksa J, Papademetris X, Constable RT, Pittenger C, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e250. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ERP seems to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal appears to dampen fronto-limbic activity via the engagement of top-down dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Kohn N, Eickhoff SB, Scheller M, Laird AR, Fox PT, Habel U. Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation - an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage. 2014;87:345–55. source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhle JT, Silvers AJ, Wager TD, Lopez R, Onyemekwu C, Kober H. Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:2981–90. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT may therefore target fronto-limbic dysfunction directly via ERP or indirectly via cognitive reappraisal.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although not explicitly addressed in treatment, CBT/ERP has been shown to reduce IU in OCD and reductions in IU occurred prior to, or concurrent with, reductions in OCD symptoms [54–55].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Belloch A, Cabedo E, Carrió C, Fernández-Alvarez H, García F, Larsson C. Group versus individual cognitive treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: changes in non-OCD symptoms and cognitions at post-treatment and one-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187:174–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Overton SM, Menzies RG. Cognitive change during treatment of compulsive checking. Behav Change. 2005;22:172–84. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sensorimotor circuit includes cortical and subcortical regions involved in the generation and control of motor behaviors and integration of sensory information (Figure 3) [16, 72].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Kurth F, Zilles K, Fox PT, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB. A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214:519–34. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although not tested in patients with OCD, fMRI-neurofeedback targeting regulation of amygdala activity was effective in reducing amygdala activity and increasing amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity in non-psychiatric participants [66].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Paret C, Ruf M, Gerchen MF, Kluetsch R, Demirakca T, Jungkuntz M, et al. fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala response to aversive stimuli enhances prefrontal–limbic brain connectivity. Neuroimage. 2016;125:182–8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A sham-controlled study with OCD patients showed that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dlPFC reduced both fear distress ratings and neural activity in the amygdala and other visual emotion processing areas and altered functional connectivity between the amygdala and dmPFC during a fear/OCD provocation task [60].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] De Wit SJ, Van der Werf YD, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JP, Van Oppen P, Veltman DJ, et al. Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological Med. 2015;45:3059–73. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other work has indicated that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a center of integration for limbic information that is implicated in processing uncertain threat [68], is a potentially efficacious target for OCD symptom improvements [69].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] LeDoux JE, Pine DS. Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:1083–93. source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Luyten L, Hendrickx S, Raymaekers S, Gabriëls L, Nuttin B. Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1272–80. source
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In the paper
“For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based form of psychotherapy for OCD that typically includes exposure and response prevention (ERP) with different formats varying in the degree of and procedures for training in cognitive reappraisal [50].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA. 2017;317:1358–67. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“one study examining DBS of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) in refractory OCD patients reported improvements in OCD symptoms and co-occurring depression and anxiety as well as changes in functional connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC [67].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Fridgeirsson EA, Figee M, Luigjes J, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, van Wingen G, et al. Deep brain stimulation modulates directional limbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain. 2020;143:1603–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings lead to the hypothesis that patients who show fronto-limbic dysfunction associated with dysregulated fear may benefit most from CBT.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, habit-reversal training (Table 3), an effective behavioral therapy for tic symptoms used in TS, targets sensory phenomena and has been shown to reduce premonitory urges as well as tic symptom severity in adults with TS [98–99].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Houghton DC, Capriotti MR, Scahill LD, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Walkup JT, et al. Investigating habituation to premonitory urges in behavior therapy for tic disorders. Behav Ther. 2017;48:834–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Small BJ, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;50:106–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The insula, for example, participates in emotional processing with the amygdala and other fronto-limbic structures and, like those regions, also shows hyperactivity during emotional processing in OCD [36].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, several smaller pilot trials showed that repeated dosing of ondansetron over multiple weeks reduced overall symptom severity in OCD [106–107] and TS [108], with potential utility as an augmentation strategy in SSRI-resistant OCD [106].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Heidari M, Zarei M, Hosseini SM, Taghvaei R, Maleki H, Tabrizi M. Ondansetron or placebo in the augmentation of fluvoxamine response over 8 weeks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29:344–50. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Antonini S, Singh N, Hollander E. Ondansetron augmentation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are inadequate responders to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: improvement with treatment and worsening following discontinuation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:375–80. source
- Not checked yetcites [108] Toren P, Weizman A, Ratner S, Cohen D, Laor N. Ondansetron treatment in Tourette’s disorder: a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:499–503. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sensory phenomena, although highly distressing [95], associated with increased obsessive-compulsive and tic severity [73, 75, 95] and reduced quality of life [95], are infrequently considered as outcomes in treatment trials [96].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Prado HS, Rosário MC, Lee J, Hounie AG, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: a review of the literature. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:425–32. source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Rosario MC, Prado HS, Borcato S, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG. Validation of the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale: initial psychometric properties. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:315–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Cavanna AE, Black KJ, Hallett M, Voon V. Neurobiology of the premonitory urge in Tourette’s syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;29:95–104. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sensorimotor volume increases were not correlated with SP severity, but group differences remained after controlling for medication and comorbid conditions, including TS.