The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, implicated in important developmental, homeostatic, and disease processes, although our understanding of their roles is complicated by an inability to distinguish microglia from related cell types. Although they share many features with other macrophages, microglia have distinct developmental origins and functions. Here we validate a stable and robustly expressed microglial marker for both mouse and human, transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119). We use custom-made antibodies against Tmem119 to perform deep RNA sequencing of developing microglia, and demonstrate that microglia mature by the second postnatal week in mice. The antibodies, cell isolation methods, and RNAseq profiles presented here will greatly facilitate our understanding of microglial function in health and disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“microglia express lower levels of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (PTPRC; also known as CD45) than monocytes, allowing these two cell types to be discriminated, whereas the expression of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1 protein M130 (CD163) by microglia enables their distinction from perivascular macrophages35,44–47.”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“TMEM119 and P2RY12 are especially useful, since they have been shown to be expressed solely by microglial cells and not by infiltrating macrophages [41,42,43].”
From Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The phenomenon was not observed with a mechanical dissociation at 4°C (Bennett et al., 2016).”
From Single-cell resolution analysis of the crosstalk between chemogenically activated astrocytes and microglia (2020) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research has also shown that the enzymatic dissociation of brain tissue at 37°C results in an upregulation of inflammatory genes in microglia.”
From Single-cell resolution analysis of the crosstalk between chemogenically activated astrocytes and microglia (2020) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All three of these cytokines are highly expressed specifically by microglia13,15, again suggesting a critical role for microglia in inducing A1 reactive astrocytes.”
From Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“TMEM119 is a cell surface protein and a specific marker for microglial subpopulations in bone marrow and neural cells [37].”
From miR-223 accelerates lipid droplets clearance in microglia following spinal cord injury by upregulating ABCA1 (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mature pMGLs stained positive for markers of murine and human microglia 10,11,29,30, with both TMEM119 and P2RY12 displaying a broad membrane and punctate vesicular expression pattern”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, generation of microglia-like cells matching the recently identified signatures of acutely isolated microglia 10,11, and following their non-monocytic yolk sac ontogeny 4, has not been reported from pluripotent human cells.”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“TMEM119 has been shown to be stably and specifically expressed in microglia [41,44], and it can be used to distinguish microglia from resident and infiltrating macrophages [41].”
From Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“while rodent studies even demonstrated an expression of 98% of CD45lowCD11b+ cells in adult animals [41].”
From Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“we performed in situ RNA labeling for TMEM119, a canonical microglia marker not expressed by other CNS resident macrophages (Bennett et al. 2016).”
From Depletion of Microglia Increases Cortical Oligodendrocyte Density During Remyelination (2026) · cites this paper as Bennett et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“we co-stained for CD11b and for the transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119), a microglia specific marker (M. L. Bennett et al., 2016).”
From Activated microglia drive demyelination via CSF1R signaling (2021) · cites this paper as M. L. Bennett et al., 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We thereby identified a low but significant number of donor-derived immune cells that were Tmem119+, indicating that they had adopted a microglia-like phenotype35 (Figure 2E).”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As a set, genes previously identified to be associated specifically with microglia but not with blood monocytes (Bennett et al., 2016, Butovsky et al., 2014, Melief et al., 2012) (Figure 2C) showed similar expression in co-pMG and fetalMG.”
From A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response (2017) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Further, SPI1, MS4A4A, MS4A6A, and SELL are specifically expressed in microglia based on RNA-Seq data29–31”
From A common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer's disease (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Animal microglia are often inaccessible to real-time imaging, and cannot fully reflect human biology.15–17”
From Tubular human brain organoids to model microglia-mediated neuroinflammation (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“WAVE2 is expressed at high levels in microglia and vascular endothelial cells14,15.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Mcm5, an established regulator of microglial cell cycle that is strongly expressed during embryonic and early postnatal microglial development”
From Mouse microglia express unique miRNA-mRNA networks to facilitate age-specific functions in the developing central nervous system (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Several of these microglial genes were also observed in human microglia, including P2RY12 and TMEM119 (REFs25,33–36).”
From Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Within these three AD modules, we observed enrichment of pro-inflammatory genes in the Magenta module (Ptgs2, Il12b, Tlr2, Hif1a, Cd69, Il1b, Cxcl16 and Irg1) and anti-inflammatory and phagocytic genes in the Yellow module (Igf1, Dpp7, Apoe, Spp1, Cd200r4 and Lpl) [38] while the Blue module contained several homeostatic microglial genes (Tmem119, P2ry12, Mtss1 and Tgfbr1, Fig. 2d) [39].”
From Identification and therapeutic modulation of a pro-inflammatory subset of disease-associated-microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“we performed region-specific bulk RNA-seq of highly purified homeostatic microglia sorted with TMEM119 antibodies, which label over 90% of microglia in the adult brain (Bennett et al., 2016).”
From Developmental Heterogeneity of Microglia and Brain Myeloid Cells Revealed by Deep Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (2019) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“We used a recently developed protocol for cell extraction to minimize microglial activation (Bennett et al., 2016).”
From Developmental Heterogeneity of Microglia and Brain Myeloid Cells Revealed by Deep Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (2019) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Barres group recently identified Tmem119++/Sall1+/Gpr56+/Apoe+ as yolk sac-derived microglia, whereas hematopoietic stem cell-derived microglia-like cells express Tmem119+/Ms4a7+/Clec12a+/Apoe+++ suggesting lineage-specific microglia markers that can be useful in determining the origin of microglia [18, 19].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“suggesting lineage-specific microglia markers that can be useful in determining the origin of microglia [18, 19].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Barres group recently identified Tmem119++/Sall1+/Gpr56+/Apoe+ as yolk sac-derived microglia, whereas hematopoietic stem cell-derived microglia-like cells express Tmem119+/Ms4a7+/Clec12a+/Apoe+++ suggesting lineage-specific microglia markers that can be useful in determining the origin of microglia [18, 19].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Recent genomic and proteomic studies revealed microglia express a unique set of genes distinct from infiltrating monocytes and other immune cells [18, 19].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In the mouse, several microglia-specific genes appear to be upregulated in brain-resident microglia through early postnatal development 10.”
From Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Cx3cr1+ perivascular/meningeal macrophages were identified by low Tmem119, low Hexb, and high Mrc1 expression35,84 and excluded from single cell analysis (n=1-5 per plate).”
From Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity (2018) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“The addition of CD200 and CX3CL1 to iMGLs increased the expression of select genes like COMT (Bennett et al., 2016)(Figure S5B), CD52, a cell surface receptor that binds Siglec-10 and interacts with DAP12 as part of the microglia sensome (Hickman et al., 2013) and HLADRB5, a member of the MHC II complex implicated in AD, while maintaining similar expression levels of core-microglial genes (e.g. P2”
From iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“We observed that over 90% of CD11b+ cells in brains from the 5xFAD Rubicon+/− and−/− mice were TMEM119+ (a microglia-specific marker (Bennett et al., 2016)) (Fig. S5C,D). Furthermore, the TMEM119+ cells isolated from 5xFAD Rubicon−/− mice had higher Iba1 expression compared to Rubicon+/− animals (Fig. S5E).”
From LC3-Associated Endocytosis Facilitates β-Amyloid Clearance and Mitigates Neurodegeneration in Murine Alzheimer’s Disease (2019) · cites this paper as Bennett et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“In particular, the identification of the transmembrane protein TMEM119 as a specific marker of microglia has enabled global gene expression profiling of highly pure preparations of microglia (9).”
From The Transcriptional Landscape of Microglial Genes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“We analyzed TMEM119 in bulk human brain tissue data from the Allen Brain Institute (13) because it is a highly specific and well-validated marker of brain-derived microglia in both mice and humans.”
From The Transcriptional Landscape of Microglial Genes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“and appears to exhibit stable expression even in response to a variety of inflammatory conditions (9, 96).”
From The Transcriptional Landscape of Microglial Genes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Secondly, we utilized TMEM119 as a marker of microglial expression, which was shown in 2016 to be a highly specific marker of brain-derived microglia (9).”
