The DOI matches its Crossref record; 234 of the 235 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 183 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis
Open accessAbstract
Social connections are vital to survival throughout the animal kingdom and are dynamic across the life span. There are debilitating consequences of social isolation and loneliness, and social support is increasingly a primary consideration in health care, disease prevention, and recovery. Considering social connection as an “innate need,” it is hypothesized that evolutionarily conserved neural systems underlie the maintenance of social connections: alerting the individual to their absence and coordinating effector mechanisms to restore social contact. This is reminiscent of a homeostatic system designed to maintain social connection. Here, we explore the identity of neural systems regulating “social homeostasis.” We review findings from rodent studies evaluating the rapid response to social deficit (in the form of acute social isolation) and propose that parallel, overlapping circuits are engaged to adapt to the vulnerabilities of isolation and restore social connection. By considering the neural systems regulating other homeostatic needs, such as energy and fluid balance, we discuss the potential attributes of social homeostatic circuitry. We reason that uncovering the identity of these circuits/mechanisms will facilitate our understanding of how loneliness perpetuates long‐term disease states, which we speculate may result from sustained recruitment of social homeostatic circuits.
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94 Not checked yet · 24 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 2 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that AgRP activity in a state of hunger is sufficient to override a competing social motivational drive.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [171] Burnett CJ Hunger-Driven Motivational State Competition. Neuron 92, 187– 201 (2016). 27693254 PMC5082717 source
The Results (‘ARCAgRP neural activation competes with innate motivational drives’) report that mice with optogenetically activated AgRP neurons shifted from a preference for a juvenile male to the food-paired side, paralleling fasted mice. This supports the claim in the tested setting, where food was accessible. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“It is also interesting to note that inflammatory pain is suppressed by activation of AgRP neurons, suggesting a general reduction of chronic pain perception by strong motivational drive states192.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [192] Alhadeff AL A Neural Circuit for the Suppression of Pain by a Competing Need State. Cell 173, 140–152.e15 (2018). PMC5877408 29570993 source
The Results section ('AgRP Neurons Specifically Inhibit Inflammatory Pain') reports that photostimulation of AgRP neurons reduced formalin-induced inflammatory pain responses and CFA-induced nociceptive sensitization in mice. The Discussion states directly that activation of AgRP neurons suppressed inflammatory pain. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Feeding behavior, therefore, is directed by motivational drives of opposing valence: the negative sensation of hunger and the positive hedonic value of palatable food.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [217] Rossi MA & Stuber GD Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding. Cell Metab. 27, 42– 56 (2018). 29107504 PMC5762260 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Arcuate nucleus section describes a possible negative-valence hunger signal and says hunger without food would be unpleasant, while the Abstract describes hedonic feeding as driven by pleasure. But the paper qualifies the proposed hunger signal and reports that AgRP-neuron activation can be aversive or rewarding depending on food availability; it does not present the two drives as having fixed, opposing valences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
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In the paper
“Lower social integration (assessed by network size/participation, living arrangements, and frequency of close social contact) is predictive of elevated mortality6–9”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB & Layton JB Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med 7, e1000316 (2010). PMC2910600 20668659 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Berkman LF & Syme SL Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. Am. J. Epidemiol. 109, 186– 204 (1979). 425958 source
- Not checked yetcites [8] House JS, Landis KR & Umberson D. Social relationships and health. Science 241, 540– 545 (1988). 3399889 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Steptoe A, Shankar A, Demakakos P. & Wardle J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 5797– 5801 (2013). 23530191 PMC3625264 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Yet as our outlets for social sustenance proliferate, along with the global population1, there is a paradoxical increase in social isolation within society2.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L. & Brashears ME Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71, 353– 375 (2006). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chronic social isolation, particularly in rodents, has been used as a developmental model of early life stress since many of the long-term maladaptive changes resemble features of human neuropsychiatric disease33.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Fone KCF & Porkess MV Behavioural and neurochemical effects of post-weaning social isolation in rodents—Relevance to developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32, 1087– 1102 (2008). 18423591 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a laboratory setting, mice and rats prefer social company (even that of other males) over a solitary existence42,43.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Balcombe JP Laboratory environments and rodents’ behavioural needs: a review. Lab. Anim. 40, 217– 235 (2006). 16803640 source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Loo PLPV, Groot A. C. de, Zutphen BFMV & Baumans V. Do Male Mice Prefer or Avoid Each Other’s Company? Influence of Hierarchy, Kinship, and Familiarity. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 4, 91– 103 (2001). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and will actively work to obtain social contact46,47.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Patterson-Kane EG, Hunt M. & Harper D. Rats Demand Social Contact. Anim. Welf. 11, 327– 332 (2002). source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Sherwin CM Laboratory mice persist in gaining access to resources: a method of assessing the importance of environmental features. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 48, 203– 213 (1996). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“make nests in close proximity to conspecifics when partially separated43,45”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Loo PLPV, Groot A. C. de, Zutphen BFMV & Baumans V. Do Male Mice Prefer or Avoid Each Other’s Company? Influence of Hierarchy, Kinship, and Familiarity. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 4, 91– 103 (2001). source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Van Loo PLP, Van de Weerd HA, Van Zutphen LFM & Baumans V. Preference for social contact versus environmental enrichment in male laboratory mice. Lab. Anim. 38, 178– 188 (2004). 15070458 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we introduce the idea that coordinated adaptations across discrete neural circuits function to maintain “social homeostasis.””
