FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Abstract
Data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 1971 and 1972 were used to determine what factors are associated with the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration. The study was limited to those who were at least 45 years old at the time of the ophthalmology examination. Stratified analysis, adjusting for age, showed that education, systolic blood pressure, past history of hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and refractive error were all associated with macular degeneration. With the exception of education, these factors remained statistically significant when simultaneously entered into a logistic regression model. The frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins A and C suggested a negative association with the prevalence of macular degeneration after stratified adjustment for age. In a logistic regression analysis, adjusting for demographic and medical factors, the inverse association of vitamin C with age-related macular degeneration was no longer present. The frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A remained negatively correlated with age-related macular degeneration even after adjustment for demographic and medical factors.
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Data from epidemiological studies as well as small randomized clinical trials do not show consistent associations between intake of antioxidants or zinc and risk of AMD.
“However, data from epidemiological studies [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] as well as small randomized clinical trials [27][28][29] do not show consistent associations between intake of antioxidants or zinc and risk of AMD.”
Results from observational studies that assessed the effect of dietary antioxidants on risk for age-related macular degeneration have been inconsistent.
“Results from observational studies that assessed the effect of dietary antioxidants on risk for age-related macular degeneration have been inconsistent.90–95”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- GOLDBERG, J., FLOWERDEW, G., SMITH, E., BRODY, J. A., & TSO, M. O. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- GOLDBERG, JACK
- ORCID
- GOLDBERG, JACK
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1988-10
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 700-710
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2102446763
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, prevalence, risk factors, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, refractive error, vitamin A, vitamin C, fruit and vegetable intake, older adults, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Ascorbic Acid, Female, Fruit, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypertension, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Vegetables, Vitamin A
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