The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review
Open accessAbstract
Interventions to change health-related behaviours typically have modest effects and may be more effective if grounded in appropriate theory. Most theories applied to public health interventions tend to emphasise individual capabilities and motivation, with limited reference to context and social factors. Intervention effectiveness may be increased by drawing on a wider range of theories incorporating social, cultural and economic factors that influence behaviour. The primary aim of this paper is to identify theories of behaviour and behaviour change of potential relevance to public health interventions across four scientific disciplines: psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics. We report in detail the methodology of our scoping review used to identify these theories including which involved a systematic search of electronic databases, consultation with a multidisciplinary advisory group, web searching, searching of reference lists and hand searching of key behavioural science journals. Of secondary interest we developed a list of agreed criteria for judging the quality of the theories. We identified 82 theories and 9 criteria for assessing theory quality. The potential relevance of this wide-ranging number of theories to public health interventions and the ease and usefulness of evaluating the theories in terms of the quality criteria are however yet to be determined.
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26 Own result · 21 Not checked yet · 18 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 10 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviour was most commonly measured by self-report methods (N = 194; 70%).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plainn = 194- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 82 theories and 9 criteria for assessing theory quality.”
- Also stated in: § Theories identified · plain
“Eighty-two theories of behaviour and behaviour change were identified.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The four disciplines psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics are the relevant disciplines for identifying theories of potential value to public health behaviour change.
- Rests on an assumption: The search strategy and sources were comprehensive enough to identify all relevant theories meeting the review's inclusion criteria.
- Also stated in: § Theories identified · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining theories (N = 23) were identified by the advisory group and/or through abstracts of the articles retrieved in our literature search.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Theories identified
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 24-member UK expert advisory group is sufficiently representative of the social and behavioural sciences and population health to determine the review's scope, methods, definitions and quality criteria.
- Rests on an assumption: The search strategy and sources were comprehensive enough to identify all relevant theories meeting the review's inclusion criteria.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighteen categories of behaviours were identified”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifty-two (19%) articles addressed multiple health-related behaviours”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cataloguing of 83 theories of behaviour change is an important resource for researchers”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with three accounting for 50% of the articles: increasing physical activity (N = 72; 26%), safe sex practices (N = 36; 13%) and smoking cessation (N = 30; 11%)”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plainn = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 82 theories and 9 criteria for assessing theory quality.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 24-member UK expert advisory group is sufficiently representative of the social and behavioural sciences and population health to determine the review's scope, methods, definitions and quality criteria.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the theories we identified, only a few were frequently applied in literature.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with 17 (6%) of these targeting healthy eating and physical activity together”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the literature identified in the scoping review reflects the search strategy that aimed to identify theories rather than exhaustively review theoretically informed empirical studies.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most reported interventions (N = 168; 61%) or were evaluative (N = 62; 35%)”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plainn = 168- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-one descriptive articles (either primary theory sources or extensions of a theory) were identified.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was found to be the case for 19 articles in total (covering 9 interventions/data-sets; see Tables 1 and 2).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resulting in 276 articles”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Articles retrieved
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles were published between 1977 and 2012”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we have nevertheless labelled what we did a scoping review.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To these a further 20 articles were added through searching the reference lists of the included articles”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Articles retrieved
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, these were theories that met our inclusion criteria but did not have relevant articles retrieved from our search strategy that met our article inclusion criteria, i.e., articles did not fall within one of our four categories (descriptive, intervention, evaluative, review).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Theories identified
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The search strategy and sources were comprehensive enough to identify all relevant theories meeting the review's inclusion criteria.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This scoping review of theories of behaviour/behaviour change of potential relevance to designing and evaluating public health interventions was informed by the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining theories (N = 70) were applied fewer than 6 times each in the literature that met our inclusion criteria, with most only being applied once or twice”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Frequency of use
plainn = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further four theories accounted for an additional 32 (12%) of the included articles: the HBM (N = 9; 3%), Self-determination Theory (SDT; N = 9; 3%), Health Action Process Approach (HAPA; N = 8; 3%) and Social Learning Theory (SLT; N = 6; 2%; SLT is a precursor of SCT).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Frequency of use
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 8680 articles retrieved through the database search, 6620 were excluded at the first stage of screening (title and abstract) and 1804 articles (out of the remaining 2060) were excluded after full-text screening, leaving 256 articles.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Articles retrieved
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with most of the research conducted in Europe and North America”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cut-offs at either end of this spectrum were agreed by consensus but were inevitably arbitrary.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“‘Behaviour’ also varies in level of specificity: for example, physical activity includes sports which includes volleyball which includes running.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was not possible to categorise the theories according to disciplines. Many of the theories had influences from more than one discipline and/or authors were from several disciplines or could not be categorised into any one discipline.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Theories identified
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviours are also part of sequences, often dependent on previous behaviours (e.g., carrying gym kit) and sometimes on other people's behaviours (e.g., others turning up for a team game).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the review identified articles that use the theories in relation to our inclusion criteria”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many theories contained similar constructs or the same constructs but with slightly different names.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theories, as conceptualised here, ranged from quite specific (e.g., to a particular behavioural domain or type of intervention) to very general, including multiple levels of influence.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since the data constitute unbalanced cells, we have used percentage agreement as it provides a more transparent and more readily interpretable parameter than Cohen's kappa. As kappa corrects for chance agreement among multiple coders, use of kappa is likely to underestimate reliability (Steinijans, Diletti, Bomches, Greis, & Solleder, 1997).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inter-rater reliability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinijans, Diletti, Bomches, Greis, & Solleder, 1997
