The DOI matches its Crossref record; 199 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 220 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Open accessAbstract
An important challenge in mental health research is to translate findings from cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging research into effective treatments that target the neurobiological alterations involved in psychiatric symptoms. To address this challenge, in this review we propose a heuristic neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). We do this by integrating information from several sources. First, we provide case vignettes in which patients with OCD describe their symptoms and discuss different clinical profiles in the phenotypic expression of the condition. Second, we link variations in these clinical profiles to underlying neurocircuit dysfunctions, drawing on findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in OCD. Third, we consider behavioral, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory treatments that could target those specific neurocircuit dysfunctions. Finally, we suggest methods of testing this neurocircuit-based taxonomy as well as important limitations to this approach that should be considered in future research.
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122 Not checked yet · 31 Own interpretation · 6 Partly supported · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, clusters of individuals with neural network alterations have been identified in depression [7–8], psychotic disorders [9] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD [10]).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Williams LM. Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:472–80. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
For the depression portion of the sentence, the ‘Types of neural circuit dysfunction underlying depression and anxiety’ section reports differing profiles of neural activation and connectivity. It says these variations *might* reflect multiple biotypes and conceptualises those biotypes for future classification; it does not establish that clusters of individuals have already been identified. The separate citations, not this paper, accompany the psychotic-disorder and ADHD portions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [8] Wager TD, Woo CW. Imaging biomarkers and biotypes for depression. Nat Med. 2017;23:16–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4264. source
- Partly supportedcites [9] Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Hamm JP, Ivleva EI, Ethridge LE, Pearlson GD, et al. Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:373–84. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Distinct Psychosis Biotypes Identified by Multivariate Biomarkers” (page unavailable), reports distinct groups of people with psychosis who differ in brain-function biomarkers. That supports the clustering claim for psychotic disorders, the part attributed to this source. The paper does not establish that the groups were identified specifically by neural network alterations; it used measures including cognitive control and sensorimotor reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked yetcites [10] Barth B, Mayer-Carius K, Strehl U, Kelava A, Häußinger FB, Fallgatter AJ, et al. Identification of neurophysiological biotypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;72:836–48. source
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies indicate that better CBT response in OCD is predicted by hyperactive fronto-limbic responses to OCD-provoking stimuli and weaker amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity [52–53].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Olatunji BO, Ferreira-Garcia R, Caseras X, Fullana MA, Wooderson S, Speckens A, et al. Predicting response to cognitive behavioral therapy in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2125–37. source
- Partly supportedcites [53] Fullana MA, Zhu X, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Real E, López-Solà C, et al. Basolateral amygdala–ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2017;42:378. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results passage in the Abstract reports that decreased resting-state basolateral amygdala–vmPFC connectivity predicted better CBT outcome in patients with OCD. The cited paper does not establish that hyperactive fronto-limbic responses to OCD-provoking stimuli predict better response; its Introduction says fMRI findings on pretreatment frontal activation have been inconsistent. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“other research on DBS in OCD (and other psychiatric disorders) has highlighted that the efficacy of DBS in reducing symptoms may depend less on the gray or white matter stimulation target and more on the white matter networks affected by the stimulation [70–71]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [70] Li N, Baldermann JC, Kibleur A, Treu S, Akram H, Elias GJ, et al. A unified connectomic target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1–2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) concerns U1 snRNP, transcriptome changes, and cancer-cell phenotypes, not deep brain stimulation. Searches for DBS, OCD, stimulation targets, and white-matter networks found no passage addressing the claimed relationship between network effects and symptom reduction. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [71] Liebrand LC, Caan MW, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, Figee M, Denys D, et al. Individual white matter bundle trajectories are associated with deep brain stimulation response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2019;12:353–60. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 6) reports that stimulation closer to the medial forebrain bundle correlated with better OCD treatment response, whereas stimulation location relative to anatomical landmarks did not. This supports the importance of white matter pathways, but the study did not compare gray-matter with white-matter targets or establish the claim for other psychiatric disorders. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Fluctuations in OCD symptom severity measured over 1-year post-DBS-activation were accompanied by and correlated with alterations in the level of theta oscillations; decreases in symptom severity co-occurred with increases in theta oscillations and vice versa [130].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [130] Rappel P, Marmor O, Bick AS, Arkadir D, Linetsky E, Castrioto A, et al. Subthalamic theta activity: a novel human subcortical biomarker for obsessive compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:1–11. source