From The Transcriptional Landscape of Microglial Genes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“TMEM119 has been shown to be stably and selectively expressed in adult microglia (9, 95)”
From The Transcriptional Landscape of Microglial Genes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Robinson, M. D., McCarthy, D. J., & Smyth, G. K. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616 · Cited by 41,364
Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository
Edgar, R. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.207 · Cited by 13,288
Trapnell, C., Roberts, A., Goff, L. A., Pertea, G. M., Kim, D., Kelley, D. R., Pimentel, H., Salzberg, S. L., Rinn, J. L., & Pachter, L. S. (2012) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.016 · Cited by 12,145
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175
Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Sloan, S. A., Bennett, M. L., Scholze, A. R., O'Keeffe, S., Phatnani, H. P., Guarnieri, P., Caneda, C., Ruderisch, N., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-14.2014 · Cited by 4,875 · cited 2×
“We calculated percentile ranks for several canonical activation genes for our naïve and LPS-stimulated samples, as well as five published datasets (15, 17, 30, 33, 34); these datasets were generated using CD45 or Cx3cr1 rather than a specific microglia marker, such as Tmem119, and used enzymatic digestion or Percoll f…”
MethodSelf-citationMicroglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089 · cited 1×
“Given the recently identified novel role for the complement cascade and microglia in synaptic phagocytosis in normal development and disease (48), we compared expression of relevant genes in microglia and CNS macrophages.”
BackgroundSelf-citationATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913
Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis
Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., Wolf, Y., Mildner, A., Varol, D., Breker, M., Strauss-Ayali, D., Viukov, S., Guilliams, M., Misharin, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001 · Cited by 3,245
TREM2 Variants in Alzheimer's Disease
Guerreiro, R., Wojtas, A., Bras, J., Carrasquillo, M., Rogaeva, E., Majounie, E., Cruchaga, C., Sassi, C., Kauwe, J. S. K., Younkin, S., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1211851 · Cited by 3,020
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971
Self-citationHammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225
Shared and distinct transcriptomic cell types across neocortical areas
Tasic, B., Yao, Z., Graybuck, L. T., Smith, K. A., Nguyen, T. N., Bertagnolli, D., Goldy, J., Garren, E., Economo, M. N., Viswanathan, S., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0654-5 · Cited by 1,746
How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2590 · Cited by 1,967
Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease
Salter, M. W., & Stevens, B. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4397 · Cited by 1,767
A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4338 · Cited by 1,573
Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts
Prinz, M., Jung, S., & Priller, J. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053 · Cited by 1,525
The central nervous system and the gut microbiome
Sharon, G., Sampson, T. R., Geschwind, D. H., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027 · Cited by 1,513
Marschallinger, J., Iram, T., Zardeneta, M., Lee, S. E., Lehallier, B., Haney, M. S., Pluvinage, J. V., Mathur, V., Hahn, O., Morgens, D. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0566-1 · Cited by 1,384
A single-cell molecular map of mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis
Pijuan-Sala, B., Griffiths, J. A., Guibentif, C., Hiscock, T. W., Jawaid, W., Calero-Nieto, F. J., Mulas, C., Ibarra-Soria, X., Tyser, R. C. V., Ho, D. L. L., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0933-9 · Cited by 1,033
Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease
Butovsky, O., & Weiner, H. L. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0057-5 · Cited by 1,046
iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases
Abud, E. M., Ramirez, R. N., Martinez, E. S., Healy, L. M., Nguyen, C. H. H., Newman, S. A., Yeromin, A. V., Scarfone, V. M., Marsh, S. E., Fimbres, C., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.042 · Cited by 1,154
Li, Q., Cheng, Z., Zhou, L., Darmanis, S., Neff, N. F., Okamoto, J., Gulati, G., Bennett, M. L., Sun, L. O., Clarke, L. E., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.006 · Cited by 1,129
Self-citationSpatial Transcriptomics and In Situ Sequencing to Study Alzheimer’s Disease
Chen, W.-T., Lu, A., Craessaerts, K., Pavie, B., Sala Frigerio, C., Corthout, N., Qian, X., Laláková, J., Kühnemund, M., Voytyuk, I., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.038 · Cited by 949
Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes
