Theory of mind performance in children correlates with functional specialization of a brain region for thinking about thoughts
Abstract
Thinking about other people's thoughts recruits a specific group of brain regions, including the temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ), precuneus (PC), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). The same brain regions were recruited when children (N=20, 5-11 years) and adults (N=8) listened to descriptions of characters' mental states, compared to descriptions of physical events. Between ages 5 and 11 years, responses in the bilateral TPJ became increasingly specific to stories describing mental states as opposed to people's appearance and social relationships. Functional activity in the right TPJ was related to children's performance on a high level theory of mind task. These findings provide insights into the origin of neural mechanisms of theory of mind, and how behavioral and neural changes can be related in development.
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There is a linear increase in TPJ responses during mentalizing.
“Another emerging developmental pattern is a linear increase in TPJ responses during mentalizing (Gweon et al., 2012; van den Bos et al., 2011).”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Gweon et al., 2012
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Social interaction recruits mentalizing and reward systems in middle childhood
Alkire, D., Levitas, D., Warnell, K. R., & Redcay, E. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24221 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Last, we examined whether our results would replicate previous findings that socialcognitive regions become increasingly specialized for mentalizing (Gweon et al., 2012) and social interaction (Warnell et al.”
Bardi, L., Desmet, C., Nijhof, A. D., Wiersema, J. R., & Braß, M. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw143 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Only by the age of 4 years, children are able to pass false belief tasks (Wimmer and Perner, 1983; Baron-Cohen et al., 1985; McKinnon and Moscovitch, 2007; Wellman et al., 2001; Gweon et al., 2012).”
BackgroundContribution of Neuroimaging Studies to Understanding Development of Human Cognitive Brain Functions
Morita, T., Asada, M., & Naito, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00464 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Selective brain activities for mentalizing became observable as a child’s age increased (Gweon et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBardi, L., Six, P., & Braß, M. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx109 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…age children are able to report that someone else may have a different perception of the reality and thus end up for example with false beliefs about an event or object (e.g. Wimmer and Perner, 1983; Baron-Cohen et al., 1985; Wellman et al., 2001; McKinnon and Moscovitch, 2007; Gweon et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHyde, D. C., Betancourt, M. A., & Simon, C. E. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22953 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…about beliefs, and particularly false beliefs, demands executive resources like working memory and inhibition, does not emerge until 4 to 6 years, and is associated with continued brain development throughout late childhood [Apperly et al., 2008; Gweon et al., 2012; McKinnon and Moscovitch, 2007].”
BackgroundChronic peer victimization heightens neural sensitivity to risk taking
Telzer, E. H., Miernicki, M. E., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000438 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lagattuta, K. H., Kramer, H. J., Kennedy, K., Lara, K. H., Goldfarb, D., & Tashjian, S. M. (2015) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fehlbaum, L. V., Borbás, R., Paul, K., Eickhoff, S. B., & Raschle, N. M. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab105 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“, 2018; Richardson and Saxe, 2020) to 5 years of age (Gweon et al., 2012) for regions including medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and precuneus.”
BackgroundInfluentialLooking beyond the brain: Social neuroscience meets narrative practice
Hutto, D. D., & Kirchhoff, M. D. (2015) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2015.07.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The integration of visual context information in facial emotion recognition in 5- to 15-year-olds
Theurel, A., Witt, A., Malsert, J., Lejeune, F., Fiorentini, C., Barisnikov, K., & Gentaz, É. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.06.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Superficial White Matter in Autism and Its Role in Connectivity Anomalies and Symptom Severity
Hong, S., Hyung, B., Paquola, C., & Bernhardt, B. C. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy321 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“ing mentalizing tasks in typically developing children and adults (Saxe and Kanwisher 2003; Mitchell et al. 2006; Van Overwalle 2009; Mar 2011; Bzdok et al. 2012; Gweon et al. 2012; Schurz et al. 2014), suggesting a contribution of these areas to”
BackgroundSchuwerk, T., Döhnel, K., Sodian, B., Keck, I. R., Rupprecht, R., & Sommer, M. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22377 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…to adulthood [e.g., Giedd, 2004; Mills et al., 2012] both the MPFC and the temporoparietal cortex show a developmental alteration of functional activity related to ToM reasoning [Moriguchi et al., 2007; Sommer et al., 2010; Meinhardt et al., 2011; Dumontheil et al., 2012; Gweon et al., 2012].”
BackgroundDevelopmental Cognitive Neuroscience of Theory of Mind
Hyowon Gweon, C., & Saxe, R. R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397267-5.00057-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The three graphs (bottom) show the time course of activation in the RTPJ in mental, social, and physical conditions in three different age groups (Gweon et al., 2012).”