The Results report that, in one OCD patient followed during the first postoperative year, lower Y-BOCS scores accompanied higher ventro-medial STN theta activity, with significant inverse correlations on both sides. They also describe a temporary increase in symptom severity accompanied by a decline in theta power. The paper dates the follow-up from surgery rather than precisely from DBS activation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Altered dopaminergic signals during reward learning have also been reported in OCD [153].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [153] Hauser TU, Iannaccone R, Dolan RJ, Ball J, Hättenschwiler J, Drechsler R, et al. Increased fronto-striatal reward prediction errors moderate decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychological Med. 2017;47:1246–58. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports increased reward-prediction-error signals in the ACC and putamen of patients with OCD during a learning task. It says these signals are influenced by the dopaminergic system and may indicate dysregulation, but the study did not directly measure dopaminergic signals. The citing sentence presents that inference as a reported finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
In the paper
“In addition, some patients do not have obsessions but perform their rituals to relieve or achieve specific tactile, visual or auditory sensations, a sense of completeness or a just-right feeling (i.e., sensory phenomena [22]).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Miguel EC, Prado HS, Rauch SL, Coffey BJ, Baer L, Savage CR, et al. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:150–6. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“likely due to impaired “safety-signaling” functions of the vmPFC [40], which may further contribute to the maintenance of fear-related OCD symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Apergis-Schoute AM, Gillan CM, Fineberg NA, Fernandez-Egea E, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Neural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder. PNAS. 2017;114:3216–21. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Some patients carry out compulsive behaviors because they feel rewarding and almost pleasurable, rather than to elicit a sense of relief [24].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, IU has been shown to predict impaired fear extinction in non-psychiatric volunteers [48]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Morriss J, Christakou A, van Reekum CM. Intolerance of uncertainty predicts fear extinction in amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortical circuitry. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2015;5:4. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Abnormalities in these different neurocircuits likely interact with each other to generate the complex OCD phenotype [13–14].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:1–26. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“High levels of psychiatric comorbidity and heterogeneity, fluid symptom trajectories, cross-diagnostic overlap in genetic and neurobiological factors, and the limited efficacy of many psychiatric treatments restrict our understanding of the neurobiology of mental illness based on categorical diagnoses [3–6].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion identifies excessive comorbidity, heterogeneous mechanisms, and poor alignment of diagnostic categories with genetic and neuroscience findings as impediments to understanding pathology. It also discusses cross-disorder mechanisms and treatments that are often only marginally effective. The passages found do not establish fluid symptom trajectories as a reason categorical diagnoses impede neurobiological understanding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1371–9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [5] van den Heuvel MP, Sporns O. A cross-disorder connectome landscape of brain dysconnectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:435–46. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [6] Wang T, Zhang X, Li A, Zhu M, Liu S, Qin W, et al. Polygenic risk for five psychiatric disorders and cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity in two independent populations. NeuroImage: Clin. 2017;14:441–9. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion (pages unavailable) describe shared genetic risks, cross-disorder neural connectivity, and clinical and genetic heterogeneity across five psychiatric disorders. They do not address fluid symptom trajectories, the efficacy of psychiatric treatments, or the claim that these factors restrict understanding through categorical diagnoses; the searched passages also do not substantiate high psychiatric comorbidity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, neuroimaging studies have reported atypically increased vmPFC and amygdala activity during the anticipation of uncertain threat [46] and during uncertainty in decision-making [47] in OCD patients, suggestive of fronto-limbic hyper-responsivity to uncertainty in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Weidt S, Lutz J, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Jakob NJ, Herwig U, et al. Common and differential alterations of general emotion processing in obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:1427–36. source