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Subirà M, Sato JR, Alonso P, do Rosário MC, Segalàs C, Batistuzzo MC, et al. Brain structural correlates of sensory phenomena in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40:232–40. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, despite the overlap in somatosensory and motor cortex, there are some distinctions between the neurocircuitry, with sensory phenomena additionally associated with the insula and habit formation involving subcortical in addition to cortical sensorimotor areas.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first-line pharmacological therapy for OCD (SSRIs) has been shown to decrease resting-state activity of the anterior insula in depression [103], suggesting that this form of treatment could be modulating circuitry related to SP.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Chau DT, Fogelman P, Nordanskog P, Drevets WC, Hamilton JP. Distinct neural-functional effects of treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation and their relations to regional brain function in major depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2:318–26.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, content analyses have revealed that some patients initially perform compulsions to elicit a sense of relief and that even though their compulsive rituals lose the ability to provide relief over time, the patients continue to perform the behaviors [38].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Van Schalkwyk GI, Bhalla IP, Griepp M, Kelmendi B, Davidson L, Pittenger C. Toward understanding the heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from narratives in adult patients. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2016;50:74–81. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, in its early stages, habit-formation relies on dopaminergic reward signaling in the ventral affective circuit [94].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Yin HH, Knowlton BJ. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:464–76. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, longer duration of illness predicted higher habit-ratings, in line with the idea that habit-like compulsions develop slowly over time [24].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions and motor/premotor regions to be involved in the build-up and suppression of urges-for-action [80–82], with a common region of mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area (CMA) active during urges-for-action in non-psychiatric participants and the urge to tic in TS [81, see also 83–84].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Berman BD, Horovitz SG, Morel B, Hallett M. Neural correlates of blink suppression and the buildup of a natural bodily urge. Neuroimage. 2012;59:1441–50. source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Jackson SR, Parkinson A, Kim SY, Schüermann M, Eickhoff SB. On the functional anatomy of the urge-for-action. Cogn Neurosci. 2011;2:227–43. source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Mazzone SB, Cole LJ, Ando A, Egan GF, Farrell MJ, et al. Investigation of the neural control of cough and cough suppression in humans using functional brain imaging. J Neurosci. 2011;31:2948–58. source
- Not checked yetcites [81, see also 83–84]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“theta oscillations increase during successful response inhibition and decrease during inhibitory failures [131]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Cavanagh JF, Frank MJ. Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:414–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that H-coil TMS can modulate the insula and might therefore be useful in improving SP in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Post-training, adolescents with ADHD showed reduced symptom severity as well as increased IFG activity and stronger IFG-striatal functional connectivity during a (non-trained) response inhibition task and neural activity changes were correlated with symptom improvements [133–134].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Alegria AA, Wulff M, Brinson H, Barker GJ, Norman LJ, Brandeis D, et al. Real‐time fMRI neurofeedback in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:3190–209. source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Rubia K, Criaud M, Wulff M, Alegria A, Brinson H, Barker G, et al. Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD. NeuroImage. 2019;188:43–58. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Open-label studies have shown efficacy in reducing OCD and tic symptom severity using low frequency (inhibitory) rTMS to the SMA [110–111 but see 112], though these studies did not examine effects on SP specifically.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110–111 but see 112]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ventral affective circuit includes the OFC, the ventral striatum (particularly the nucleus accumbens, NAcc) and the thalamus (Figure 5) [16, 135] and is involved in reward-related processes.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [135] Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:4–26. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Response inhibition is mediated in part by the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Table 2) [16, 119], although other regions beyond the ventral cognitive circuit, such as the inferior parietal lobule and insula, are also involved [120].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:177–85. source
- Not checked yetcites [120] Swick D, Ashley V, Turken U. Are the neural correlates of stopping and not going identical? Quantitative meta-analysis of two response inhibition tasks. Neuroimage. 2011;56:1655–65. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which participates in emotional processing functions of the fronto-limbic circuit [36], is also critically involved in processing reward signals relayed from the NAcc [135] and has been found to be hyperactive during reward tasks in OCD [155].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [135] Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:4–26. source
- Not checked yetcites [155] Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, et al. Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:2325–36. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increased functional connectivity between the NAcc and other reward circuit regions, including the OFC, during rest has been reported in OCD and this increased connectivity correlated with OCD symptom severity [140–141].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Xie C, Ma L, Jiang N, Huang R, Li L, Gong L, et al. Imbalanced functional link between reward circuits and the cognitive control system in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav. 2017;11:1099–109. source
- Not checked yetcites [141] Jung WH, Kang D-H, Kim E, Shin KS, Jang JH, Kwon JS. Abnormal corticostriatal-limbic functional connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder during reward processing and resting-state. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;3:27–38. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduced sensitivity to rewards and/or exaggerated anticipation of punishments have been proposed to underpin these reward responsiveness alterations [136–137] and can be observed in the clinical phenotype of OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867–74. source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Kaufmann C, Beucke JC, Preuße F, Endrass T, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, et al. Medial prefrontal brain activation to anticipated reward and loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:212–20. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have also reported underactivation of the NAcc and OFC during anticipation of reward (but not during anticipation of punishment) and during reward-based decision-making [136, 143–145] as well as poorer performance on reward-based decision-making and reward-learning tasks [146–147].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867–74. source
- Not checked yetcites [143] Admon R, Bleich-Cohen M, Weizmant R, Poyurovsky M, Faragian S, Hendler T. Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 2012;203:207–13. source
- Not checked yetcites [144] Norman LJ, Carlisi CO, Christakou A, Murphy CM, Chantiluke K, Giampietro V, et al. Frontostriatal dysfunction during decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:694–703.