A Social-Interactive Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Developing Brain
Redcay, E., & Warnell, K. R. (2017) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Spontaneous mentalizing captures variability in the cortical thickness of social brain regions
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“Modifications to the STOMP to make the task appropriate for younger age-groups would also allow for examination of the relation between spontaneous ToM and cortical thickness during periods of robust development in ToM (e.g. early and middle childhood; Wellman and Liu, 2004; Gweon et al ., 2012).”
Inter-subject synchrony as an index of functional specialization in early childhood
Moraczewski, D., Chen, G., & Redcay, E. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20600-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Let's chat: developmental neural bases of social motivation during real‐time peer interaction
Warnell, K. R., Sadikova, E., & Redcay, E. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12581 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This age- related change is consistent with previous work indicating that middle childhood corresponds to functional specialization of similar regions during social tasks, such as mental state reasoning (Gweon et al., 2012) and perceiving biological motion (Carter & Pelphrey, 2006).”
InfluentialMurdaugh, D. L., Nadendla, K. D., & Kana, R. K. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.051 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Richardson, H. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.11.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity predicts the accuracy in estimating others' preferences
Kang, P., Lee, J., Sul, S., & Kim, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00686 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The development of the ability to infer another person’s mind coincides with the maturation of these structures (Sabbagh et al., 2009; Gweon et al., 2012) and, more importantly, activities in the ToM network appear to be critical for forming impressions upon seeing strangers’ faces (Zaki et al.,…”
BackgroundNeural correlates of developing theory of mind competence in early childhood
Xiao, Y., Geng, F., Riggins, T., Chen, G., & Redcay, E. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.079 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“To date, most of the ToM-related neuroimaging studies have been conducted with adults, in which brain activation in response to specific experimental tasks is examined, and little research has investigated the neural correlates of ToM in developing children (see Bowman et al., submitted for publication; Gweon et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReduced neural selectivity for mental states in deaf children with delayed exposure to sign language
Richardson, H., Koster-Hale, J., Caselli, N. K., Magid, R., Benedict, R. F., Olson, H. A., Pyers, J. E., & Saxe, R. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17004-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
False-belief reasoning from 3 to 92 years of age
Bernstein, D. M., Coolin, A., Fischer, A. L., Thornton, W. L., & Sommerville, J. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185345 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Functional connectivity in the social brain across childhood and adolescence
McCormick, E. M., van Hoorn, J., Cohen, J. R., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy064 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Decety and Lamm, 2007), previous developmental work employing univariate methodologies consistently supports the recruitment of social brain regions in tasks that require social cognition from childhood into adulthood (e.g. Blakemore et al., 2007; Burnett et al., 2009; van den Bos et al., 2011; Gweon et al., 2012; Sch…”
BackgroundPhillips, J., & Norby, A. (2019) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12267 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, 1985), and even which brain regions are responsible for representing and reasoning about others’ minds (Saxe and Kanwisher, 2003; Gallagher and Frith, 2003; Gweon et al., 2012; Frith and Frith, 2012; Koster-Hale and Saxe, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Resilience Program: preliminary evaluation of a mentalization-based education program
Bak, P. L., Midgley, N., Zhu, J. L., Wistoft, K., & Obel, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00753 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Functional neuroimaging of theory of mind
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“…listening to any information about characters in the story, including the characters’ physical appearance or social relationships (Saxe et al., 2009; Gweon et al., 2012), whereas in older children and adults, the ToM brain regions are recruited only when listening to information about thoughts and…”
BackgroundInfluentialBowman, L. C., Kovelman, I., Hu, X., & Wellman, H. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00560 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…was presented in three runs of 10 experimental blocks (26 s per block) and nine rest blocks (15 s per block); these durations are within the range of other block designs capturing hemodynamic response in children with both fMRI (e.g., Gweon et al., 2012) and fNIRS (Minagawa-Kawai et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAsaba, M., Ong, D. C., & Hyowon Gweon, C. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000749 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
DHEAS and Human Development: An Evolutionary Perspective
Campbell, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00101 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“middle childhood (14, 42, 43), together with the emergence of mentalizing from 9 to 11 years (147) fits both criteria.”
BackgroundYoung children infer and manage what others think about them
Asaba, M., & Gweon, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105642119 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Second, in light of neural development of brain regions implicated in theory of mind (55, 56), exploring the role of these regions in representing others’ mental states about the self (57) is another exciting direction for future work.”