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Social connection is an innate need.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“high self-reported loneliness in humans has been associated with elevated daily cortisol output62–66 and a flattening of diurnal cortisol rhythm65, suggesting poor regulation of the HPA axis67.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [62] Adam EK, Hawkley LC, Kudielka BM & Cacioppo JT Day-to-day dynamics of experience--cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103, 17058– 17063 (2006). 17075058 PMC1636578 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) associate a combined lonely/sad/overwhelmed measure with a higher cortisol awakening response in older adults. They associate flatter diurnal slopes with tension/anger instead. The paper therefore does not establish that loneliness alone is associated with elevated daily cortisol output or a flatter rhythm. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cacioppo JT Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: the MacArthur social neuroscience studies. Int. J. Psychophysiol. Off. J. Int. Organ. Psychophysiol. 35, 143– 154 (2000). 10677643
- Partly supportedcites [64] Cole SW Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 15142– 15147 (2015). 26598672 PMC4679065 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the results and Fig. 1D, the paper reports elevated urinary cortisol in humans with chronically high perceived social isolation. It also reports reduced glucocorticoid-receptor activity, but does not establish a flatter diurnal cortisol rhythm in humans or directly demonstrate poor HPA-axis regulation. The citing sentence assigns the cortisol and rhythm findings to other references; this paper offers only indirect support for the HPA-axis inference attached to it. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [65] Doane LD & Adam EK Loneliness and Cortisol: Momentary, Day-to-day, and Trait Associations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, 430– 441 (2010). 19744794 PMC2841363 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that higher trait loneliness was associated with flatter diurnal cortisol slopes in young adults, and the Discussion relates this finding to HPA-axis functioning. The paper also reports increased next-morning cortisol awakening responses after lonely days and conditional momentary increases, but it does not establish elevated total daily cortisol output in its sample. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [66] Pressman SD Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 24, 297– 306 (2005). 15898866 source
- Supportedcites [67] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Norman GJ & Berntson GG Social isolation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1231, 17– 22 (2011). 21651565 PMC3166409 source
The citation to this paper is attached to the suggestion of poor HPA-axis regulation, not to the earlier claims about daily cortisol output or diurnal rhythm. In “Social isolation in humans,” the paper reports increased HPA-axis activity, reduced lymphocyte sensitivity to its regulation, and evidence suggesting glucocorticoid resistance in people who feel socially isolated. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“even just the perception of isolation (colloquially referred to as loneliness) is associated with poor physical and mental health10,11 and higher mortality rates6,8,12,13.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC & Thisted RA Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychol. Aging 21, 140– 151 (2006). 16594799 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Hawkley LC, Masi CM, Berry JD & Cacioppo JT Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychol. Aging 21, 152– 164 (2006). 16594800 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB & Layton JB Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLoS Med 7, e1000316 (2010). PMC2910600 20668659 source
- Not checked yetcites [8] House JS, Landis KR & Umberson D. Social relationships and health. Science 241, 540– 545 (1988). 3399889 source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Holwerda TJ Increased risk of mortality associated with social isolation in older men: only when feeling lonely? Results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL). Psychol. Med. 42, 843– 853 (2012). 21896239 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Perissinotto CM, Stijacic Cenzer I. & Covinsky KE Loneliness in older persons: a predictor of functional decline and death. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 1078– 1083 (2012). 22710744 PMC4383762 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The proportion of the population who live alone has risen3 and an increasing number of people experience loneliness4,5.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] United Nations. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). Household Size & Composition, 2017 (2017). Available at: https://population.un.org/Household/index.html#/countries. (Accessed: 9th September 2018)
- Not checked yetcites [4] Cacioppo JT & Patrick W. Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. (W. W. Norton & Company, 2008).
- Not checked yetcites [5] Victor CR & Yang K. The Prevalence of Loneliness Among Adults: A Case Study of the United Kingdom. J. Psychol. 146, 85– 104 (2012). 22303614
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The wild species of mice and rats from which laboratory strains were derived are promiscuous and territorial, but show greater social tolerance in high-density living environments and adopt linear dominance hierarchies that promote group stability41.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Lott DF Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates. Behaviour 88, 266– 325 (1984). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This model proposes that loneliness operates as an aversive signal designed to promote adaptation to the vulnerabilities of being alone and motivate reconnection32.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S. & Boomsma DI Evolutionary Mechanisms for Loneliness. Cogn. Emot 28, (2014). PMC3855545 24067110 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A social homeostatic system would be required to (1) monitor social conditions; (2) detect deviation from a homeostatic “set point” in control centers; and (3) activate effector systems to elicit an appropriate response (e.g., strategies to promote social contact).”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that parallel, overlapping circuits mediate the response to social deficit (the output of homeostatic “effector” systems) in an effort to heighten attention to environmental stimuli, motivate social reconnection, and limit emotional distress (Fig. 2).”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Challenges to physiological homeostasis can also elicit motivated behaviors associated with strong negative “drive” states, such as overheating, thirst, and hunger, designed to appropriately adapt/direct behavior19–21.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Betley JN, Cao ZFH, Ritola KD & Sternson SM Parallel, redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior. Cell 155, 1337– 1350 (2013). 24315102 PMC3970718
- Not checked yetcites [20] Oka Y, Ye M. & Zuker CS Thirst Driving and Suppressing Signals Encoded by Distinct Neural Populations in the Brain. Nature 520, 349– 352 (2015). 25624099 PMC4401619
- Not checked yetcites [21] Zimmerman CA Thirst neurons anticipate the homeostatic consequences of eating and drinking. Nature 537, 680– 684 (2016). 27487211 PMC5161740 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A deficit in social connections (whether perceived or actual) would be predicted to engage this system.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They show biparental care towards offspring, tend to live in extended families48,49, and are well-utilized in the study of social bonding and isolation.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Carter CS, DeVries AC & Getz LL Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: the prairie vole model. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 19, 303– 314 (1995). 7630584
- Not checked yetcites [49] Getz LL & Hofmann JE Social organization in free-living prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18, 275– 282 (1986).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Prairie voles are socially monogamous and form an enduring, selective bond with a partner after mating.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we evaluate social isolation–induced adaptations in these rodents, in light of the phenotype of human loneliness, which may also represent a state of activation of “social homeostatic systems.””
