Medial cortex activity, self-reflection and depression
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Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated neural activity associated with self-reflection in depressed [current major depressive episode (MDE)] and healthy control participants, focusing on medial cortex areas previously shown to be associated with self-reflection. Both the MDE and healthy control groups showed greater activity in anterior medial cortex (medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus) when cued to think about hopes and aspirations compared with duties and obligations, and greater activity in posterior medial cortex (precuneus, posterior cingulate) when cued to think about duties and obligations (Experiment 1). However, the MDE group showed less activity than controls in the same area of medial frontal cortex when self-referential cues were more ambiguous with respect to valence (Experiment 2), and less deactivation in a non-self-referential condition in both experiments. Furthermore, individual differences in rumination were positively correlated with activity in both anterior and posterior medial cortex during non-self-referential conditions. These results provide converging evidence for a dissociation of anterior and posterior medial cortex depending on the focus of self-relevant thought. They also provide neural evidence consistent with behavioral findings that depression is associated with disruption of positively valenced thoughts in response to ambiguous cues, and difficulty disengaging from self-reflection when it is appropriate to do so.
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Areas of the medial PFC overlapping with activations found in the present study showing increased connectivity with posterior insula have been associated with positively valenced self-related processing.
“Areas of the medial PFC overlapping with activations found in the present study showing increased connectivity with posterior insula, have been associated with positively valenced self-related processing (Johnson et al., 2009).”
From Changes in functional connectivity following treatment with emotion regulation therapy (2019) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2009
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Default mode dysfunction underpins suicidal activity in mood disorders
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“The MPFC is also implicated in the detection of emotionally salient stimuli (Morris et al., 1998; Phillips et al., 2003), agentic or aspirational self-reflection (Johnson et al., 2006, 2009), and determining whether beliefs are ‘‘acceptable’’ or ‘‘unacceptable’’ (Paulus and Stein, 2010).”
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The double burden of age and major depressive disorder on the cognitive control network
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- Authors
- Johnson, M. K., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Mitchell, K. J., & Levin, Y.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- Mitchell, Karen J.
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-07-20
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-327
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC2799950
- OpenAlex
- W2111726505
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG09253)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009253, AG 09253, R37AG009253)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- depression, self-reflection, self-referential processing, medial cortex, posterior medial cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, medial frontal gyrus, rumination, deactivation, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention, Brain Mapping, Cues, Depression, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Individuality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Oxygen, Pain Measurement, Self Concept, Statistics as Topic, Young Adult
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