- Not checked yetcites [145] Moreira PS, Macoveanu J, Marques P, Coelho A, Magalhaes R, Siebner HR, et al. Altered response to risky decisions and reward in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2020;45:98–108. source
- Not checked yetcites [146] Grassi G, Pallanti S, Righi L, Figee M, Mantione M, Denys D, et al. Think twice: impulsivity and decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Behav Addict. 2015;4:263–72. source
- Not checked yetcites [147] Grassi G, Makris N, Pallanti S. Addicted to compulsion: assessing three core dimensions of addiction across obsessive-compulsive disorder and gambling disorder. CNS Spectr. 2019;20:392–401.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors [159] suggested that, for some patients, dysregulated reward circuit activity interferes with the functioning of other (i.e. fronto-striatal) circuits, and contributes to OCD symptoms, and that this can be effectively reversed with neuromodulation.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Figee M, Luigjes J, Smolders R, Valencia-Alfonso CD, van Wingen G, de Kwaasteniet B, et al. Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:386–7. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neuromodulation of the NAcc with DBS has been shown to significantly improve symptoms, reduce aberrant NAcc activity and restore altered fronto-striatal connectivity in treatment-resistant OCD [159].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Figee M, Luigjes J, Smolders R, Valencia-Alfonso CD, van Wingen G, de Kwaasteniet B, et al. Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:386–7. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dopamine-acting drugs such as methylphenidate (Table 3) are effective in normalizing atypical reward-related performance and neural activity in ADHD [158]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Brammer M, Taylor E. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naive children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57:640–52. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Impaired generalization of reward but not punishment has also been found in OCD [148].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Rouhani N, Wimmer GE, Schneier FR, Fyer AJ, Shohamy D, Simpson HB. Impaired generalization of reward but not loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Depression Anxiety. 2019;36:121–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“regions from other neurocircuits participate in the reward functions of the ventral affective circuit, including the amygdala and vmPFC from the fronto-limbic circuit [49] and the STN from the ventral cognitive circuit [128].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Sescousse G, Caldú X, Segura B, Dreher JC. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:681–96. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] van Wijk BC, Alkemade A, Forstmann BU. Functional segregation and integration within the human subthalamic nucleus from a micro-and meso-level perspective. Cortex. 2020;131:103–13. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that these executive dysfunctions exacerbate obsessive-compulsive symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The programs were found to improve the executive functions targeted [168–171] and, in three studies, OCD symptoms [169–171].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Buhlmann U, Deckersbach T, Engelhard I, Cook LM, Rauch SL, Kathmann N, et al. Cognitive retraining for organizational impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144:109–16. source
- Not checked yetcites [169] Park HS, Shin YW, Ha TH, Shin MS, Kim YY, Lee YH, et al. Effect of cognitive training focusing on organizational strategies in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60:718–26. source
- Not checked yetcites [170] Kashyap H, Reddy P, Mandadi S, Narayanaswamy JC, Sudhir PM, Reddy YJ. Cognitive training for neurocognitive and functional impairments in obsessive compulsive disorder: a case report. J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord. 2019;23:100480. source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kalanthroff E, Steinman SA, Schmidt AB, Campeas R, Simpson HB. Piloting a personalized computerized inhibitory training program for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87:52–5. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Methylphenidate increases central dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which improves executive and attentional functioning and emotion regulation [173]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:255–70. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the different clinical profiles of OCD we present here will overlap, interact, and co-occur in individual patients.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“fMRI-based neurofeedback has successfully been used in non-psychiatric samples to train individuals to increase NAcc activity, which also elicited feelings of positive arousal [161].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Greer SM, Trujillo AJ, Glover GH, Knutson B. Control of nucleus accumbens activity with neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2014;96:237–44. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“working memory and planning appear to be impaired in OCD [121, 164]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A. The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:1163–71. source
- Not checked yetcites [164] Snyder HR, Kaiser RH, Warren SL, Heller W. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychological Sci. 2015;3:301–30. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“optimal dopamine levels for executive functions follow an inverted U-shaped curve and depend on the individual’s baseline levels [176].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Cools R, D’Esposito M. Inverted-U–shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:e113–25. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there are some case reports that methylphenidate can worsen OCD symptoms [174] and for some patients antipsychotic medications that reduce dopamine levels are effective [175] (Table 3).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Woolley JB, Heyman I. Dexamphetamine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:183. source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Bloch M, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–32. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No published work has incorporated patients' subjective reports of their symptoms or considered specific treatment strategies directed at a range of clinical profiles and neurocircuit alterations.