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“This “supraorganismal” structure requires tight regulation to maintain stable hierarchical social organization when met with changes in the environment or internal composition16,17.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Emerson AE Regenerate Behavior and Social Homeostasis of Termites. Ecology 37, 248– 258 (1956).
- Not checked yetcites [17] Wheeler WM The ant-colony as an organism. J. Morphol. 22, 307– 325 (1911).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“loneliness is theorized to represent an “adaptive predisposition” providing the motivational drive to maintain social contact and prevent the aversive consequences of isolation14,15.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Cacioppo JT Loneliness Across Phylogeny and a Call for Comparative Studies and Animal Models. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. J. Assoc. Psychol. Sci. 10, 202– 212 (2015). PMC5090712 25910390
- Not checked yetcites [15] Eisenberger NI & Cole SW Social neuroscience and health: neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 669– 674 (2012). 22504347 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This discrepancy may reflect the shorter duration of isolation or the different species under study.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lonely individuals often show high levels of anxiety51,52, and hypervigilant responses to negative social stimuli, suggestive of heightened recruitment of attentional and self-preservation mechanisms53.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Ginter EJ, Glauser A. & Richmond BO Loneliness, Social Support, and Anxiety among Two South Pacific Cultures. Psychol. Rep. 74, 875– 879 (1994). 8058870
- Not checked yetcites [52] Stednitz JN & Epkins CC Girls’ and mothers’ social anxiety, social skills, and loneliness: associations after accounting for depressive symptoms. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. Off. J. Soc. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. Div. 53 35, 148– 154 (2006). 16390310 source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Cacioppo S. Loneliness and implicit attention to social threat: A high-performance electrical neuroimaging study. Cogn. Neurosci. 7, 138– 159 (2016). 26274315
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adult rats, a 24-hour isolation increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis) mRNA in the LC, an effect which could be blocked by an AT1 receptor antagonist81.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Saavedra JM A Centrally Acting, Anxiolytic Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Antagonist Prevents the Isolation Stress-Induced Decrease in Cortical CRF1 Receptor and Benzodiazepine Binding. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1123– 1134 (2006). 16205776
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The LC is the sole source of noradrenergic innervation to the central nervous system, best known for its role in arousal and vigilance, but more broadly thought to be recruited to combat environmental challenges84,85.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Berridge CW & Waterhouse BD The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 42, 33– 84 (2003). 12668290 source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Sara SJ & Bouret S. Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron 76, 130– 141 (2012). 23040811
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“along with a reduction in exploratory behavior and an increase in self-grooming55–57.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Hilakivi LA, Ota M. & Lister RG Effect of isolation on brain monoamines and the behavior of mice in tests of exploration, locomotion, anxiety and behavioral ‘despair’. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33, 371– 374 (1989). 2479036
- Not checked yetcites [56] Hol T. & Spruijt BM The MSH/ACTH(4–9) analog Org2766 counteracts isolation-induced enhanced social behavior via the amygdala. Peptides 13, 541– 544 (1992). 1326104
- Not checked yetcites [57] Vanderschuren LJ, Stein EA, Wiegant VM & Van Ree JM Social isolation and social interaction alter regional brain opioid receptor binding in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. J. Eur. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 5, 119– 127 (1995). 7549454
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In the paper
“a 24-hour isolation in adult rats decreased CRF mRNA and protein in the PVN75 and decreased cortical CRF1 receptor levels81.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Armando I, Volpi S, Aguilera G. & Saavedra JM Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade prevents the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor response to isolation stress. Brain Res. 1142, 92– 99 (2007). 17306778 PMC2682713
- Not checked yetcites [81] Saavedra JM A Centrally Acting, Anxiolytic Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Antagonist Prevents the Isolation Stress-Induced Decrease in Cortical CRF1 Receptor and Benzodiazepine Binding. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 1123– 1134 (2006). 16205776
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In the paper
“CRF-producing neurons are also widely distributed in extrahypothalamic regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), central amygdala (CeA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and hippocampus77–79, which have, likewise, been implicated in the behavioral and physiological responses to stress.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: promoting hypervigilance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Deussing JM & Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol. Rev. 98, 2225– 2286 (2018). 30109816
- Not checked yetcites [78] Peng J. A Quantitative Analysis of the Distribution of CRH Neurons in Whole Mouse Brain. Front. Neuroanat. 11, (2017). PMC5524767 28790896
- Not checked yetcites [79] Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J. & Vale WW Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 36, 165– 186 (1983). 6601247 source
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In the paper
“Considering the potential for mixed selectivity, the recent observation that activation of DRN dopamine neurons not only increases social preference118 but can promote antinociception117 could be reconciled in a number of ways.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Matthews GA Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation. Cell 164, 617– 631 (2016). 26871628 PMC4752823
- Not checked yetcites [117] Li C. Mu Opioid Receptor Modulation of Dopamine Neurons in the Periaqueductal Gray/Dorsal Raphe: A Role in Regulation of Pain. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 41, 2122– 2132 (2016). PMC4908643 26792442
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In the paper
“Social isolation may recruit this response to appropriately prepare an individual for the susceptibilities of being alone, which might include an increased need for a rapid inflammatory response to combat bacterial infections sustained through physical injury, but the reduced need for protection against socially transmitted viral infections15,176.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Eisenberger NI & Cole SW Social neuroscience and health: neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 669– 674 (2012). 22504347 source
