Dopamine or opioid stimulation of nucleus accumbens similarly amplify cue‐triggered ‘wanting’ for reward: entire core and medial shell mapped as substrates for PIT enhancement
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Pavlovian cues [conditioned stimulus (CS+)] often trigger intense motivation to pursue and consume related reward [unconditioned stimulus (UCS)]. But cues do not always trigger the same intensity of motivation. Encountering a reward cue can be more tempting on some occasions than on others. What makes the same cue trigger more intense motivation to pursue reward on a particular encounter? The answer may be the level of incentive salience (‘wanting’) that is dynamically generated by mesocorticolimbic brain systems, influenced especially by dopamine and opioid neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NA c) at that moment. We tested the ability of dopamine stimulation (by amphetamine microinjection) vs. mu opioid stimulation [by d‐Ala, nMe‐Phe, Glyol‐enkephalin (DAMGO) microinjection] of either the core or shell of the NA c to amplify cue‐triggered levels of motivation to pursue sucrose reward, measured with a Pavlovian‐Instrumental Transfer (PIT) procedure, a relatively pure assay of incentive salience. Cue‐triggered ‘wanting’ in PIT was enhanced by amphetamine or DAMGO microinjections equally, and also equally at nearly all sites throughout the entire core and medial shell (except for a small far‐rostral strip of shell). NA c dopamine/opioid stimulations specifically enhanced CS+ ability to trigger phasic peaks of ‘wanting’ to obtain UCS, without altering baseline efforts when CS+ was absent. We conclude that dopamine/opioid stimulation throughout nearly the entire NA c can causally amplify the reactivity of mesocorticolimbic circuits, and so magnify incentive salience or phasic UCS ‘wanting’ peaks triggered by a CS+. Mesolimbic amplification of incentive salience may explain why a particular cue encounter can become irresistibly tempting, even when previous encounters were successfully resisted before.
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Repeated exposure transforms the reward into an 'expected reward', at which point dopamine neurons fire in response to stimuli that predict the delivery of the originally rewarding stimulus.
“However, repeated exposure transforms the reward into an 'expected reward' , at which point dopamine neurons fire in response to stimuli that predict the delivery of the originally rewarding stim- ulus 45 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
The Pavlovian training section (page unavailable) reports that rats learned to respond to a cue repeatedly paired with sucrose. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports cue-triggered reward seeking amplified by dopamine stimulation, but it does not establish that repeated exposure turns a reward into an “expected reward” or that dopamine neurons fire in response to the predictive cue. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer (PIT), a Pavlovian reward CS+ cue (sound) elicits small peaks of 'wanting' during extinction test.
“In Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer (PIT; right), a Pavlovian reward CS+ cue (sound) elicits small peaks of ‘wanting’ during extinction test (bottom).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Pecina and Berridge, 2013
An hour of continuously high levels of brain dopamine, produced in a rat after microinjection of amphetamine in nucleus accumbens, does not actually cause continuously high 'wanting' motivation.
“For example, an hour of continuously high levels of brain dopamine, produced in a rat after microinjection of amphetamine in nucleus accumbens, does not actually cause continuously high ‘wanting’ motivation.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Pecina and Berridge, 2013
Intense peaks of 'wanting' to obtain a reward come and go during the session together as reward cues are presented and withdrawn.
“Instead, its intense peaks of ‘wanting’ to obtain a reward come and go during the session together as reward cues are presented and withdrawn (Wyvell and Berridge, 2000; Pecina and Berridge, 2013; Figure 2).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Pecina and Berridge, 2013
In animal studies, sensitization increases neuronal firing in VTA-accumbens-pallidal pathways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward.
“For example, in animal studies, sensitization increases neuronal firing in VTA–accumbens–pallidal pathways that code incentive salience as well as the behavioral ability of reward cues to trigger frenzied bursts of effort to obtain the reward (Peciña & Berridge, 2013; Tindell et al., 2005; Wyvell & Berridge, 2001).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Peciña & Berridge, 2013
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- Authors
- Peciña, S., & Berridge, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan–Dearborn (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peciña, Susana
- ORCID
- Berridge, Kent C.
- Venue
- European Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-03-17
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1529-1540
- ISSN
- 0953-816X (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9568
- PMC
- PMC4028374
- OpenAlex
- W2164647828
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63649, R01MH063649)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA015188, R01DA015188)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- incentive salience, nucleus accumbens, dopamine, amphetamine, DAMGO, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, conditioned stimulus, mesocorticolimbic circuit, nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core, sucrose reward, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Amphetamine, Animals, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Male, Motivation, Nucleus Accumbens, Reward, Dopamine Agents, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-, Rats
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