Intestinal flora and disease mutually shape the regional immune system in the intestinal tract
Open accessAbstract
. To protect the body from potential pathogens, the intestinal tract has evolved regional immune characteristics. These characteristics are defined by its unique structure, function, and microenvironment, which differ drastically from those of the common central and peripheral immune organs. The intestinal microenvironment created by the intestinal flora and its products significantly affects the immune function of the region. In turn, specific diseases regulate and influence the composition of the intestinal flora. A constant interplay occurs between the intestinal flora and immune system. Further, the intestinal microenvironment can be reconstructed by probiotic use or microbiota transplantation, functioning to recalibrate the immune homeostasis, while also contributing to the treatment or amelioration of diseases. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the intestinal flora and the occurrence and development of diseases as an in-turn effect on intestinal immunity. We also discuss improved immune function as it relates to non-specific and specific immunity. Further, we discuss the proliferation, differentiation and secretion of immune cells, within the intestinal region following remodeling of the microenvironment as a means to ameliorate and treat diseases. Finally, we suggest strategies for improved utilization of intestinal flora.
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The gut microbiota plays a role in human metabolism, gut homeostasis, maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier, immune development, immunomodulation, prevention of pathogens, and brain processes and behavior.
“The gut microbiota plays a role in human metabolism (including food and drug metabolism); gut homeostasis; maintenance of the integrity of the gut barrier; immune development, immunomodulation, and prevention of pathogens; and brain processes and behavior (15, 16).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The composition and products of the intestinal flora have a strong influence on immune response, and the central nervous system is also influenced by the immune system.
“Studies have shown that the composition and products of the intestinal flora have a strong influence on immune response (16), and that the central nervous system is also influenced by the immune system (100).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Zhou, B., Yuan, Y., Zhang, S., Guo, C., Li, X., Li, G., Xiong, W., & Zeng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Central South University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zeng, Zhaoyang
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-04-03
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 575-575
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7147503
- OpenAlex
- W3014654467
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81672993, 81702907, 81772928, 81803025)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, intestinal immunity, regional immunity, intestinal microenvironment, immune homeostasis, probiotics, microbiota transplantation, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immune cell differentiation, immune cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Immunity, Mucosal
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