Jurga, A. M., Paleczna, M., & Kuter, K. Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00198 · Cited by 1,000
Microglia in Alzheimer's disease
Sarlus, H., & Heneka, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90606 · Cited by 911
Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation
Jordão, M. J. C., Sankowski, R., Brendecke, S. M., Sagar, Locatelli, G., Tai, Y.-H., Tay, T. L., Schramm, E., Armbruster, S., Hagemeyer, N., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat7554 · Cited by 843
Friedman, B. A., Srinivasan, K., Ayalon, G., Meilandt, W. J., Lin, H., Huntley, M. A., Cao, Y., Lee, S.-H., Haddick, P. C. G., Ngu, H., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.066 · Cited by 662
Loss of ‘homeostatic’ microglia and patterns of their activation in active multiple sclerosis
Zrzavy, T., Hametner, S., Wimmer, I., Butovsky, O., Weiner, H. L., & Lassmann, H. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx113 · Cited by 684
Bohlen, C. J., Bennett, F. C., Tucker, A. F., Collins, H. Y., Mulinyawe, S. B., & Barres, B. A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.043 · Cited by 658
Self-citationEfficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells
Muffat, J., Li, Y., Yuan, B., Mitalipova, M., Omer, A., Corcoran, S., Bakiasi, G., Tsai, L.-H., Aubourg, P., Ransohoff, R. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4189 · Cited by 651
Sex-specific features of microglia from adult mice
Villa, A., Gelosa, P., Castiglioni, L., Cimino, M., Rizzi, N., Pepe, G., Lolli, F., Marcello, E., Sironi, L., Vegeto, E., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.048 · Cited by 651
Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator defining microglia identity and function
Buttgereit, A., Lelios, I., Yu, X., Vrohlings, M., Krakoski, N. R., Gautier, E. L., Nishinakamura, R., Becher, B., & Greter, M. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3585 · Cited by 570
Microglia and Central Nervous System–Associated Macrophages—From Origin to Disease Modulation
Prinz, M., Masuda, T., Wheeler, M. A., & Quintana, F. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-110159 · Cited by 584
Haenseler, W., Sansom, S. N., Buchrieser, J., Newey, S. E., Moore, C. S., Nicholls, F. J., Chintawar, S., Schnell, C., Antel, J. P., Allen, N. D., et al. (2017) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.017 · Cited by 593
A novel microglial subset plays a key role in myelinogenesis in developing brain
Wlodarczyk, A., Holtman, I. R., Krueger, M., Yogev, N., Bruttger, J., Khorooshi, R., Benmamar‐Badel, A., de Boer‐Bergsma, J. J., Martin, N. A., Karram, K., et al. (2017) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201696056 · Cited by 535
Type I interferon response drives neuroinflammation and synapse loss in Alzheimer disease
Roy, E. R., Wang, B., Wan, Y.-W., Chiu, G., Cole, A., Yin, Z., Propson, N. E., Xu, Y., Jankowsky, J. L., Liu, Z., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci133737 · Cited by 563
Tay, T. L., Savage, J. C., Hui, C. W., Bisht, K., & Tremblay, M. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272134 · Cited by 562
Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)
Cossarizza, A., Chang, H., Radbruch, A., Abrignani, S., Addo, R., Akdis, M., Andrä, I., Andreata, F., Annunziato, F., Arranz, E., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202170126 · Cited by 531
A combination of ontogeny and CNS environment establishes microglial identity
Bennett, F. C., Bennett, M. L., Yaqoob, F., Mulinyawe, S. B., Grant, G. A., Hayden Gephart, M., Plowey, E. D., & Barres, B. A. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.014 · Cited by 524
Self-citationRepopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner
Willis, E. F., MacDonald, K. P. A., Nguyen, Q. H., Garrido, A. L., Gillespie, E. R., Harley, S. B. R., Bartlett, P. F., Schroder, W. A., Yates, A. G., Anthony, D. C., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.013 · Cited by 520
Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation
Fernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., O’Dea, M. R., Dutton, S., Shamardani, K., Nwangwu, K., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 · Cited by 521
Self-citationControl of tumor-associated macrophages and T cells in glioblastoma via AHR and CD39
Takenaka, M. C., Gabriely, G., Rothhammer, V., Mascanfroni, I. D., Wheeler, M. A., Chao, C.-C., Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C., Kenison, J., Tjon, E. C., Barroso, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0370-y · Cited by 517
Heckmann, B. L., Teubner, B. J. W., Tummers, B., Boada-Romero, E., Harris, L., Yang, M., Guy, C. S., Zakharenko, S. S., & Green, D. R. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.056 · Cited by 503
“We observed that over 90% of CD11b+ cells in brains from the 5xFAD Rubicon+/− and−/− mice were TMEM119+ (a microglia-specific marker (Bennett et al., 2016)) (Fig.”
