Cited by 311Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFluorine in Organic Chemistry

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PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure?

Martin, Jonathan W., Asher, Brian J., Beesoon, Sanjay, Benskin, Jonathan P., Ross, Matthew S.·2010·Journal of Environmental Monitoring

DOI 10.1039/c0em00295j

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Abstract

The extent to which perfluorooctanesulfonate precursors (PreFOS) play a role in human or environmental exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is not well characterized. The diversity of manufactured PreFOS and its degradation products (e.g. C(8)F(17)SO(2)R and C(8)F(17)SO(2)NR'R'', where R is H or F, and R' and R'' are various) has made it difficult to track their fate. Temporal trends of PFOS in both humans and wildlife are discrepant, thus it is difficult to predict future exposure, and hypotheses about the role of PreFOS have been raised. Although abiotic degradation of commercially important PreFOS materials requires further research, current data suggest that the yield of PFOS is negligible or minor. On the other hand, in vivo biotransformation of PreFOS yields PFOS as the major metabolite, and >32% yields have been observed. In Canadians, exposure to PreFOS was equivalent or greater than direct PFOS exposure prior to 2002. In most ocean water, PFOS is dominant to PreFOS, but in the oceans east of Greenland there may be more PreFOS than PFOS, consistent with the fact that whales and humans in this region also show evidence of substantial PreFOS exposure. Quantitative assessments of PFOS body-burdens coming from PreFOS are complicated by the fact that PreFOS partitions to the cellular fraction of blood, thus biomonitoring in serum under predicts PreFOS relative to PFOS. Many unknowns exist that prevent accurate modelling, thus analytical methods that can distinguish directly manufactured PFOS, from PFOS that has been biotransformed from PreFOS, should be applied in future human and environmental monitoring. Two new source tracking principles are presented and applied to human serum.