- Supportedcites [47] Stern ER, Welsh RC, Gonzalez R, Fitzgerald KD, Abelson JL, Taylor SF. Subjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34:1956–70. source
The Discussion reports greater vmPFC and amygdala activity in OCD patients in a decision-making task, under conditions associated with heightened subjective uncertainty. The relevant finding concerns evidence presented on objectively certain sequences; this source is cited for decision-making uncertainty [47], not anticipation of uncertain threat [46]. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD [13]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The current model of OCD” (page unavailable), the paper describes serotonergic reuptake inhibitors as a standard treatment for OCD. “Enhancing Treatment for OCD” (page unavailable) says pharmacological interventions are established as effective. Neither passage identifies SSRIs specifically as the first-line pharmacological treatment. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, individuals with OCD may have different degrees and patterns of alterations in these neurocircuits, leading to the phenotypic heterogeneity.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with these clinical observations, neuroimaging studies have reported increased amygdala activity, reduced dorsal prefrontal activity and reduced prefrontal-amygdala functional connectivity during the provocation and cognitive reappraisal of stimuli that provoke OCD symptoms and increase physiological arousal [36, 39].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distinct neurocircuit alterations could help explain the heterogeneity of mental disorders, and targeted interventions focused on specific circuit dysfunctions could improve treatment efficacy and guide clinical practice.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current diagnostic classification systems [1–2] are effective in ensuring communication of diagnoses among clinicians but are largely “etiologically agnostic” when determining the biological nature of psychopathology [3].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Association; Arlington, VA 2013. source
- Not checked yetcites [2] World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland 1993.
- Not checked yetcites [3] Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OCD has traditionally been associated with dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits [12–13], although it is now recognized that alterations in other circuits (fronto-limbic, fronto-parietal, cerebellar) also play a role [14].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Graybiel AM, Rauch SL. Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron. 2000;28:343–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Milad MR, Rauch SL. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:43–51. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5:1–26. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that hyperactive limbic fear responses and insufficient recruitment of dorsal prefrontal top-down control are involved in the production and/or maintenance of fear in the context of OCD triggers.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, dysregulated fear, i.e. excessive and/or poorly controlled fear responses mediated by fronto-limbic circuitry, has been proposed as a key mechanism in OCD [37]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Milad MR, Furtak SC, Greenberg JL, Keshaviah A, Im JJ, Falkenstein MJ, et al. Deficits in conditioned fear extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiological changes in the fear circuit. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:608–18. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, it remains unclear how these different phenotypic subtypes are associated with specific pathophysiological mechanisms or their usefulness in guiding treatment selection [21].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > OCD and implicated neurocircuits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Miguel EC, Leckman JF, Rauch S, do Rosario-Campos MC, Hounie AG, Mercadante MT, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:258–75. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacological treatment for OCD [13], reduce fronto-limbic responses to threatening stimuli in non-psychiatric volunteers [56, but see 57] and are associated with lower limbic response during emotion processing and symptom provocation in OCD [36].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56, but see 57]
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“resulted in significantly reduced connectivity between the orbitofrontal regions and other limbic areas, including the amygdala, as well as significantly increased connectivity in prefrontal regions associated with emotion regulation, including right lateral PFC [64].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Scheinost D, Stoica T, Saksa J, Papademetris X, Constable RT, Pittenger C, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex neurofeedback produces lasting changes in contamination anxiety and resting-state connectivity. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e250. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ERP seems to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal appears to dampen fronto-limbic activity via the engagement of top-down dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Kohn N, Eickhoff SB, Scheller M, Laird AR, Fox PT, Habel U. Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation - an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage. 2014;87:345–55. source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [39] Paul S, Beucke JC, Kaufmann C, Mersov A, Heinzel S, Kathmann N, et al. Amygdala–prefrontal connectivity during appraisal of symptom-related stimuli in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2019;49:278–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhle JT, Silvers AJ, Wager TD, Lopez R, Onyemekwu C, Kober H. Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:2981–90. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT may therefore target fronto-limbic dysfunction directly via ERP or indirectly via cognitive reappraisal.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although not explicitly addressed in treatment, CBT/ERP has been shown to reduce IU in OCD and reductions in IU occurred prior to, or concurrent with, reductions in OCD symptoms [54–55].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Belloch A, Cabedo E, Carrió C, Fernández-Alvarez H, García F, Larsson C. Group versus individual cognitive treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: changes in non-OCD symptoms and cognitions at post-treatment and one-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187:174–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Overton SM, Menzies RG. Cognitive change during treatment of compulsive checking. Behav Change. 2005;22:172–84. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The sensorimotor circuit includes cortical and subcortical regions involved in the generation and control of motor behaviors and integration of sensory information (Figure 3) [16, 72].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Kurth F, Zilles K, Fox PT, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB. A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214:519–34. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although not tested in patients with OCD, fMRI-neurofeedback targeting regulation of amygdala activity was effective in reducing amygdala activity and increasing amygdala-vmPFC functional connectivity in non-psychiatric participants [66].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Paret C, Ruf M, Gerchen MF, Kluetsch R, Demirakca T, Jungkuntz M, et al. fMRI neurofeedback of amygdala response to aversive stimuli enhances prefrontal–limbic brain connectivity. Neuroimage. 2016;125:182–8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A sham-controlled study with OCD patients showed that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dlPFC reduced both fear distress ratings and neural activity in the amygdala and other visual emotion processing areas and altered functional connectivity between the amygdala and dmPFC during a fear/OCD provocation task [60].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] De Wit SJ, Van der Werf YD, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JP, Van Oppen P, Veltman DJ, et al. Emotion regulation before and after transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychological Med. 2015;45:3059–73. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other work has indicated that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a center of integration for limbic information that is implicated in processing uncertain threat [68], is a potentially efficacious target for OCD symptom improvements [69].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] LeDoux JE, Pine DS. Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:1083–93. source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Luyten L, Hendrickx S, Raymaekers S, Gabriëls L, Nuttin B. Electrical stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alleviates severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1272–80. source
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In the paper
“For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based form of psychotherapy for OCD that typically includes exposure and response prevention (ERP) with different formats varying in the degree of and procedures for training in cognitive reappraisal [50].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA. 2017;317:1358–67. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“one study examining DBS of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) in refractory OCD patients reported improvements in OCD symptoms and co-occurring depression and anxiety as well as changes in functional connectivity between the amygdala and vmPFC [67].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Fridgeirsson EA, Figee M, Luigjes J, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, van Wingen G, et al. Deep brain stimulation modulates directional limbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain. 2020;143:1603–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings lead to the hypothesis that patients who show fronto-limbic dysfunction associated with dysregulated fear may benefit most from CBT.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Fronto-limbic circuit > Treatments targeting fronto-limbic dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, habit-reversal training (Table 3), an effective behavioral therapy for tic symptoms used in TS, targets sensory phenomena and has been shown to reduce premonitory urges as well as tic symptom severity in adults with TS [98–99].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Houghton DC, Capriotti MR, Scahill LD, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Walkup JT, et al. Investigating habituation to premonitory urges in behavior therapy for tic disorders. Behav Ther. 2017;48:834–46. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] McGuire JF, Piacentini J, Brennan EA, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Small BJ, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;50:106–12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The insula, for example, participates in emotional processing with the amygdala and other fronto-limbic structures and, like those regions, also shows hyperactivity during emotional processing in OCD [36].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, several smaller pilot trials showed that repeated dosing of ondansetron over multiple weeks reduced overall symptom severity in OCD [106–107] and TS [108], with potential utility as an augmentation strategy in SSRI-resistant OCD [106].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Heidari M, Zarei M, Hosseini SM, Taghvaei R, Maleki H, Tabrizi M. Ondansetron or placebo in the augmentation of fluvoxamine response over 8 weeks in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29:344–50. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Antonini S, Singh N, Hollander E. Ondansetron augmentation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are inadequate responders to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: improvement with treatment and worsening following discontinuation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:375–80. source
