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The first 10,000 Adult Attachment Interviews: distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups
Abstract
More than 200 adult attachment representation studies, presenting more than 10,500 Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) classifications, have been conducted in the past 25 years. In a series of analyses on the distributions of the AAI classifications in various cultural and age groups, fathers, and high-risk and clinical samples, we used the distribution of the combined samples of North American non-clinical mothers (23% dismissing, 58% secure, 19% preoccupied attachment representations, and 18% additionally coded for unresolved loss or other trauma) to examine deviations from this normative pattern, through multinomial tests and analyses of correspondence. The analyses were restricted to AAI classifications coded according to the Main, Goldwyn, and Hesse (2003) system. We did not find gender differences in the use of dismissing versus preoccupied attachment strategies, and the AAI distributions were largely independent of language and country of origin. Clinical subjects showed more insecure and unresolved attachment representations than the norm groups. Disorders with an internalizing dimension (e.g., borderline personality disorders) were associated with more preoccupied and unresolved attachments, whereas disorders with an externalizing dimension (e.g., antisocial personality disorders) displayed more dismissing as well as preoccupied attachments. Depressive symptomatology was associated with insecurity but not with unresolved loss or trauma, whe…
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Population studies consistently find secure attachment as the most prevalent style (50-60%), followed by avoidant (23-25%), anxious (11-19%), and a smaller ambivalent minority.
“Population studies consistently find secure attachment as the most prevalent style (50-60 %), followed by avoidant (23-25 %), anxious (11-19 %), and a smaller ambivalent minority (Bakermans-Kranenburg & van Ijzendoorn 2009;Mickelson et al. 1997).”
From Not a Silver Bullet for Loneliness: How Attachment and Age Shape Intimacy with AI Companions (2026) · cites this paper as Bakermans-Kranenburg & van Ijzendoorn 2009
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“9 In a sample of North American mothers, only 58% showed secure attachment.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H.
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-263
- ISSN
- 1461-6734
- 1469-2988
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 8
- Language
- en
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