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“Frequently cited precursors include N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) and FOSA (Benskin et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2010; Tomy et al., 2004; Yeung et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Tissue-Specific Concentrations and Patterns of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylates and Sulfonates in East Greenland Polar Bears
Greaves, A. K., Letcher, R. J., Sonne, C., Dietz, R., & Born, E. W. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303400f · Cited by 127
Polyfluorinated Compounds in Serum Linked to Indoor Air in Office Environments
Fraser, A. J., Webster, T. F., Watkins, D. J., Nelson, J. W., Stapleton, H. M., Calafat, A. M., Kato, K., Shoeib, M., Vieira, V. M., & McClean, M. D. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es2038257 · Cited by 127
Exceptionally High Serum Concentrations of Perfluorohexanesulfonate in a Canadian Family are Linked to Home Carpet Treatment Applications
Beesoon, S., Genuis, S. J., Benskin, J. P., & Martin, J. W. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3034654 · Cited by 129
Self-citation
Environmental Source Tracking of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances within a Forensic Context: Current and Future Techniques
Charbonnet, J. A., Rodowa, A. E., Joseph, N. T., Guelfo, J. L., Field, J. A., Jones, G. D., Higgins, C. P., Helbling, D. E., & Houtz, E. F. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c08506 · Cited by 121
Comparative tissue and body compartment accumulation and maternal transfer to eggs of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylates in Great Lakes herring gulls
Gebbink, W. A., & Letcher, R. J. (2011) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.011 · Cited by 121
“This could have resulted in decreased environmental concentrations of PFOS precursors, or “PreFOS” as has been coined by Martin et al. (2010), which refers to the complexity of fluorinated precursors that can degrade and give rise to PFOS.”
Background
Adult Dose-dependent Behavioral and Cognitive Disturbances after a Single Neonatal PFHxS Dose
Viberg, H., Lee, I., & Eriksson, P. (2013) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.013 · Cited by 120
Repeated measurements of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from 1979 to 2007 in males from Northern Norway: Assessing time trends, compound correlations and relations to age/birth cohort
Nøst, T. H., Vestergren, R., Berg, V., Nieboer, E., Odland, J. Ø., & Sandanger, T. M. (2014) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.011 · Cited by 123
Fluorinated Precursor Compounds in Sediments as a Source of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids (PFAA) to Biota
Langberg, H. A., Breedveld, G. D., Slinde, G. A., Grønning, H. M., Høisæter, Å., Jartun, M., Rundberget, T., Jenssen, B. M., & Hale, S. E. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c04587 · Cited by 129
Paper product production identified as the main source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a Norwegian lake: Source and historic emission tracking
Langberg, H. A., Arp, H. P. H., Breedveld, G. D., Slinde, G. A., Høiseter, Å., Grønning, H. M., Jartun, M., Rundberget, T., Jenssen, B. M., & Hale, S. E. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116259 · Cited by 122
Nontarget Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fish from the Yangtze River and Tangxun Lake, China
Liu, Y., Qian, M., Ma, X., Zhu, L., & Martin, J. W. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00779 · Cited by 115
Self-citation
Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in indoor air sampled in children's bedrooms
Winkens, K., Koponen, J., Schuster, J., Shoeib, M., Vestergren, R., Berger, U., Karvonen, A. M., Pekkanen, J., Kiviranta, H., & Cousins, I. T. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.010 · Cited by 113
“For the second ionic PFAS fraction (i.e. PFSAs and PFCAs), the collection bottles were changed and the SIPs were extracted with acetonitrile.”
BackgroundInfluential
Shifting Global Exposures to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Evident in Longitudinal Birth Cohorts from a Seafood-Consuming Population
Dassuncao, C., Hu, X. C., Nielsen, F., Weihe, P., Grandjean, P., & Sunderland, E. M. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b06044 · Cited by 110
Part II. A Temporal Study of PFOS and Its Precursors in Human Plasma from Two German Cities in 1982–2009
Yeung, L. W. Y., Robinson, S. J., Koschorreck, J., & Mabury, S. A. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es4004153 · Cited by 102
What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review protocol
Land, M., de Wit, C. A., Cousins, I. T., Herzke, D., Johansson, J. H., & Martin, J. W. (2015) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/2047-2382-4-3 · Cited by 109
“PFSAs and their precursors have been manufactured almost exclusively by ECF which produced a mixture of linear (70%) and many branched (total 30%) isomers [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Can profiles of poly- and Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum provide information on major exposure sources?
Hu, X. C., Dassuncao, C., Zhang, X., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Webster, G. M., Nielsen, F., & Sunderland, E. M. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0355-4 · Cited by 106
“Migration of N-EtFOSE based chemicals from carpet cleaning products and food packaging materials and subsequent transformation to PFOS may explain these results [10, 11].”
Background
Isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate and total perfluoroalkyl acids in human serum from two cities in North China
Zhang, Y., Beesoon, S., Zhu, L. Y., & Martin, J. W. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.007 · Cited by 101
Self-citation
Ultrasonic degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) correlated with sonochemical and sonoluminescence characterisation
Wood, R. J., Sidnell, T., Ross, I., McDonough, J. T., Lee, J., & Bussemaker, M. (2020) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105196 · Cited by 104
In Vivoandin VitroIsomer-Specific Biotransformation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Chen, M., Qiang, L., Pan, X., Fang, S., Han, Y., & Zhu, L. Y. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00488 · Cited by 99
Systematic developmental toxicity assessment of a structurally diverse library of PFAS in zebrafish
Truong, L., Rericha, Y., Thunga, P., Marvel, S. W., Wallis, D. J., Simonich, M. T., Field, J. A., Cao, D., Reif, D. M., & Tanguay, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128615 · Cited by 102
“FOSA, an intermediate metabolite of longer-chain PFOS precursors (Martin et al., 2010), has been identified in previous studies as particularly bioactive compared to other PFAS in zebrafish (Dasgupta et al.”
Background
Perfluorinated Sulfonate and Carboxylate Compounds in Eggs of Seabirds Breeding in the Canadian Arctic: Temporal Trends (1975–2011) and Interspecies Comparison
Braune, B. M., & Letcher, R. J. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es303733d · Cited by 98
Environmental contamination, human exposure and body loadings of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), focusing on Asian countries
Zhao, Y. G., Wong, C. K. C., & Wong, M. H. (2012) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.043 · Cited by 101
Treatment of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) using a large-scale sonochemical reactor
Gole, V. L., Fishgold, A., Sierra‐Álvarez, R., Deymier, P. A., & Keswani, M. (2017) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.009 · Cited by 97
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in San Francisco Bay wildlife: Temporal trends, exposure pathways, and notable presence of precursor compounds