BackgroundHumor processing in children: influence of temperament, age and IQ.
Vrtička, P., Black, J. M., Neely, M., Shelly, E. W., & Reiss, A. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Richardson, H., Hyowon Gweon, C., Dodell‐Feder, D., Malloy, C., Pelton, H., Keil, B. R., Kanwisher, N., & Saxe, R. R. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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“Because regions within the MPFC have been indicated as core ToM regions in prior work (Gweon et al., 2012; Dufour et al., 2013), we carried out exploratory, one-sample t-tests to evaluate activity in the VMPFC, DMPFC and MMPFC ROIs for FB and FP conditions, separately.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTelzer, E. H., Fowler, C. H., Davis, M. M., & Rudolph, K. D. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001433 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Biological motion perception links diverse facets of theory of mind during middle childhood
Warnell, K. R., Anderson, L. C., Velnoskey, K. R., Thompson, J. C., & Redcay, E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Longitudinal links between childhood peer acceptance and the neural correlates of sharing
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Perceived live interaction modulates the developing social brain
Warnell, K. R., Moraczewski, D., & Redcay, E. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw060 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For example, regions involved in mentalizing in adults (including precuneus and bi-lateral TPJ) become increasingly selective for processing mental states as compared with general social information (Gweon et al. , 2012).”
InfluentialBehavior and Neural Correlates of Empathy in Adolescents
Overgaauw, S., Güroğlu, B., Rieffe, C. J., & Crone, E. A. (2014) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000363318 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Revisiting Young Children's Understanding of the Psychological Causes of Behavior
Miller, P. H., & Aloise‐Young, P. A. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12891 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Theory-of-mind-related neural activity for one’s romantic partner predicts partner well-being
Dodell-Feder, D., Felix, S., Yung, M. G., & Hooker, C. I. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv144 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that the structure and function of the ToM network, in healthy and schizophrenia samples across the lifespan, are associated with ToM performance on laboratory assessments (Hooker et al., 2011; Gweon et al., 2012; Dodell-Feder et al., 2014b; Rice and Redcay, 2014), as well as self-reported…”
InfluentialBowman, L. C., Dodell‐Feder, D., Saxe, R. R., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100705 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrates that brain regions implicated in adult ToM reasoning such as the TPJ, MPFC, and PC are also recruited in school-aged children (Saxe et al., 2009; Gweon et al., 2012; Kobayashi et al., 2007; Sommer et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYuk, V., Urbain, C. M., Pang, E. W., Anagnostou, E. A., Buchsbaum, D., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.08.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sabbagh, M. A., & Bowman, L. C. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn408 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Kamps, F. S., Richardson, H., Murty, N. A. R., Kanwisher, N., & Saxe, R. R. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25815 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“, the theory of mind network) undergo protracted development across childhood (Gweon et al., 2012; Moraczewski et al., 2018; Richardson et al., 2018; Richardson & Saxe, 2020; Saxe et al., 2009).”
BackgroundA Psychodynamic Perspective on Treatment of Patients with Conversion and Other Somatoform Disorders
Kaplan, M. (2014) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.4.593 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The preterm social brain: altered functional networks for Theory of Mind in very preterm children
Mossad, S. I., Vandewouw, M. M., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa237 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“These regions include the medial prefrontal cortex, temporal-parietal junction, superior temporal gyrus and amygdalae (Carrington & Bailey, 2009; Gweon et al., 2012; Saxe & Wexler, 2005).”
BackgroundHooft, J. J. V. ’., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Sikkes, S. A. M., Scheltens, P., Spikman, J. M., Jaschke, A. C., Warren, J. D., & Tijms, B. M. (2021) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105660 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“21.5 (18–25) Stories about a protagonists mental state Stories about physical events Haas et al. 2015 n = 16 (56”
BackgroundInfluentialSalience driven attention is pivotal to understanding others’ intentions
Rijpma, M. G., Shdo, S. M., Shany‐Ur, T., Toller, G., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., & Rankin, K. P. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2020.1868984 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Role for Uncertainty in the Neural Distinction Between Social and Nonsocial Thought
Berkay, D., & Jenkins, A. C. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221112077 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Toward a Neuroscience of Adult Cognitive Developmental Theory
Girgis, F., Lee, D. J., Goodarzi, A., & Ditterich, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…are active during complex interconnected mental concepts such as the representation of another individual’s actions, desires, and belief systems, the formulation and judgment of other’s perspectives, and the inhibition of actions (McCleery et al., 2011; Gweon et al., 2012; Bowman et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe role of simulation in intertemporal choices
O’Connell, G., Christakou, A., & Chakrabarti, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00094 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neural correlates of “Theory of Mind” in very preterm born children
Mossad, S. I., Smith, M., Pang, E., & Taylor, M. J. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23750 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“ToM ability develops from preschool into adulthood and improvements are thought to depend on continued maturation and specialization of the ToM network [Apperly et al., 2004; Gweon et al., 2012; Sabbagh et al., 2009] as well as mastery of other abilities such as executive functioning, language and emotion processing […”
BackgroundSocial Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood
Lapsley, D. K., & Woodbury, R. D. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.16 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Serum selenium in children during anti-cancer chemotherapy.