- Not checked yetcites [108] Toren P, Weizman A, Ratner S, Cohen D, Laor N. Ondansetron treatment in Tourette’s disorder: a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:499–503. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensory phenomena, although highly distressing [95], associated with increased obsessive-compulsive and tic severity [73, 75, 95] and reduced quality of life [95], are infrequently considered as outcomes in treatment trials [96].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Prado HS, Rosário MC, Lee J, Hounie AG, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC. Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: a review of the literature. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:425–32. source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Ferrão YA, Shavitt RG, Prado H, Fontenelle LF, Malavazzi DM, de Mathis MA, et al. Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:253–8. source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Rosario MC, Prado HS, Borcato S, Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Hounie AG. Validation of the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale: initial psychometric properties. CNS Spectr. 2009;14:315–23. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Cavanna AE, Black KJ, Hallett M, Voon V. Neurobiology of the premonitory urge in Tourette’s syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;29:95–104. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sensorimotor volume increases were not correlated with SP severity, but group differences remained after controlling for medication and comorbid conditions, including TS.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Subirà M, Sato JR, Alonso P, do Rosário MC, Segalàs C, Batistuzzo MC, et al. Brain structural correlates of sensory phenomena in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40:232–40. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, despite the overlap in somatosensory and motor cortex, there are some distinctions between the neurocircuitry, with sensory phenomena additionally associated with the insula and habit formation involving subcortical in addition to cortical sensorimotor areas.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The first-line pharmacological therapy for OCD (SSRIs) has been shown to decrease resting-state activity of the anterior insula in depression [103], suggesting that this form of treatment could be modulating circuitry related to SP.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Chau DT, Fogelman P, Nordanskog P, Drevets WC, Hamilton JP. Distinct neural-functional effects of treatments with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation and their relations to regional brain function in major depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2:318–26.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, content analyses have revealed that some patients initially perform compulsions to elicit a sense of relief and that even though their compulsive rituals lose the ability to provide relief over time, the patients continue to perform the behaviors [38].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Van Schalkwyk GI, Bhalla IP, Griepp M, Kelmendi B, Davidson L, Pittenger C. Toward understanding the heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from narratives in adult patients. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2016;50:74–81. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For instance, in its early stages, habit-formation relies on dopaminergic reward signaling in the ventral affective circuit [94].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Yin HH, Knowlton BJ. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:464–76. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, longer duration of illness predicted higher habit-ratings, in line with the idea that habit-like compulsions develop slowly over time [24].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ferreira GM, Yücel M, Dawson A, Lorenzetti V, Fontenelle LF. Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:295–304. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions and motor/premotor regions to be involved in the build-up and suppression of urges-for-action [80–82], with a common region of mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area (CMA) active during urges-for-action in non-psychiatric participants and the urge to tic in TS [81, see also 83–84].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Sensorimotor dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Berman BD, Horovitz SG, Morel B, Hallett M. Neural correlates of blink suppression and the buildup of a natural bodily urge. Neuroimage. 2012;59:1441–50. source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Jackson SR, Parkinson A, Kim SY, Schüermann M, Eickhoff SB. On the functional anatomy of the urge-for-action. Cogn Neurosci. 2011;2:227–43. source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Mazzone SB, Cole LJ, Ando A, Egan GF, Farrell MJ, et al. Investigation of the neural control of cough and cough suppression in humans using functional brain imaging. J Neurosci. 2011;31:2948–58. source