Sedlak, M. D., Benskin, J. P., Wong, A., Grace, R., & Greig, D. J. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096 · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and total fluorine in fire station dust
Young, A. S., Sparer, E. H., Pickard, H. M., Sunderland, E. M., Peaslee, G. F., & Allen, J. G. (2021) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00288-7 · Cited by 105
How reliable are field-derived biomagnification factors and trophic magnification factors as indicators of bioaccumulation potential? Conclusions from a case study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Franklin, J. (2015) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.1642 · Cited by 95
“For TMFs, the ratio of themaximum to minimum reported values is not so great, but it reaches about 20 for the most intensely studied PFASs (PFOA and PFOS).”
BackgroundInfluential
Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in edible fishes from Taihu Lake, China
Chen, M., Zhu, L. Y., Wang, Q., & Shan, G. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115887 · Cited by 99
Temporal changes (1997–2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids and selected precursors (including isomers) in Swedish human serum
Gebbink, W. A., Glynn, A. W., & Berger, U. (2015) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.024 · Cited by 98
“The manufacturing of PFOS and its precursors resulted in a mixture of linear and branched isomers (Martin et al., 2010), and production was phased out by the main manufacturer”
BackgroundInfluential
Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure
Gebbink, W. A., Glynn, A. W., Darnerud, P. O., & Berger, U. (2015) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022 · Cited by 94
“When using a biotransformation factor determined in a study with rats (20% biotransformation of precursors to PFOS (Martin et al., 2010)) the total dietary intakes of PFOS (precursor intakes converted to PFOS on a molar basis) were”
BackgroundMethod
Widening the Lens on PFASs: Direct Human Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors (pre-PFAAs)
McDonough, C. A., Li, W., Bischel, H. N., Silva, A. O. D., & DeWitt, J. C. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c00254 · Cited by 88
Recent developments in trace analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances
Berger, U., Kaiser, M. A., Kärrman, A., Barber, J. L., & van Leeuwen, S. P. J. (2011) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4823-8 · Cited by 87
“The role of neutral precursor PFASs in bioaccumulation and human exposure is a controversial issue that is currently debated [41].”
Background
Temporal Shifts in Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in North Atlantic Pilot Whales Indicate Large Contribution of Atmospheric Precursors
Dassuncao, C., Hu, X. C., Zhang, X., Bossi, R., Dam, M., Mikkelsen, B., & Sunderland, E. M. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00293 · Cited by 90
Brain region distribution and patterns of bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Greaves, A. K., Letcher, R. J., Sonne, C., & Dietz, R. (2013) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.2107 · Cited by 86
“Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) is the most commonly detected precursor that is degraded to PFOS [33].”
Background
Fate, distribution, and contrasting temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Lake Ontario, Canada
Myers, A. L., Crozier, P. W., Helm, P. A., Brimacombe, C., Furdui, V. I., Reiner, E. J., Burniston, D., & Marvin, C. H. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.002 · Cited by 87
Detection of fluorotelomer alcohols in indoor environments and their relevance for human exposure
Schlummer, M., Gruber, L., Fiedler, D., Kizlauskas, M., & Müller, J. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.010 · Cited by 89
Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Juvenile Seabirds from the U.S. Atlantic Coast
Robuck, A. R., Cantwell, M. G., McCord, J. P., Addison, L. M., Pfohl, M., Strynar, M. J., McKinney, R. A., Katz, D. R., Wiley, D. N., & Lohmann, R. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c01951 · Cited by 85
Riverine inputs and source tracing of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Taihu Lake, China
Ma, X., Shan, G., Chen, M., Zhao, J., & Zhu, L. Y. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.235 · Cited by 80
Variations of the Level, Profile, and Distribution of PFAS around POSF Manufacturing Facilities in China: An Overlooked Source of PFCA
Jia, X., Li, X., Zhou, L., Hui, Y., Li, W., Cai, Y., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c08995 · Cited by 80
Exposure characteristics for congeners, isomers, and enantiomers of perfluoroalkyl substances in mothers and infants
Liu, Y., Li, A., Buchanan, S. N., & Liu, W. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106012 · Cited by 82
Perfluoroalkyl acids in the Canadian environment: Multi-media assessment of current status and trends
Gewurtz, S. B., Backus, S. M., Silva, A. O. D., Ahrens, L., Armellin, A., Evans, M. S., Fraser, S., Gledhill, M., Guerra, P., Harner, T., et al. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.008 · Cited by 80
“…Harbour, Toronto Harbour, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River, the PFAA profile was similar and typical of abiotic and food web studies e.g., (Ahrens et al., 2010; Furdui et al., 2008a; Kelly et al., 2009; Kwadijk et al., 2010; Labadie and Chevreuil, 2011; Martin et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2004).”
Method
Comparative hepatic in vitro depletion and metabolite formation of major perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors in arctic polar bear, beluga whale, and ringed seal
Letcher, R. J., Chu, S., McKinney, M. A., Tomy, G. T., Sonne, C., & Dietz, R. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.022 · Cited by 76
“In particular, the degradation of PFOS precursors (or ‘‘PreFOS’’) is largely unknown, which refers to the complexity of fluorinated precursors that can degrade and give rise to PFOS in exposed biota (Parsons et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2010; Liu and Avendaño, 2013; Wang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResult
A pilot-scale investigation of disinfection by-product precursors and trace organic removal mechanisms in ozone-biologically activated carbon treatment for potable reuse
Sun, Y., Angelotti, B., Brooks, M., Dowbiggin, B., Evans, P. J., Devins, B., & Wang, Z.-W. (2018) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.162 · Cited by 76

Authors: Martin, J. W., Asher, B. J., Beesoon, S., Benskin, J. P., & Ross, M. S.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Martin, Jonathan W.
ORCID: Martin, Jonathan W.
Beesoon, Sanjay
Benskin, Jonathan P.
Ross, Matthew S.
Venue: Journal of Environmental Monitoring
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Published: 2010
Volume: 12
Issue: 11
Pages: 1979
ISSN: 1464-0325 (ISSN-L)
1464-0333
DOI: 10.1039/c0em00295j
OpenAlex: W2088093177
Cited by: 311
References: 169
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 2.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Environmental Monitoring (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Keywords: PFOS, human exposure, environmental exposure, serum biomonitoring, body burden, source tracking, whales, abiotic degradation, temporal trends
MeSH terms: Animals, Biotransformation, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Food Analysis, Humans, Alkanesulfonic Acids

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PFOS or PreFOS? Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors (PreFOS) important determinants of human and environmental perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure?

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