- Not checked yetcites [176] Cole SW Human Social Genomics. PLOS Genet. 10, e1004601 (2014). PMC4148225 25166010 source
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In the paper
“Taken together, these findings illustrate the existence of multiple mechanisms through which DRN dopamine neurons may limit the vulnerabilities of being alone: increasing social motivation, promoting vigilance/arousal, and enhancing responsivity to aversive stimuli.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, activation of BLA input to the ventral hippocampus or mPFC not only induces robust anxiety-like behavior in exploratory assays but also suppress social investigation in the resident–intruder assay184–186.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Felix-Ortiz AC & Tye KM Amygdala inputs to the ventral hippocampus bidirectionally modulate social behavior. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 34, 586– 595 (2014). PMC3870937 24403157
- Not checked yetcites [185] Felix-Ortiz AC BLA to vHPC inputs modulate anxiety-related behaviors. Neuron 79, 658– 664 (2013). 23972595 PMC4205569
- Not checked yetcites [186] Felix-Ortiz AC, Burgos-Robles A, Bhagat ND, Leppla CA & Tye KM Bidirectional modulation of anxiety-related and social behaviors by amygdala projections to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 321, 197– 209 (2016). 26204817 PMC4721937
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In the paper
“However, these neurons are also responsive to other salient stimuli, including palatable food and unexpected foot shock, and show greater activity during wakefulness compared with sleep, suggesting an arousal-promoting function112,115,188.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Cho JR Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli. Neuron 94, 1205–1219.e8 (2017). 28602690 source
- Not checked yetcites [115] Groessl F. Dorsal tegmental dopamine neurons gate associative learning of fear. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 952– 962 (2018). 29950668 PMC6166775
- Not checked yetcites [188] Lu J, Jhou TC & Saper CB Identification of wake-active dopaminergic neurons in the ventral periaqueductal gray matter. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 26, 193– 202 (2006). PMC6674316 16399687
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In the paper
“In accordance with this notion, an emerging hypothesis posits that social and physical pain are processed by overlapping neural circuitry189.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Eisenberger NI The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2012). doi: 10.1038/nrn3231 22551663 source
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In the paper
“Perturbations in social behavior are often, but not always, co-expressed with anxiety-related behaviors, and there is significant overlap in underlying neural correlates, which suggests a tight relationship between these two forms of behavioral expression58,187.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Calhoon GG & Tye KM Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 1394– 1404 (2015). 26404714 PMC7575249
- Not checked yetcites [187] Allsop SA, Weele V, M C, Wichmann R. & Tye KM Optogenetic insights on the relationship between anxiety-related behaviors and social deficits. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8, (2014). PMC4099964 25076878
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In the paper
“Monitoring fluorescent calcium activity in vivo revealed that these neurons are active in response to social stimuli, and this activity is heightened following acute isolation118.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Matthews GA Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation. Cell 164, 617– 631 (2016). 26871628 PMC4752823
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is supported by human imaging studies revealing that social disconnection engages brain regions including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex190, which also process the affective component of physical pain191.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Eisenberger NI, Lieberman MD & Williams KD Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion. Science 302, 290– 292 (2003). 14551436 source
- Not checked yetcites [191] Price DD Psychological and Neural Mechanisms of the Affective Dimension of Pain. Science 288, 1769– 1772 (2000). 10846154 source
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In the paper
“Given that ATII signaling can drive HPA axis activity, these data suggest that hypernatremia concomitantly suppresses activity within stress-related circuitry, while promoting activity in social reward-related oxytocin pathways, thereby inhibiting stress/anxiety-related behavior and facilitating social interaction.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Krause EG Hydration state controls stress responsiveness and social behavior. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 31, 5470– 5476 (2011). PMC3086063 21471383
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In the paper
“This scenario would predict that certain nodes in a social homeostatic network display “mixed selectivity,” similar to neurons underlying other complex cognitive processes181.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Rigotti M. The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks. Nature 497, 585– 590 (2013). 23685452 PMC4412347
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In the paper
“Immune system changes can also predict subsequent loneliness, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between these two phenomena64.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Cole SW Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 15142– 15147 (2015). 26598672 PMC4679065 source
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In the paper
“Specifically, the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are essential in the maintenance of energy balance, and their activity rapidly drives feeding behavior in a state of hunger173.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Krashes MJ Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1424– 1428 (2011). 21364278 PMC3069789 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This immune response also appears to be recruited in a state of perceived isolation—humans with high self-reported loneliness show enhanced proinflammatory activity but reduced antiviral response66,177–179.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Pressman SD Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 24, 297– 306 (2005). 15898866 source
- Not checked yetcites [177] Cole SW Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biol. 8, R189 (2007). PMC2375027 17854483 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Creswell JD Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: a small randomized controlled trial. Brain. Behav. Immun. 26, 1095– 1101 (2012). 22820409 PMC3635809 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Speicher CE & Holliday JE Stress, loneliness, and changes in herpesvirus latency. J. Behav. Med. 8, 249– 260 (1985). 3003360
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In the paper
