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Meal frequency and energy balance
Open accessAbstract
Several epidemiological studies have observed an inverse relationship between people's habitual frequency of eating and body weight, leading to the suggestion that a ‘nibbling’ meal pattern may help in the avoidance of obesity. A review of all pertinent studies shows that, although many fail to find any significant relationship, the relationship is consistently inverse in those that do observe a relationship. However, this finding is highly vulnerable to the probable confounding effects of post hoc changes in dietary patterns as a consequence of weight gain and to dietary under-reporting which undoubtedly invalidates some of the studies. We conclude that the epidemiological evidence is at best very weak, and almost certainly represents an artefact. A detailed review of the possible mechanistic explanations for a metabolic advantage of nibbling meal patterns failed to reveal significant benefits in respect of energy expenditure. Although some short-term studies suggest that the thermic effect of feeding is higher when an isoenergetic test load is divided into multiple small meals, other studies refute this, and most are neutral. More importantly, studies using whole-body calorimetry and doubly-labelled water to assess total 24h energy expenditure find no difference between nibbling and gorging. Finally, with the exception of a single study, there is no evidence that weight loss on hypoenergetic regimens is altered by meal frequency. We conclude that any effects of meal pattern on the regulation of body weight are likely to be mediated through effects on the food intake side of the energy balance equation.
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“There is also some evidence that snacks are more prone to being under-reported( 108 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“As eating frequency is positively related to EI, it may be that those who under-report EI also under-report their eating frequency( 45 , 108 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [108]
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“Overweight and obese individuals have been found to have different eating habits in comparison with normal-weight individuals, including morning anorexia and consumption of larger food amounts in the afternoon and evening as well as a higher eating frequency (14,20 -22) .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bellisle, F., McDevitt, R., & Prentice, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S57-S70
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2017993004
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- meal frequency, energy balance, obesity prevention, body weight regulation, energy expenditure, thermic effect of feeding, hypocaloric diet, dietary intake
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Weight, Child, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity
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