“To our knowledge, no published work has incorporated patients’ subjective reports of their experiences of symptoms or considered specific treatment strategies directed at a range of clinical profiles and neurocircuit alterations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no direct evidence linking sensory phenomena and habit formation to each other.
“It is important to note that while sensory phenomena and habit formation are linked to similar circuitry, there is no direct evidence linking these features of OCD to each other (i.e. no studies have reported that the transition from goal-directed to habitual behavior is more common in patients with prominent sensory phenomena than those with fears or negative thoughts).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As part of the frontoparietal network (188), the parietal cortex interacts with core PFC regions to support attention and integration (189); hypoactivation due to PFC dysconnectivity (175) may exacerbate cognitive inflexibility by impairing spatial attention and working memory updating (190), indirectly amplifying DMN rumination in OCD (191).”
From Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the putamen and thalamus are integral to CSTC, their limited task-specific abnormalities suggest downstream effects from core hubs like CN and OFC (175, 184, 228).”
From Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Abundant evidence implicates a role for urges and inhibitory control deficits in OCD [6 -9].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Novel behavioural interventions such as habit augmented ERP extend beyond traditional cognitive approaches and offer promise for moving toward a personalised treatment approach, based on measurable behavioural characteristics [6,7,83,84]”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
“Open-label studies have shown efficacy in reducing OCD and tic symptom severity using low frequency (inhibitory) rTMS to the SMA [110–111 but see 112]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > References
“110. Mantovani A, Simpson HB, Fallon BA, Rossi S, Lisanby SH. Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.”
Citations
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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U1 snRNP regulates cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro
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Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC
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“Current diagnostic classification systems [1, 2] are effective in ensuring communication of diagnoses among clinicians but are largely “etiologically agnostic” when determining the biological nature of psychopathology [3].”
Background(2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62129-1 · Cited by 3,010
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The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation
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Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on
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Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht154 · Cited by 1,896
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- D’Urso G, Brunoni AR, Mazzaferro MP, Anastasia A, de Bartolomeis A, Mantovani A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, partial crossover trial. Depression Anxiety. 2016;33:1132–40. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Connectomic deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Baldermann, J. C., Schüller, T., Kohl, S., Voon, V., Li, N., Hollunder, B., Figee, M., Haber, S. N., Sheth, S. A., Mosley, P. E., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.010 · Cited by 118
Liu, J., Cao, L., Li, H., Gao, Y., Bu, X., Liang, K., Bao, W., Zhang, S., Qiu, H., Li, X., et al. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104574 · Cited by 109
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety
McNaughton, N., & Gray, J. A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843313.001.0001 · Cited by 99
Toward personalized medicine in connectomic deep brain stimulation
Hollunder, B., Rajamani, N., Siddiqi, S., Finke, C., Kühn, A. A., Mayberg, H. S., Fox, M., Neudorfer, C., & Horn, A. (2021) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102211 · Cited by 89
A Unified Functional Network Target for Deep Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Li, N., Hollunder, B., Baldermann, J. C., Kibleur, A., Treu, S., Akram, H., Al‐Fatly, B., Strange, B. A., Barcia, J. A., Zrinzo, L. U., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.006 · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- Shephard, E., Stern, E. R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Costa, D. L. C., Batistuzzo, M. C., Godoy, P. B. G., Lopes, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Shavitt, R. G., Reddy, Y. C. J., Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Simpson, H. B., & Miguel, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shephard, Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2021-01-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4583-4604
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC8260628
- OpenAlex
- W3118678388
- Semantic Scholar
- a1974990289de823e8741be0486e8faeb4b5a6a9
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 18
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (18/22396-7)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (2014‐2, 465550/2014-2)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH113250)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, clinical phenotype, neuropsychological findings, neuroimaging findings, neuromodulation, pharmacotherapy, behavior therapy
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neuroimaging
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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