Additional Protein Intake Limits Weight Regain after Weight Loss in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Since long-term weight maintenance (WM) is a major problem, interventions to improve WM are needed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the addition of protein to the diet might limit weight regain after a weight loss of 5–10 % in overweight subjects. In a randomised parallel study design, 113 overweight subjects (BMI 29·3 (SD 2·5) kg/m 2); age 45·1 (SD 10·4) years) followed a very-low-energy diet for 4 weeks, after which there was a 6-month period of WM. During WM, subjects were randomised into either a protein group or a control group. The protein group received 30 g/d protein in addition to their own usual diet. During the very-low-energy diet, no differences were observed between the groups. During WM, the protein group showed a higher protein intake (18 %v.15 %;P<0·05), a lower weight regain (0·8 v.3·0 kg;P<0·05), a decreased waist circumference (−1·2 (SD 0·7)v.0·5 (SD 0·5 ) cm;P<0·05) and a smaller increase in respiratory quotient (0·03 (SD 0·01)v.0·07 0·01; (SD/)P<0·05) compared with the control group. Weight regain in the protein group consisted of only fat-free mass, whereas the control group gained fat mass as well. Satiety in the fasted state before breakfast increased significantly more in the protein group than in the control group. After 6 months follow-up, body weight showed a significant group × time interaction. A protein intake of 18 % compared with 15 % resulted in improved WM in overweight subjects after a weight loss of 7·5 %. This improved WM implied several factors, i.e. improved body composition, fat distribution, substrate oxidation and satiety.
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There is a risk of bias in studies where substitutes are provided to the intervention group but not to the control group.
“which highlights a risk of bias in studies where substitutes are provided to the intervention group but not to the control group [33,68,70,71].”
Including specific proteins such as gelatin or alpha-lactalbumin did not improve the effect on weight management despite their high satiating capacities.
“In further studies it was assessed whether including specific proteins, such as gelatin or alphalactalbumin, may improve the effect described above, due to their high satiating capacities (see below).However, this was not the case (23 -25) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
A chemosensor for dietary essential amino acid deficiency is located in the anterior piriform cortex.
“A chemosensor for dietary essential amino acid deficiency has been found in the anterior piriform cortex (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
After rejecting such a diet, animals forage for a better essential amino acid source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet.
“After rejection of such a diet animals begin foraging for a better dietary essential amino acid source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
Signals from the anterior piriform cortex project to other brain areas that control food intake.
“From this area signals are projected to other brain areas that are associated with the control of food intake (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
Animals reject diets that lead to depletion or deficiency of dietary essential amino acids.
“It has been shown that animals reject diets that lead to depletion or deficiency of dietary essential amino acids (the 'indispensable amino acid deficiency' theory).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
Gelatin is considered an incomplete protein because it lacks tryptophan and contains relatively low amounts of other essential amino acids.
“Gelatin is considered as an incomplete protein because it is lacking tryptophan (TRP) and contains relatively low amounts of the other dietary essential amino acids (i.e.histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
A high protein diet is not superior to other diets for weight loss, but recent evidence indicates it could be effective to prevent weight regain.
“Over the long term, even though the impact of a high protein diet on weight loss is not superior to other diets [71], recent evidence indicates that the use of a high protein diet could be an effective strategy to prevent weight regain [72,73].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lejeune, M. P. G. M., Kovacs, E. M. R., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Lejeune, Manuela P. G. M.
- ORCID
- Kovacs, Eva M. R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 281-289
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2152535332
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- dietary protein, weight regain, weight maintenance, weight loss, very low calorie diet, overweight, fat-free mass, fat mass, waist circumference, respiratory quotient, substrate oxidation, satiety, body composition, body fat distribution
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Body Composition, Body Constitution, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Dietary Supplements
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