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current resources on theories of behaviour change tend to reflect specific contexts and disciplines, and are thus inevitably limited in the range of theories considered (Agar, 2008; Conner & Norman, 2005; Glanz & Bishop, 2010; Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, 2002).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agar, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Conner & Norman, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Glanz & Bishop, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences of views about inclusion were resolved through discussion and consensus with the other authors.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inter-rater reliability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forward and backward citation searching, and hand searching of key behavioural science journals were performed to minimise the likelihood of relevant theories being missed.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Literature search strategy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dual data extraction was conducted independently on 60% of the included papers by two researchers and inconsistencies resolved through joint discussion.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Data extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not exclude articles based on their quality, since the methodology of applying these criteria has yet to be developed.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inclusion criteria for articles
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At both screening stages, 30% of the abstracts were independently screened by two other researchers (each of which screened 15%) and inter-rater reliability (calculated using percentage agreement) was assessed.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inter-rater reliability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“for those that are effective, the effects tend to be modest, with significant heterogeneity of short-term and long-term effects (Michie, Johnston, Francis, Hardeman, & Eccles, 2008).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie, Johnston, Francis, Hardeman, & Eccles, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In practice, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two and some theories could be viewed as both.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-four UK experts from the social and behavioural sciences and/or population health research formed the advisory group, which determined the scope, methods and conduct of the review.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Expert advisory group
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 24-member UK expert advisory group is sufficiently representative of the social and behavioural sciences and population health to determine the review's scope, methods, definitions and quality criteria.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Theories of behaviour tend to be linear, and explain the reasons why behaviour may occur by considering a number of predictors and their associations with one another and how these could influence the likelihood of a particular behaviour (Agar, 2008; Conner & Norman, 2005; Glanz & Rimer, 1997; Head & Noar, 2013).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agar, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Conner & Norman, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Head & Noar, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure that the search results included key articles on theories relevant to behaviour change (identified through the initial scoping of the literature).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Literature search strategy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A review investigating application of theory using the 19-item ‘Theory Coding Scheme’ (Michie & Prestwich, 2010), found that only 10% of studies of theory-based interventions reported links between behaviour change techniques and theoretical constructs and only 9% reported that all the constructs had been targeted by behaviour change techniques.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie & Prestwich, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the theory appearing most frequently in our review, the TTM, has been criticised on several grounds (West, 2005) and its empirical support has been questioned by systematic review findings (e.g., Cahill, Lancaster, & Green, 2010; Etter & Perneger, 1999; Littell & Girvin, 2002; Whitelaw, Baldwin, Bunton, & Flynn, 2000).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites West, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Cahill, Lancaster, & Green, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Etter & Perneger, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Theories of change tend to be more cyclical and identify interactional and dynamic behaviour change processes (Agar, 2008; Head & Noar, 2013).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agar, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Head & Noar, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inclusion of each theory was considered independently by at least two of the four authors and by members of the advisory group.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inclusion criteria for theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While both these approaches are of value, neither specifies relationships between theoretical domains and constructs in terms of the effect that one domain or construct may have on another.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inter-rater reliability was assessed.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Inclusion criteria for theories
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, to maximise effectiveness, intervention designers are likely to benefit from drawing from a wider range of theories than currently used.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first of two rounds of a Delphi process, advisory group members were asked to rate each definition and parts of the definition for potential use. When a definition (or a part of it) was rated as important by at least 50% of the group it was retained as relevant.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Methods > Definition of key terms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 24-member UK expert advisory group is sufficiently representative of the social and behavioural sciences and population health to determine the review's scope, methods, definitions and quality criteria.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The application of theory is advocated as an integral step in intervention design and evaluation and in evidence synthesis, for example, by the UK Medical Research Council's guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions (Campbell et al., 2000, 2007; Craig et al., 2008; Glanz & Bishop, 2010).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell et al., 2000, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Craig et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Glanz & Bishop, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is not clear how this consensus was reached and how relevant the included constructs are to other behaviours, given the focus on HIV-related behaviours.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There have been calls for more operationalization, application, testing and refining of theories over many years (e.g., Michie & Johnston, 2012; Noar & Zimmerman, 2005; Rothman, 2004; Weinstein, 2007; Weinstein & Rothman, 2005), but advances are slow.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie & Johnston, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Noar & Zimmerman, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Rothman, 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its purpose seemed more akin to that of a scoping than a systematic review.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more general theories may have greater face validity but be less useable in guiding research than more specific theories”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as the relevance of a particular theory may vary across type of behaviour, so it may vary according to the level of specificity.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“choice of theory will therefore be partly guided by the purpose it is to be put to.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“not only language varies across and within disciplines but so do epistemological and ontological assumptions and preoccupations.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arguably what we wanted to attempt was a combination of these two things”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transforming the nine quality criteria into forms, such as reliable scales or response options that can be used in evaluating theories is a complex task, and a study in its own right.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there is a clear distinction between aggregative systematic reviews that are ‘about seeking evidence to inform decisions’ and configurative scoping reviews which are about ‘seeking concepts to provide enlightenment through new ways of understanding’.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gough, Thomas, and Oliver (2012)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The four disciplines psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics are the relevant disciplines for identifying theories of potential value to public health behaviour change.