“Intriguingly, acute hypernatremia in rats is also associated with increased plasma oxytocin, increased c-Fos expression in magnocellular PVN oxytocin neurons, and suppression of ATII production170.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Krause EG Hydration state controls stress responsiveness and social behavior. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 31, 5470– 5476 (2011). PMC3086063 21471383
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Optogenetic activation of these neurons promoted social preference and real-time place avoidance, whereas inhibition reduced isolation-induced social preference.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Matthews GA Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Represent the Experience of Social Isolation. Cell 164, 617– 631 (2016). 26871628 PMC4752823
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, it has been reasoned that emotions constitute an internal state, encoded by specific neural circuits, which can give rise to externally observable behaviors150.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Anderson DJ & Adolphs R. A Framework for Studying Emotions Across Phylogeny. Cell 157, 187– 200 (2014). 24679535 PMC4098837
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Indeed, specialized circuits, within discrete hypothalamic nuclei, underlie the expression of parental behavior211, aggression212, male intruder-specific behavior213, opposite sex approach,214 and mating212.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Wu Z, Autry AE, Bergan JF, Watabe-Uchida M. & Dulac CG Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area govern parental behavior. Nature 509, 325– 330 (2014). 24828191 PMC4105201
- Not checked yetcites [212] Lin D. Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature 470, 221– 226 (2011). 21307935 PMC3075820 source
- Not checked yetcites [213] Soden ME Genetic Isolation of Hypothalamic Neurons that Regulate Context-Specific Male Social Behavior. Cell Rep. 16, 304– 313 (2016). 27346361 PMC4945459
- Not checked yetcites [214] McHenry JA Hormonal gain control of a medial preoptic area social reward circuit. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 449– 458 (2017). 28135243 PMC5735833
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In the paper
“Grouped living can lead to the establishment of social hierarchies in multiple species including fish, birds, rodents, and primates201–204.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Grosenick L, Clement TS & Fernald RD Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature 445, 429– 432 (2007). 17251980
- Not checked yetcites [202] Morgan D. Predictors of social status in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after group formation. Am. J. Primatol. 52, 115– 131 (2000). 11078026
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- Not checked yetcites [204] Uhrich J. The social hierarchy in albino mice. J. Comp. Psychol. 25, 373– 413 (1938).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings include differences between subordinates and dominants in CRF expression in the BNST, CeA, MeA, and mPOA206, mitochondrial function and dopamine signaling in the NAc207,208, and glutamatergic synaptic strength in the mPFC209.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] So N, Franks B, Lim S. & Curley JP A Social Network Approach Reveals Associations between Mouse Social Dominance and Brain Gene Expression. PLOS ONE 10, e0134509 (2015). PMC4520683 26226265
- Not checked yetcites [207] Hollis F. Mitochondrial function in the brain links anxiety with social subordination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 15486– 15491 (2015). 26621716 PMC4687564
- Not checked yetcites [208] Jupp B. Social dominance in rats: Effects on cocaine self-administration, novelty reactivity and dopamine receptor binding and content in the striatum. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 233, 579– 589 (2016). 26554388 PMC4726718
- Not checked yetcites [209] Wang F. Bidirectional Control of Social Hierarchy by Synaptic Efficacy in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Science 334, 693– 697 (2011). 21960531
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This dual role of DRN dopamine neurons also points towards a potential mechanism through which acute isolation reduces pain perception157,158.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [157] Naranjo JR & Fuentes JA Association between hypoalgesia and hypertension in rats after short-term isolation. Neuropharmacology 24, 167– 171 (1985). 3990918
- Not checked yetcites [158] Konecka AM & Sroczynska I. Stressors and pain sensitivity in CFW mice. Role of opioid peptides. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 98, 245– 252 (1990). 1708992
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although subordination in animal societies is not always directly related to low social connectedness or unmet social needs, social rank bestows variability in subjective social experience without removing support structure for safety, warmth and other nonsocial benefits of a group.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While this process can be adaptive and introduces greater flexibility into homeostatic regulation, it also passes an element of control to the individual, taking homeostatic regulation beyond purely automatic mechanisms200.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Damasio A. & Damasio H. Exploring the concept of homeostasis and considering its implications for economics. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 126, 125– 129 (2016).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consistent with this, loneliness—independent of social network size—is associated with higher mortality13,193 increased blood pressure11,194, higher rate of diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, emphysema195, and Alzheimer’s disease196, along with poor health habits stemming from a lack of self-control197,198.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Hawkley LC, Masi CM, Berry JD & Cacioppo JT Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychol. Aging 21, 152– 164 (2006). 16594800 source
- Not checked yetcites [194] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM & Cacioppo JT Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychol. Aging 25, 132– 141 (2010). 20230134 PMC2841310 source
- Not checked yetcites [195] Tomaka J, Thompson S. & Palacios R. The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly. J. Aging Health 18, 359– 384 (2006). 16648391
- Not checked yetcites [196] Wilson RS Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 234– 240 (2007). 17283291 source
- Not checked yetcites [197] Baumeister RF, Nathan C, Ciarocco NJ & Twenge JM Social Exclusion Impairs Self-Regulation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88, 589– 604 (2005). 15796662
- Not checked yetcites [198] DeWall CN, Baumeister RF & Vohs KD Satiated with Belongingness? Effects of Acceptance, Rejection, and Task Framing on Self-Regulatory Performance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 95, 1367– 1382 (2008). 19025289 PMC2597411
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In the paper
“Most recently, “winning”-induced plasticity in the tube test was localized to a mediodorsal thalamic (MDT) projection to the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC), as phasic optogenetic stimulation of the dmPFC, or the MDT–dmPFC projection, immediately induced winning against a previously dominant cagemate210.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Zhou T. History of winning remodels thalamo-PFC circuit to reinforce social dominance. Science 357, 162– 168 (2017). 28706064