Disease Progression-Dependent Effects of TREM2 Deficiency in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Jay, T. R., Hirsch, A. M., Broihier, M. L., Miller, C. M., Neilson, L. E., Ransohoff, R. M., Lamb, B. T., & Landreth, G. E. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2110-16.2016 · Cited by 457
Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis
Abdel-Haq, R., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Glass, C. K., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180794 · Cited by 471
A common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer's disease
The International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project, Huang, K.-L., Initiative, T. A. D. N., Marcora, E., Pimenova, A. A., Di Narzo, A. F., Kapoor, M., Jin, S. C., Harari, O., Bertelsen, S., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4587 · Cited by 423
Rangaraju, S., Dammer, E. B., Raza, S. A., Rathakrishnan, P., Xiao, H., Gao, T., Duong, D. M., Pennington, M. W., Lah, J. J., Seyfried, N. T., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0254-8 · Cited by 430
Microglia use TAM receptors to detect and engulf amyloid β plaques
Huang, Y., Happonen, K. E., Burrola, P. G., O’Connor, C., Hah, N., Huang, L., Nimmerjahn, A., & Lemke, G. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00913-5 · Cited by 483
Valdearcos, M., Douglass, J. D., Robblee, M. M., Dorfman, M. D., Stifler, D. R., Bennett, M. L., Gerritse, I., Fasnacht, R., Barres, B. A., Thaler, J. P., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.015 · Cited by 477
Self-citationCD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains
Pluvinage, J. V., Haney, M. S., Smith, B. A. H., Sun, J., Iram, T., Bonanno, L., Li, L., Lee, D. P., Morgens, D. W., Yang, A. C., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1088-4 · Cited by 459
Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity
Ayata, P., Badimon, A., Strasburger, H. J., Duff, M. K., Montgomery, S. E., Loh, Y.-H. E., Ebert, A., Pimenova, A. A., Ramirez, B. R., Chan, A. T., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0192-3 · Cited by 460
McQuade, A., Coburn, M., Tu, C. H., Hasselmann, J., Davtyan, H., & Blurton-Jones, M. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0297-x · Cited by 449
NBB-Psy, Böttcher, C., Schlickeiser, S., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Kunkel, D., Knop, A., Paza, E., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Snijders, G. J. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2 · Cited by 436
Elmore, M. R. P., Hohsfield, L. A., Kramár, E. A., Soreq, L., Lee, R. J., Pham, S. T., Najafi, A. R., Spangenberg, E. E., Wood, M. A., West, B. L., et al. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12832 · Cited by 380
Cignarella, F., Filipello, F., Bollman, B., Cantoni, C., Locca, A., Mikesell, R., Manis, M., Ibrahim, A., Deng, L., Benitez, B. A., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-020-02193-z · Cited by 392
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to microglia
Douvaras, P., Sun, B., Wang, M., Kruglikov, I., Lallos, G., Zimmer, M., Terrenoire, C., Zhang, B., Gandy, S., Schadt, E., et al. (2017) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.023 · Cited by 381
NLRP3 inflammasome-driven pathways in depression: clinical and preclinical findings
Kaufmann, F. N., Costa, A. P., Ghisleni, G., Diaz, A. P., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Peluffo, H., & Kaster, M. P. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.03.002 · Cited by 370
IL-33 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive decline
Fu, A. K. Y., Hung, K.-W., Yuen, M. Y. F., Zhou, X., Mak, D. S. Y., Chan, I. C. W., Cheung, T. H., Zhang, B., Fu, W.-Y., Liew, F. Y., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1604032113 · Cited by 369
Gibson, E. M., Nagaraja, S., Ocampo, A., Tam, L. T., Wood, L. S., Pallegar, P. N., Greene, J. J., Geraghty, A. C., Goldstein, A. K., Ni, L., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.049 · Cited by 372
Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response
Rodríguez-Gómez, J. A., Kavanagh, E., Engskog-Vlachos, P., Engskog, M. K. R., Herrera, A. J., Espinosa-Oliva, A. M., Joseph, B., Hajji, N., Venero, J. L., & Burguillos, M. A. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071717 · Cited by 365
Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Wendimu, M. Y., & Hooks, S. B. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132091 · Cited by 336
Immune Signaling in Neurodegeneration
Hammond, T. R., Marsh, S. E., & Stevens, B. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.016 · Cited by 336
Novel Hexb-based tools for studying microglia in the CNS
Masuda, T., Amann, L., Sankowski, R., Staszewski, O., Lenz, M., d´Errico, P., Snaidero, N., Costa Jordão, M. J., Böttcher, C., Kierdorf, K., et al. (2020) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-0707-4 · Cited by 317
Neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia
Bright, F., Werry, E. L., Dobson-Stone, C., Piguet, O., Ittner, L. M., Halliday, G. M., Hodges, J. R., Kiernan, M. C., Loy, C. T., Kassiou, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0231-z · Cited by 280
Barcoded viral tracing of single-cell interactions in central nervous system inflammation
Clark, I. C., Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C., Wheeler, M. A., Li, Z., Rothhammer, V., Linnerbauer, M., Sanmarco, L. M., Guo, L., Blain, M., Zandee, S. E. J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf1230 · Cited by 285
Knockout of reactive astrocyte activating factors slows disease progression in an ALS mouse model
Guttenplan, K. A., Weigel, M. K., Adler, D. I., Couthouis, J., Liddelow, S. A., Gitler, A. D., & Barres, B. A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17514-9 · Cited by 278
Self-citationBeyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes
Lier, J., Streit, W. J., & Bechmann, I. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10092236 · Cited by 274
“In human brains, at least 50% of the IBA1-positive microglial population were positive for TMEM119 [45], while rodent studies even demonstrated an expression of 98% of CD45lowCD11b+ cells in adult animals [41].”
BackgroundUnger, M. S., Li, E., Scharnagl, L., Poupardin, R., Altendorfer, B., Mrowetz, H., Hutter-Paier, B., Weiger, T. M., Heneka, M. T., Attems, J., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.070 · Cited by 248
Lee, J.-W., Nam, H., Kim, L. E., Jeon, Y., Min, H., Ha, S., Lee, Y., Kim, S.-Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, E.-K., et al. (2019) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1556946 · Cited by 260
Microglial cell loss after ischemic stroke favors brain neutrophil accumulation
Otxoa-de-Amezaga, A., Miró-Mur, F., Pedragosa, J., Gallizioli, M., Justicia, C., Gaja-Capdevila, N., Ruíz-Jaen, F., Salas-Perdomo, A., Bosch, A., Calvo, M., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1954-4 · Cited by 258
Tmem119-EGFP and Tmem119-CreERT2 Transgenic Mice for Labeling and Manipulating Microglia
Kaiser, T., & Feng, G. (2019) · eneuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0448-18.2019 · Cited by 259
Harms, A. S., Thome, A. D., Yan, Z., Schonhoff, A. M., Williams, G. P., Li, X., Liu, Y., Qin, H., Benveniste, E. N., & Standaert, D. G. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.010 · Cited by 236
Morphology of Microglia Across Contexts of Health and Disease
Savage, J. C., Carrier, M., & Tremblay, M.-È. (2019) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_2 · Cited by 232
Microglia affect α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
George, S., Rey, N. L., Tyson, T., Esquibel, C., Meyerdirk, L., Schulz, E., Pierce, S., Burmeister, A. R., Madaj, Z., Steiner, J. A., et al. (2019) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0335-3 · Cited by 229
Microglia and Astrocytes in Disease: Dynamic Duo or Partners in Crime?
