Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate GPR41 and GPR43 on Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Promote Inflammatory Responses in Mice
Abstract
Background & aims Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites in the intestine, activate cells via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR41 and GPR43. We studied regulation of the immune response by SCFAs and their receptors in the intestines of mice.Methods Inflammatory responses were induced in GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and C57BL6 (control) mice by administration of ethanol; 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid (TNBS); or infection with Citrobacter rodentium. We examined the effects of C rodentium infection on control mice fed SCFAs and/or given injections of antibodies that delay the immune response. We also studied the kinetics of cytokine and chemokine production, leukocyte recruitment, intestinal permeability, and T-cell responses. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated from GPR41(-/-), GPR43(-/-), and control mice; signaling pathways regulated by SCFAs were identified using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry analyses.Results GPR41(-/-) and GPR43(-/-) mice had reduced inflammatory responses after administration of ethanol or TNBS compared with control mice, and had a slower immune response against C rodentium infection, clearing the bacteria more slowly. SCFAs activated intestinal epithelial cells to produce chemokines and cytokines in culture and mice after administration of ethanol, TNBS, or C rodentium. These processes required GPR41 and GPR43 and were required to recruit leukocytes and activate effector T cells in the intestine. GPR41 and GPR43 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells to induce production of chemokines and cytokines during immune responses.Conclusions SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. These pathways mediate protective immunity and tissue inflammation in mice.
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SCFAs can regulate the activity of immune cells not only by triggering metabolic and epigenetic changes, but also by binding to cognate receptors on the surface of cells.
“SCFAs can regulate the activity of immune cells not only by triggering metabolic and epigenetic changes, but also by binding to cognate receptors on the surface of cells.”
From Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
SCFAs serve as ligands for GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal Tregs and epithelial cells, leading to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and secretion of chemokines and cytokines.
“SCFAs serve as ligands for GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal Tregs and epithelial cells, leading to activation mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and secretion of chemokines and cytokines11,40.”
From Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Kim, M. H., Kang, S. G., Park, J. H., Yanagisawa, M., & Kim, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Chang H.
- Venue
- Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 396-406.e10
- ISSN
- 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001938165
- Cited by
- 1,127
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 19.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01DK076616, R01AI074745, 1R01AI080769, 1S10RR028293)
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- short-chain fatty acids, GPR41, GPR43, intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal inflammation, Citrobacter rodentium infection, TNBS-induced colitis, chemokine production, cytokine production, ERK signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, leukocyte recruitment, T cell activation, intestinal permeability, gut microbiota metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Colitis, Disease Models, Animal, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Epithelial Cells, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Intestinal Mucosa, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid, Mice, Knockout, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Citrobacter rodentium, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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