- Not checked yetcites [81, see also 83–84]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“theta oscillations increase during successful response inhibition and decrease during inhibitory failures [131]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Cavanagh JF, Frank MJ. Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:414–21. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings suggest that H-coil TMS can modulate the insula and might therefore be useful in improving SP in OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Post-training, adolescents with ADHD showed reduced symptom severity as well as increased IFG activity and stronger IFG-striatal functional connectivity during a (non-trained) response inhibition task and neural activity changes were correlated with symptom improvements [133–134].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting ventral cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Alegria AA, Wulff M, Brinson H, Barker GJ, Norman LJ, Brandeis D, et al. Real‐time fMRI neurofeedback in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:3190–209. source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Rubia K, Criaud M, Wulff M, Alegria A, Brinson H, Barker G, et al. Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD. NeuroImage. 2019;188:43–58. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Open-label studies have shown efficacy in reducing OCD and tic symptom severity using low frequency (inhibitory) rTMS to the SMA [110–111 but see 112], though these studies did not examine effects on SP specifically.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110–111 but see 112]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ventral affective circuit includes the OFC, the ventral striatum (particularly the nucleus accumbens, NAcc) and the thalamus (Figure 5) [16, 135] and is involved in reward-related processes.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [135] Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:4–26. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Response inhibition is mediated in part by the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Table 2) [16, 119], although other regions beyond the ventral cognitive circuit, such as the inferior parietal lobule and insula, are also involved [120].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral cognitive circuit > Ventral cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van den Heuvel OA, van Wingend G, Soriano-Mase C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:177–85. source
- Not checked yetcites [120] Swick D, Ashley V, Turken U. Are the neural correlates of stopping and not going identical? Quantitative meta-analysis of two response inhibition tasks. Neuroimage. 2011;56:1655–65. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which participates in emotional processing functions of the fronto-limbic circuit [36], is also critically involved in processing reward signals relayed from the NAcc [135] and has been found to be hyperactive during reward tasks in OCD [155].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thorsen AL, Hagland P, Radua J, Mataix-Cols D, Kvale G, Hansen B, et al. Emotional processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 functional neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:563–71.
- Not checked yetcites [135] Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:4–26. source
- Not checked yetcites [155] Murray GK, Knolle F, Ersche KD, Craig KJ, Abbott S, Shabbir SS, et al. Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:2325–36. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“increased functional connectivity between the NAcc and other reward circuit regions, including the OFC, during rest has been reported in OCD and this increased connectivity correlated with OCD symptom severity [140–141].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Xie C, Ma L, Jiang N, Huang R, Li L, Gong L, et al. Imbalanced functional link between reward circuits and the cognitive control system in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav. 2017;11:1099–109. source
- Not checked yetcites [141] Jung WH, Kang D-H, Kim E, Shin KS, Jang JH, Kwon JS. Abnormal corticostriatal-limbic functional connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder during reward processing and resting-state. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;3:27–38. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduced sensitivity to rewards and/or exaggerated anticipation of punishments have been proposed to underpin these reward responsiveness alterations [136–137] and can be observed in the clinical phenotype of OCD.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867–74. source
- Not checked yetcites [137] Kaufmann C, Beucke JC, Preuße F, Endrass T, Schlagenhauf F, Heinz A, et al. Medial prefrontal brain activation to anticipated reward and loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:212–20. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have also reported underactivation of the NAcc and OFC during anticipation of reward (but not during anticipation of punishment) and during reward-based decision-making [136, 143–145] as well as poorer performance on reward-based decision-making and reward-learning tasks [146–147].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] Figee M, Vink M, de Geus F, Vulink N, Veltman DJ, Westenberg H, et al. Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:867–74. source
- Not checked yetcites [143] Admon R, Bleich-Cohen M, Weizmant R, Poyurovsky M, Faragian S, Hendler T. Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 2012;203:207–13. source
- Not checked yetcites [144] Norman LJ, Carlisi CO, Christakou A, Murphy CM, Chantiluke K, Giampietro V, et al. Frontostriatal dysfunction during decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:694–703.