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Homeostatic feelings act as “informative regulatory interfaces”—providing means for an animal to sense its physiological state and guaranteeing attention to relevant stimuli200.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Damasio A. & Damasio H. Exploring the concept of homeostasis and considering its implications for economics. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 126, 125– 129 (2016).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, AgRP activity is rapidly suppressed on sensory detection of food227,228,230, which, surprisingly, suggests that ongoing AgRP activity is dispensable for food consumption.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Betley JN Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal. Nature 521, 180– 185 (2015). 25915020 PMC4567040 source
- Not checked yetcites [228] Mandelblat-Cerf Y. Arcuate hypothalamic AgRP and putative POMC neurons show opposite changes in spiking across multiple timescales. eLife (2015). doi: 10.7554/eLife.07122 PMC4498165 26159614 source
- Not checked yetcites [230] Chen Y, Lin Y-C, Kuo T-W & Knight ZA Sensory Detection of Food Rapidly Modulates Arcuate Feeding Circuits. Cell 160, 829– 841 (2015). 25703096 PMC4373539 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A potentially similar function has been described for arcuate nucleus AgRP neurons and nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) neurons in the subfornical organ (SFO). These neurons show heightened activity during hunger (AgRP) and thirst (NOS1), their activity elicits an aversive state (place avoidance), and they are essential for driving feeding and drinking behaviors, respectively21,227.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Zimmerman CA Thirst neurons anticipate the homeostatic consequences of eating and drinking. Nature 537, 680– 684 (2016). 27487211 PMC5161740 source
- Not checked yetcites [227] Betley JN Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal. Nature 521, 180– 185 (2015). 25915020 PMC4567040 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, mice performed operant responses to stimulate AgRP neurons in the presence, but not the absence of food, suggesting that AgRP activity can be positively reinforcing231.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] Chen Y, Lin Y-C, Zimmerman CA, Essner RA & Knight ZA Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal. eLife (2016). doi: 10.7554/eLife.18640 PMC5016090 27554486
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AgRP neurons are activated in a state of energy deficit228, and their optical stimulation can voraciously promote food consumption, but also elicits real-time place avoidance (indicative of an aversive state) in the absence of food173,227,229.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] Mandelblat-Cerf Y. Arcuate hypothalamic AgRP and putative POMC neurons show opposite changes in spiking across multiple timescales. eLife (2015). doi: 10.7554/eLife.07122 PMC4498165 26159614 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Krashes MJ Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1424– 1428 (2011). 21364278 PMC3069789 source
- Not checked yetcites [227] Betley JN Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal. Nature 521, 180– 185 (2015). 25915020 PMC4567040 source
- Not checked yetcites [229] Aponte Y, Atasoy D. & Sternson SM AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 351– 355 (2011). 21209617 PMC3049940
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If we conceptualize these as discrete “effector systems,” then this raises the possibility that decentralized processing of different social “needs” may occur in separable nodes215.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] Swan M. Blockchain Thinking: The Brain as a Decentralized Autonomous Corporation [Commentary]. IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 34, 41– 52 (2015).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“In support of this concept, functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans has revealed that more lonely individuals show greater activation of the ventral striatum in response to familiar social cues223, but contrastingly reduced activation in response to unfamiliar social cues224.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [223] Inagaki TK Yearning for connection? Loneliness is associated with increased ventral striatum activity to close others. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. nsv076 (2015). doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv076 PMC4927031 26084531
- Not checked yetcites [224] Cacioppo JT, Norris CJ, Decety J, Monteleone G. & Nusbaum H. In the eye of the beholder: individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21, 83– 92 (2009). 18476760 PMC2810252 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, an alternative hypothesis proposes that AgRP activity provides a sustained positive valence signal, that potentiates the incentive value of food, and supports transition from foraging to feeding behavior via persistent changes in downstream circuitry231.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] Chen Y, Lin Y-C, Zimmerman CA, Essner RA & Knight ZA Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal. eLife (2016). doi: 10.7554/eLife.18640 PMC5016090 27554486
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, while mechanistic differences exist, the neural systems mediating homeostatic and hedonic feeding are proposed to be intertwined, and highly overlapping with reward circuitry217,218.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] Rossi MA & Stuber GD Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding. Cell Metab. 27, 42– 56 (2018). 29107504 PMC5762260
- Not checked yetcites [218] Castro DC, Cole SL & Berridge KC Lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum roles in eating and hunger: interactions between homeostatic and reward circuitry. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 9, (2015). PMC4466441 26124708
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Motivated behaviors regulating food intake are often distinguished as homeostatic (essential for maintaining energy balance and survival) or hedonic (driven by sensory perception or pleasure in the absence of a need state)217.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] Rossi MA & Stuber GD Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding. Cell Metab. 27, 42– 56 (2018). 29107504 PMC5762260
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, an important consideration for social behavior is that (unlike food detection) initial social contact does not necessarily guarantee a rewarding social experience. Therefore immediate suppression of neural activity on social contact may be inappropriate for DRN dopamine neurons, and activity may persist until a stable relationship has been achieved.”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Proposed attributes of components within a social homeostatic system.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Initial social contact does not necessarily guarantee a rewarding social experience.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Social connection is an innate need.