Koskelo, E. K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Samaey, C., der Donck, S. V., van Winkel, R., & Boets, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592937 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Borbás, R., Fehlbaum, L. V., Rudin, U., Stadler, C., & Raschle, N. M. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100959 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Im, E. J., Shirahatti, A., & Işık, L. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2284-23.2024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…this dataset showing that the functional specialization of the ToM network develops throughout childhood (Richardson et al., 2018), as well as prior studies showing reduced ToM selectivity in the TPJ for children compared with adults (Kobayashi et al., 2007; Saxe et al., 2009; Gweon et al., 2012).”
McNaughton, K. A., Kirby, L., Warnell, K. R., Alkire, D. R., Merchant, J. S., Moraczewski, D., Yarger, H. A., Thurm, A. E., & Redcay, E. (2023) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101197 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In typical development, middle childhood is a period in which peer relationships become increasingly important (Ladd, 1999), and the neural circuitry for social-cognitive processing becomes increasingly specialized (Gweon et al., 2012; Redcay and Warnell, 2018).”
Wysocka, J., Golec-Staśkiewicz, K., Haman, M., Wolak, T. P., Kochański, B., & Pluta, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00119 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neuroepigenetic impact on mentalizing in childhood
Skyberg, A. M., Beeler-Duden, S., Goldstein, A. M., Gancayco, C. A., Lillard, A. S., Connelly, J. J., & Morris, J. P. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101080 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, there is evidence of age-related increases in bilateral TPJ activation from 5 to 11 years, suggesting fine tuning and selectivity of this region (Gweon et al., 2012).”
Isernia, S., MacPherson, S. E., Baksh, R. A., Bergsland, N., Marchetti, A., Baglio, F., & Massaro, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971187 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Then, 94 healthy adults (47 females, mean age 35 ± 15.9) completed the ESCoT, a battery of conventional social cognition tests (Yoni; Reading the Mind in the Eyes Strange Stories, and Social Norm Questionnaire, SNQ) and measures of intelligence and executive functions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Neurocognitive Perspective on the Development of Social Decision-Making
Will, G., & Güroğlu, B. (2016) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35923-1_15 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cortical temporal hierarchy is immature in middle childhood
Moraczewski, D., Nketia, J., & Redcay, E. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116616 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stroud, L. R., Morningstar, M. A., Vergara‐Lopez, C., Bublitz, M. H., Lee, S. Y., Sanes, J. N., Dahl, R. E., Silk, J. S., Nelson, E. E., & Dickstein, D. P. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108618 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Increased rTPJ activity has been shown to be associated with higher false-belief accuracy (Gweon et al., 2012; Kana et al., 2009).”
Xiao, Y., Alkire, D. R., Moraczewski, D., & Redcay, E. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101079 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The increasing connectivity within the mentalizing network during this period is consistent with previous studies showing age-related changes in functional connectivity within the mentalizing network during mental state reasoning (Gweon et al., 2012; Richardson et al., 2018; Mukerji et al., 2019).”
Dodell‐Feder, D., Tully, L. M., Dudek, E. M., & Hooker, C. I. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab028 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, 2018)—reduce the quantity and quality of early social exposure in a way that prevents the specialization of ToM-related brain regions that occurs in typically developing youth (Saxe et al., 2009; Gweon et al., 2012; Bowman et al., 2019).”
BackgroundYoung children infer and manage what others think about themPreprint
Asaba, M., & Hyowon Gweon, C. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yxhv5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Interpersonal neural synchrony across levels of interpersonal closeness and social interactivity
Carollo, A., Bizzego, A., Schäfer, V. T., Pletti, C., Hoehl, S., & Esposito, G. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121532 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gweon, H., Dodell-Feder, D., Bedny, M., & Saxe, R.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Harvard University
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1853-1868
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2113635677
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 27.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, children, temporoparietal junction, precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, neural development, cognitive development, functional specialization, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Thinking, Young Adult, Theory of Mind
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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