- Not checked yetcites [145] Moreira PS, Macoveanu J, Marques P, Coelho A, Magalhaes R, Siebner HR, et al. Altered response to risky decisions and reward in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2020;45:98–108. source
- Not checked yetcites [146] Grassi G, Pallanti S, Righi L, Figee M, Mantione M, Denys D, et al. Think twice: impulsivity and decision making in obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Behav Addict. 2015;4:263–72. source
- Not checked yetcites [147] Grassi G, Makris N, Pallanti S. Addicted to compulsion: assessing three core dimensions of addiction across obsessive-compulsive disorder and gambling disorder. CNS Spectr. 2019;20:392–401.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors [159] suggested that, for some patients, dysregulated reward circuit activity interferes with the functioning of other (i.e. fronto-striatal) circuits, and contributes to OCD symptoms, and that this can be effectively reversed with neuromodulation.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Figee M, Luigjes J, Smolders R, Valencia-Alfonso CD, van Wingen G, de Kwaasteniet B, et al. Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:386–7. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neuromodulation of the NAcc with DBS has been shown to significantly improve symptoms, reduce aberrant NAcc activity and restore altered fronto-striatal connectivity in treatment-resistant OCD [159].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Figee M, Luigjes J, Smolders R, Valencia-Alfonso CD, van Wingen G, de Kwaasteniet B, et al. Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:386–7. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dopamine-acting drugs such as methylphenidate (Table 3) are effective in normalizing atypical reward-related performance and neural activity in ADHD [158]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Brammer M, Taylor E. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naive children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57:640–52. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Impaired generalization of reward but not punishment has also been found in OCD [148].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Rouhani N, Wimmer GE, Schneier FR, Fyer AJ, Shohamy D, Simpson HB. Impaired generalization of reward but not loss in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Depression Anxiety. 2019;36:121–9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“regions from other neurocircuits participate in the reward functions of the ventral affective circuit, including the amygdala and vmPFC from the fronto-limbic circuit [49] and the STN from the ventral cognitive circuit [128].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Ventral affective dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Sescousse G, Caldú X, Segura B, Dreher JC. Processing of primary and secondary rewards: a quantitative meta-analysis and review of human functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:681–96. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] van Wijk BC, Alkemade A, Forstmann BU. Functional segregation and integration within the human subthalamic nucleus from a micro-and meso-level perspective. Cortex. 2020;131:103–13. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that these executive dysfunctions exacerbate obsessive-compulsive symptoms.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The programs were found to improve the executive functions targeted [168–171] and, in three studies, OCD symptoms [169–171].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168] Buhlmann U, Deckersbach T, Engelhard I, Cook LM, Rauch SL, Kathmann N, et al. Cognitive retraining for organizational impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144:109–16. source
- Not checked yetcites [169] Park HS, Shin YW, Ha TH, Shin MS, Kim YY, Lee YH, et al. Effect of cognitive training focusing on organizational strategies in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60:718–26. source
- Not checked yetcites [170] Kashyap H, Reddy P, Mandadi S, Narayanaswamy JC, Sudhir PM, Reddy YJ. Cognitive training for neurocognitive and functional impairments in obsessive compulsive disorder: a case report. J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord. 2019;23:100480. source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Kalanthroff E, Steinman SA, Schmidt AB, Campeas R, Simpson HB. Piloting a personalized computerized inhibitory training program for individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2018;87:52–5. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Methylphenidate increases central dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which improves executive and attentional functioning and emotion regulation [173]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:255–70. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the different clinical profiles of OCD we present here will overlap, interact, and co-occur in individual patients.”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Limitations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“fMRI-based neurofeedback has successfully been used in non-psychiatric samples to train individuals to increase NAcc activity, which also elicited feelings of positive arousal [161].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Ventral affective circuit > Treatments targeting ventral affective dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Greer SM, Trujillo AJ, Glover GH, Knutson B. Control of nucleus accumbens activity with neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2014;96:237–44. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“working memory and planning appear to be impaired in OCD [121, 164]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Dorsal cognitive dysfunctions in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A. The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:1163–71. source