“Considering social connection as an “innate need,””
The paper relies on this without support.
Social connections are vital for survival across the animal kingdom and change over the lifespan.
“Social connections are vital to survival throughout the animal kingdom and are dynamic across the lifespan.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Across the animal kingdom, social isolation can threaten survival because isolated individuals lack protection, foraging help, offspring care support, play, and mating opportunities.
“Across the animal kingdom, social isolation can threaten survival—individuals lack protection from predators, assistance foraging, support raising offspring, opportunities for social play, and mating prospects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For many social species, social interactions are inherently rewarding and this is a major driver of social contact.
“For many social species, the inherently rewarding nature of social interactions is a major driving force for social contact.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Prairie voles are socially monogamous and form an enduring, selective bond with a partner after mating.
“Alternatively, prairie voles are socially monogamous and form an enduring, selective bond with their partner following mating.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oxytocin neurons project both to the posterior pituitary and to distinct brain targets where they modulate neuronal activity.
“Oxytocin neurons project not only to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin into the bloodstream but also to distinct targets within the brain for direct modulation of neuronal activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A social homeostatic system has a control center with a set point for social contact.
“Specifically, a change in environmental conditions and/or need state (e.g., hunger and thirst) may require a shift in the “set point” for social contact in the control center (Figs. 1b and 3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Initial social contact does not necessarily guarantee a rewarding social experience.
“However, an important consideration for social behavior is that (unlike food detection) initial social contact does not necessarily guarantee a rewarding social experience.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“In contrast, there is a long history of animal research documenting the causal effects of social deprivation, including complete isolation, on brain and behavioural development during animal adolescence.31”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This rodent research has shown that social isolation causes substantial changes in brain and behaviour,31 especially if isolation occurs during development.33, 34”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Thus, our research provides empirical support in human participants for the ‘social homeostasis’ hypothesis developed based on animal models43.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Social homeostasis: a widespread phenomenon
“using under 1 week as an arbitrary operational definition of “acute” for the purpose of the review”
§ Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis > Introduction > Homeostatic response to social deficit: engaging social motivational systems
“Acute isolation has also been demonstrated to disrupt social recognition memory140. Rodents possess an innate tendency to investigate novel rather than familiar social stimuli and typically reduce their investigation of a familiar conspecific on repeated exposure141. This effect is absent in mice isolated for 24 h or 7 days”
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Self-citationPersistent behavioral and neurobiological consequences of social isolation during adolescence
Li, D. C., Hinton, E. A., & Gourley, S. L. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.017 · Cited by 38
Zhao, X., Ziobro, P., Pranic, N. M., Chu, S. M., Rabinovich, S., Chan, W., Zhao, J., Kornbrek, C., He, Z., & Tschida, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255640 · Cited by 32
“A small number of studies have reported that acute social isolation promotes subsequent social interaction in rodents [22–25], but it remains unknown whether the production of social USVs is similarly enhanced during social encounters following acute isolation.”
Wang, X., Sun, Z., Yang, T., Lin, F. H., Ye, S., Yan, J., Li, T., & Chen, J. (2023) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00415-23 · Cited by 48
“When the host’s cortisol is overloaded, a negative feedback mechanism will be activated to downregulate the stress response (14).”
BackgroundThe impact of social isolation on health and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and beyond
Vora, A., Nguyen, A. D., Spicer, C., & Li, W. (2022) · Brain Science Advances · doi:10.26599/bsa.2022.9050016 · Cited by 30
The basolateral amygdala to lateral septum circuit is critical for regulating social novelty in mice
Rodriguez, L. A., Kim, S.-H., Page, S. C., Nguyen, C. V., Pattie, E. A., Hallock, H. L., Valerino, J., Maynard, K. R., Jaffe, A. E., & Martinowich, K. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01487-y · Cited by 31
“The LS is innervated by many brain regions with established roles in social behaviors, including the basolateral amygdala (BLA) [20, 23], ventral hippocampus CA1 (vCA1) [24], ventral tegmental area [9, 25], as well as the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices [9, 26, 27].”
BackgroundDistinct Roles for Prefrontal Dopamine D1 and D2 Neurons in Social Hierarchy
Xing, B., Mack, N. R., Zhang, Y.-X., McEachern, E. P., & Gao, W.-J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0741-21.2021 · Cited by 38
In-person and virtual social interactions improve well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Liang, N., Grayson, S., Kussman, M. A., Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100455 · Cited by 56
“Indeed, these motivations are all instantiated in common neural systems (Eisenberger, 2012, 2013; Eisenberger & Cole, 2012; Eisen-berger & Lieberman, 2005; Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundSex-dependent control of pheromones on social organization within groups of wild house mice
Zilkha, N., Chuartzman, S. G., Sofer, Y., Pen, Y., Cum, M., Mayo, A., Alon, U. S., & Kimchi, T. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.039 · Cited by 32
Increased gaze cueing of attention during COVID-19 lockdown.
Dalmaso, M., Castelli, L., & Galfano, G. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103283 · Cited by 31
“…a homeostatic system that responds to the aversive signal represented by the lack of social interactions by promoting appropriate responses at both the behavioral and cognitive level aimed at supporting the re-establishment of positive social contact (Gardner et al., 2005; Matthews and Tye, 2019).”