Liddelow, S. A., Marsh, S. E., & Stevens, B. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.07.006 · Cited by 226
Self-citationUncovering sex differences of rodent microglia
Han, J., Fan, Y., Zhou, K., Blomgren, K., & Harris, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02124-z · Cited by 224
Functional Studies of Missense TREM2 Mutations in Human Stem Cell-Derived Microglia
Brownjohn, P. W., Smith, J., Solanki, R., Lohmann, E., Houlden, H., Hardy, J., Dietmann, S., & Livesey, F. J. (2018) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.03.003 · Cited by 193
Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
Spiteri, A. G., Wishart, C. L., Pamphlett, R., Locatelli, G., & King, N. J. C. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2 · Cited by 216
“Relative to BAM/CAMs, microglia uniquely express transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) [26], hexosaminidase subunit beta (Hexb) [174, 214, 215], P2Y G-protein-coupled 12 (P2RY12) [41], sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin H (Siglec-H) and Spalt-like transcription factor 1 (Sall1) [45], express low levels of CD…”
BackgroundMethodCo-expression patterns of microglia markers Iba1, TMEM119 and P2RY12 in Alzheimer’s disease
Kenkhuis, B., Somarakis, A., Kleindouwel, L. R. T., van Roon-Mom, W. M. C., Höllt, T., & van der Weerd, L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105684 · Cited by 188
Microglia in multiple sclerosis: Friend or foe
Guerrero, B. L., & Sicotte, N. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00374 · Cited by 215
TP53 gain-of-function mutation promotes inflammation in glioblastoma
Ham, S. W., Jeon, H.-Y., Jin, X., Kim, E.-J., Kim, J.-K., Shin, Y. J., Lee, Y., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Seo, S., et al. (2019) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0126-3 · Cited by 213
Plemel, J. R., Stratton, J. A., Michaels, N. J., Rawji, K. S., Zhang, E., Sinha, S., Baaklini, C. S., Dong, Y., Ho, M., Thorburn, K., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay6324 · Cited by 208
Werner, Y., Mass, E., Ashok Kumar, P., Ulas, T., Händler, K., Horne, A., Klee, K., Lupp, A., Schütz, D., Saaber, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0585-y · Cited by 208
Neurons under T Cell Attack Coordinate Phagocyte-Mediated Synaptic Stripping
Di Liberto, G., Pantelyushin, S., Kreutzfeldt, M., Page, N., Musardo, S., Coras, R., Steinbach, K., Vincenti, I., Klimek, B., Lingner, T., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.049 · Cited by 195
Abels, E. R., Maas, S. L. N., Nieland, L., Wei, Z., Cheah, P. S., Tai, E., Kolsteeg, C.-J., Dusoswa, S. A., Ting, D. T., Hickman, S., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.036 · Cited by 199
Microglial immune checkpoint mechanisms
Deczkowska, A., Amit, I., & Schwartz, M. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0145-x · Cited by 185
Microglia in multiple sclerosis: protectors turn destroyers
Yong, V. W. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.023 · Cited by 185
Iron loading is a prominent feature of activated microglia in Alzheimer’s disease patients
Kenkhuis, B., Somarakis, A., de Haan, L., Dzyubachyk, O., IJsselsteijn, M. E., de Miranda, N. F. C. C., Lelieveldt, B. P. F., Dijkstra, J., van Roon-Mom, W. M. C., Höllt, T., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01126-5 · Cited by 184
α-Synuclein fibrils recruit peripheral immune cells in the rat brain prior to neurodegeneration
Harms, A. S., Delic, V., Thome, A. D., Bryant, N., Liu, Z., Chandra, S., Jurkuvenaite, A., & West, A. B. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0494-9 · Cited by 181
Microglia and C9orf72 in neuroinflammation and ALS and frontotemporal dementia
Lall, D., & Baloh, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90607 · Cited by 175
Oosterhof, N., Kuil, L. E., van der Linde, H. C., Burm, S. M., Berdowski, W., van Ijcken, W. F. J., van Swieten, J. C., Hol, E. M., Verheijen, M. H. G., & van Ham, T. J. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.113 · Cited by 178
Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus for efficient gene delivery to microglia
Lin, R., Zhou, Y., Yan, T., Wang, R., Li, H., Wu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Zhao, F., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-022-01547-7 · Cited by 171
Microglia and Astrocyte Function and Communication: What Do We Know in Humans?
Garland, E. F., Hartnell, I. J., & Boche, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.824888 · Cited by 165
Zhan, L., Krabbe, G., Du, F., Jones, I., Reichert, M. C., Telpoukhovskaia, M., Kodama, L., Wang, C., Cho, S.-H., Sayed, F., et al. (2019) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000134 · Cited by 163
“(f-p) Relative gene expression of Mcm5 (f), Cdk1 (g), Nestin (h), Pmepa1(i), Smad7 (j), Mafb (k), Selplg (l), P2ry12 (m), Tmem119 (n), Trem2 (o) and Grn (p).”
BackgroundAnalyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide
Schwabenland, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., Stadelmann, C., Lassmann, H., & Prinz, M. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02370-8 · Cited by 149
Klotho controls the brain-immune system interface in the choroid plexus
Zhu, L., Stein, L. R., Kim, D., Ho, K., Yu, G.-Q., Zhan, L., Larsson, T. E., & Mucke, L. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1808609115 · Cited by 148
Activated microglia drive demyelination via CSF1R signaling
Marzan, D. E., Brügger‐Verdon, V., West, B. L., Liddelow, S., Samanta, J., & Salzer, J. L. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23980 · Cited by 147
“the identity of these cells during CUP-mediated demyelination, we co-stained for CD11b and for the transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119), a microglia specific marker (Bennett et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationvan Wageningen, T. A., Vlaar, E., Kooij, G., Jongenelen, C. A. M., Geurts, J. J. G., & van Dam, A.-M. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0850-z · Cited by 147
Sterling, J. K., Adetunji, M. O., Guttha, S., Bargoud, A. R., Uyhazi, K. E., Ross, A. G., Dunaief, J. L., & Cui, Q. N. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108271 · Cited by 148
Transcriptional profiling of microglia; current state of the art and future perspectives
Gerrits, E., Heng, Y., Boddeke, E. W. G. M., & Eggen, B. J. L. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23767 · Cited by 140
Alzheimer’s disease phospholipase C-gamma-2 (PLCG2) protective variant is a functional hypermorph
Magno, L., Lessard, C. B., Martins, M., Lang, V., Cruz, P., Asi, Y., Katan, M., Bilsland, J., Lashley, T., Chakrabarty, P., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0469-0 · Cited by 143
An updated assessment of microglia depletion: current concepts and future directions
Han, J., Harris, R. A., & Zhang, X.-M. (2017) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-017-0307-x · Cited by 141
Chhatbar, C., Detje, C. N., Grabski, E., Borst, K., Spanier, J., Ghita, L., Elliott, D. A., Jordão, M. J. C., Mueller, N., Sutton, J., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.003 · Cited by 141
Chen, H.-R., Sun, Y.-Y., Chen, C.-W., Kuo, Y.-M., Kuan, I. S., Tiger Li, Z.-R., Short-Miller, J. C., Smucker, M. R., & Kuan, C.-Y. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2119 · Cited by 140
Lehmann, M. L., Weigel, T. K., Poffenberger, C. N., & Herkenham, M. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0184-19.2019 · Cited by 138
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease
Yeh, H., & Ikezu, T. (2019) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004 · Cited by 135
Pinto, B., Morelli, G., Rastogi, M., Savardi, A., Fumagalli, A., Petretto, A., Bartolucci, M., Varea, E., Catelani, T., Contestabile, A., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.010 · Cited by 135
Jafar-nejad, P., Powers, B., Soriano, A., Zhao, H., Norris, D. A., Matson, J., DeBrosse-Serra, B., Watson, J., Narayanan, P., Chun, S. J., et al. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa1235 · Cited by 128
Walker, D. G., Tang, T. M., Mendsaikhan, A., Tooyama, I., Serrano, G. E., Sue, L. I., Beach, T. G., & Lue, L.-F. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21020678 · Cited by 128
Metadata
- Authors
- Bennett, M. L., Bennett, F. C., Liddelow, S. A., Ajami, B., Zamanian, J. L., Fernhoff, N. B., Mulinyawe, S. B., Bohlen, C. J., Adil, A., Tucker, A., Weissman, I. L., Chang, E. F., Li, G., Grant, G. A., Hayden Gephart, M. G., & Barres, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-02-16
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- E1738-46
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4812770
- OpenAlex
- W2280077905
- Cited by
- 1,804
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 241 · 2021: 251 · 2020: 228 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 174 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 30
- FWCI
- 91.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F31NS078813, R21HD075359)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R47DA15043, 5K08NS075144-05)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH019938-22)
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (F32HL115973-02)
- Department of Health, Australian Government | National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1052961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- microglia, TMEM119, monoclonal antibodies, microglia isolation, microglial development, postnatal maturation, microglial transcriptome, central nervous system injury, brain development, myeloid cells, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Brain, Cell Division, Child, Humans, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Membrane Proteins, Middle Aged, Nerve Crush, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Organ Specificity, Rabbits, Sciatic Nerve, Temporal Lobe, Biomarkers, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Microglia, Mice, Knockout, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage, Endotoxemia, Optic Nerve Injuries, Gene Expression Profiling, Mice, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
