Cited by 514Stress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and TraumaTreatment of Major Depression

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Importance of Studying the Contributions of Early Adverse Experience to Neurobiological Findings in Depression

Heim, Christine, Plotsky, Paul M, Nemeroff, Charles B·2004·Neuropsychopharmacology

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Abstract

Almost four decades of intensive research have sought to elucidate the neurobiological bases of depression. Epidemiological studies have revealed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk for depression. Adverse early-life experiences influence neurobiological systems within genetic limits, leading to the neurobiological and behavioral manifestations of depression. We summarize the burgeoning evidence concerning a pre-eminent role of early adverse experience in the pathogenesis of depression. The available data suggest that (1) early adverse experience contributes to the pathophysiology of depression, (2) there are neurobiologically different subtypes of depression depending on the presence or absence of early adverse experience, likely having confounded previous research on the neurobiology of depression, and (3) early adverse experience likely influences treatment response in depression. Classification of depression based on developmental and neurobiological features will likely considerably improve future research in the field of depression, and might lead to optimized treatment strategies that directly target different neurobiological pathways to depression.

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Authors: Heim, C., Plotsky, P. M., & Nemeroff, C. B.
Affiliations: Emory University (US)
Corresponding author: Nemeroff, Charles B
ORCID: Heim, Christine
Nemeroff, Charles B
Venue: Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-03-03
Volume: 29
Issue: 4
Pages: 641-648
ISSN: 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
1740-634X
DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300397
OpenAlex: W2329414057
Cited by: 514
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 2.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042088, P50MH058922, MH58922, MH42088)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: childhood adversity, depression, neurobiology of depression, depression pathogenesis, genetic and environmental risk factors, depression subtypes, treatment response, developmental origins of mental disorders, depression classification
MeSH terms: Animals, Depression, Environment, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Change Events, Neurobiology, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological

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Importance of Studying the Contributions of Early Adverse Experience to Neurobiological Findings in Depression

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