“across four scientific disciplines: psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics”
“informed by the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 24-member UK expert advisory group is sufficiently representative of the social and behavioural sciences and population health to determine the review's scope, methods, definitions and quality criteria.
“Twenty-four UK experts from the social and behavioural sciences and/or population health research formed the advisory group, which determined the scope, methods and conduct of the review.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The search strategy and sources were comprehensive enough to identify all relevant theories meeting the review's inclusion criteria.
“To be as comprehensive as possible we focused on both theories of behaviour and behaviour change.”
“Forward and backward citation searching, and hand searching of key behavioural science journals were performed to minimise the likelihood of relevant theories being missed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of articles reporting a theory is a valid indicator of the theory's empirical application.
“These are listed in Table 1 along with the lead author, date of the paper that originally described the theory and the number of articles that reported using the theory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nine defining features are conceptually important for a good theory.
“Nine defining features were identified as conceptually important for a good theory: (i) clarity of constructs – ‘Has the case been made for the independence of constructs from each other?’”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, using behavioural change theories can help us understand public behaviour around antibiotic usage and how to develop theoretically based interventions to maximise effectiveness.”
From Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The effectiveness of theory-based interventions is well-documented”
From Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as Davis et al (2015)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Eighty-three theories of behaviour and behaviour change have recently been identified in a review across disciplines in social and behavioural sciences [22].”
From A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The integration of theoretical frameworks enhances the understanding of behavioural determinants and supports the development of effective, targeted interventions.”
From Public-targeted interventions addressing antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as Davis et al (2015)
In the citing paper
“A large number of theories have been used to explain behaviour change, with a recent review identifying 83.160,161”
In the citing paper
“A large number of theories have been used to explain behaviour change, with a cross-disciplinary review identifying 83.160,176”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“most reported interventions (N = 168; 61%) or were evaluative (N = 62; 35%).”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Article characteristics
Reported 35 · recomputed 22.463768
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Discussion
“The cataloguing of 83 theories of behaviour change is an important resource for researchers wishing to draw on theories beyond the few that currently dominate the literature.”
§ Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review > Results > Theories identified
“Eighty-two theories of behaviour and behaviour change were identified.”
Citations
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“…of theory is advocated as an integral step in intervention design and evaluation and in evidence synthesis, for example, by the UK Medical Research Council’s guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions (Campbell et al., 2000, 2007; Craig et al., 2008; Glanz & Bishop, 2010).”
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Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
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“…of theory is advocated as an integral step in intervention design and evaluation and in evidence synthesis, for example, by the UK Medical Research Council’s guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions (Campbell et al., 2000, 2007; Craig et al., 2008; Glanz & Bishop, 2010).”
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“…of theory is advocated as an integral step in intervention design and evaluation and in evidence synthesis, for example, by the UK Medical Research Council’s guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions (Campbell et al., 2000, 2007; Craig et al., 2008; Glanz & Bishop, 2010).”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L., & Michie, S.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Michie, Susan
- Venue
- Health Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-08-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-344
- ISSN
- 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-7202
- PMC
- PMC4566873
- OpenAlex
- W2132253094
- Semantic Scholar
- f6f88a3ae2e21ef6bbd87db0a96a67ec73971cd3
- Cited by
- 1,411
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 174 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 202 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (PHSRN10)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
- Keywords
- behavior change, public health interventions, intervention effectiveness, cultural factors, economic factors
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Humans, Motivation, Psychological Theory, Public Health, Health Behavior, Behavior Control
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