- Not checked yetcites [164] Snyder HR, Kaiser RH, Warren SL, Heller W. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychological Sci. 2015;3:301–30. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“optimal dopamine levels for executive functions follow an inverted U-shaped curve and depend on the individual’s baseline levels [176].”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Cools R, D’Esposito M. Inverted-U–shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:e113–25. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there are some case reports that methylphenidate can worsen OCD symptoms [174] and for some patients antipsychotic medications that reduce dopamine levels are effective [175] (Table 3).”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Dorsal cognitive circuit > Treatments targeting dorsal-cognitive dysfunction in OCD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [174] Woolley JB, Heyman I. Dexamphetamine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:183. source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Bloch M, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–32. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No published work has incorporated patients' subjective reports of their symptoms or considered specific treatment strategies directed at a range of clinical profiles and neurocircuit alterations.
“To our knowledge, no published work has incorporated patients’ subjective reports of their experiences of symptoms or considered specific treatment strategies directed at a range of clinical profiles and neurocircuit alterations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no direct evidence linking sensory phenomena and habit formation to each other.
“It is important to note that while sensory phenomena and habit formation are linked to similar circuitry, there is no direct evidence linking these features of OCD to each other (i.e. no studies have reported that the transition from goal-directed to habitual behavior is more common in patients with prominent sensory phenomena than those with fears or negative thoughts).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As part of the frontoparietal network (188), the parietal cortex interacts with core PFC regions to support attention and integration (189); hypoactivation due to PFC dysconnectivity (175) may exacerbate cognitive inflexibility by impairing spatial attention and working memory updating (190), indirectly amplifying DMN rumination in OCD (191).”
From Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although the putamen and thalamus are integral to CSTC, their limited task-specific abnormalities suggest downstream effects from core hubs like CN and OFC (175, 184, 228).”
From Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review (2026) · cites this paper as [175]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Abundant evidence implicates a role for urges and inhibitory control deficits in OCD [6 -9].”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Novel behavioural interventions such as habit augmented ERP extend beyond traditional cognitive approaches and offer promise for moving toward a personalised treatment approach, based on measurable behavioural characteristics [6,7,83,84]”
From Habit as a therapeutic component in psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomised controlled feasibility study. (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > Sensorimotor circuit > Treatments targeting sensorimotor dysfunction in OCD
“Open-label studies have shown efficacy in reducing OCD and tic symptom severity using low frequency (inhibitory) rTMS to the SMA [110–111 but see 112]”
§ Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder > References
“110. Mantovani A, Simpson HB, Fallon BA, Rossi S, Lisanby SH. Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shephard, E., Stern, E. R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Costa, D. L. C., Batistuzzo, M. C., Godoy, P. B. G., Lopes, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Shavitt, R. G., Reddy, Y. C. J., Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Simpson, H. B., & Miguel, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shephard, Elizabeth
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2021-01-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4583-4604
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC8260628
- OpenAlex
- W3118678388
- Semantic Scholar
- a1974990289de823e8741be0486e8faeb4b5a6a9
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 18
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (18/22396-7)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (2014‐2, 465550/2014-2)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH113250)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, clinical phenotype, neuropsychological findings, neuroimaging findings, neuromodulation, pharmacotherapy, behavior therapy
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Neuroimaging
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