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.021 · Cited by 33
“By analogy to other motivated drives, such as hunger and thirst, brief isolation can increase arousal or social drive through a homeostatic mechanism, where the degree of social interaction increases in order to minimize potential harmful effects of isolation (Hole, 1991; Matthews and Tye, 2019).”
A Neuroecosocial Perspective on Adolescent Development
Choudhury, S., Pi‐Sunyer, B. P., & Blakemore, S. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120321-011511 · Cited by 49
Quadt, L., Williams, G., Mulcahy, J., Larsson, D. E. O., Silva, M., Arnold, A. J., Critchley, H., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0062 · Cited by 35
“1,46 Therefore, this distinction carries relevant societal and clinical implications for combating emotional loneliness and distress at being lonely.”
Zipple, M. N., Vogt, C. C., & Sheehan, M. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105238 · Cited by 27
A general theory of rehabilitation: Rehabilitation catalyses and assists adaptation to illness
Wade, D. T. (2023) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155231210151 · Cited by 32
“51 Research has also identi fi ed neural control of a balanced level of social contact 52,53 and that people maintain their subjective well-being around a set point, 54 a mechanism underlying resilience.”
BackgroundHall, J. A. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15275 · Cited by 35
“16 For example, one study demonstrated that momentary loneliness increases the likelihood of future social interactions within the day.”
Nasiriavanaki, Z., Barbour, T., Farabaugh, A. H., Fava, M., Holmes, A. J., Tootell, R. B. H., & Holt, D. J. (2021) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102585 · Cited by 24
Confirmation of interpersonal expectations is intrinsically rewarding
Reggev, N., Chowdhary, A., & Mitchell, J. P. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab081 · Cited by 28
“When we succeed in doing so, we feel better physically and psychologically (Baumeister and Leary, 1995; Tay et al., 2013; Cacioppo et al., 2014; Matthews and Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundInterconnected neural circuits mediating social reward
Isaac, J., & Murugan, M. (2024) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2024.10.004 · Cited by 26
Aghi, K., Goetz, T. G., Pfau, D. R., Sun, S. D., Roepke, T. A., & Guthman, E. M. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.07.002 · Cited by 24
Charting the social neuroscience of human attachment (SoNeAt)
White, L., Kungl, M., & Vrtička, P. (2023) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2023.2167777 · Cited by 21
“…loneliness, and mental and physical health (Quadt et al., 2020), a theory of social thermoregulation (IJzerman et al., 2015), a new model of social allostatic load (Saxbe et al., 2020) and considerations of the neural mechanisms of social homeostasis more generally (Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Shifts in Amygdala Activity during a High Social Drive State
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., Avonts, B., Loh, M. K., Padival, M., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1414-21.2021 · Cited by 24
Stijovic, A., Forbes, P., Tomova, L., Skoluda, N., Feneberg, A. C., Piperno, G., Pronizius, E., Nater, U. M., Lamm, C., & Silani, G. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231156413 · Cited by 25
“After the 7-day period, they completed a series of questionnaires, including the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996), the Social Reward Questionnaire (SRQ; Foulkes et al., 2014), and the Perceived Stress Scale (Klein et al., 2016; Mondo et al., 2021).”
MethodZheng, C., Lei, W. I., Liu, B., Wang, Q., Huang, Y., Wang, S., Li, X., Gong, H., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112799 · Cited by 22
The desire to be remembered: A review and analysis of legacy motivations and behaviors
Waggoner, B., Bering, J. M., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.101005 · Cited by 19
Lemonnier, C., Bize, P., Boonstra, R., Dobson, F. S., Criscuolo, F., & Viblanc, V. A. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105232 · Cited by 17
Social experience in adolescence shapes prefrontal cortex structure and function in adulthood
Li, D. C., Hinton, E. A., Guo, J., Knight, K. A., Sequeira, M. K., Wynne, M. E., Dighe, N. M., & Gourley, S. L. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02540-6 · Cited by 18
“Investigations of social isolation in model organisms have revealed much regarding the consequences of social poverty [3].”
Lei, Y., Wang, D., Bai, Y., Nougaisse, J., Weintraub, N. L., Guo, M., & Lu, X. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01778-2 · Cited by 20
Neural cell-types and circuits linking thermoregulation and social behavior
Rogers, J. F., Vandendoren, M., Prather, J. F., Landen, J. G., Bedford, N. L., & Nelson, A. C. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105667 · Cited by 21
“Individual housing also affects the social and affective behavior of laboratory rodents, often in negative ways (Kappel et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2021; Matthews and Tye, 2019; Olsson and Westlund, 2007).”
Sociability development in mice with cell-specific deletion of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit gene
Ferri, S. L., Pallathra, A. A., Kim, H., Dow, H. C., Raje, P., McMullen, M., Bilker, W. B., Siegel, S. J., Abel, T., & Brodkin, E. S. (2020) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12624 · Cited by 15
“chiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia.(1-6) Therefore, understanding the”
BackgroundOld Strategies, New Environments: Reinforcement Learning on Social Media
Turner, G., Ferguson, A. M., Katiyar, T., Palminteri, S., & Orben, A. C. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.012 · Cited by 35
Health Status and Individual Care Needs of Disabled Elderly at Home in Different Types of Care
Tang, Q., Yuan, M., Wu, W., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811371 · Cited by 17
“In the future development of elderly care in Shanghai and even China, we should further perfect the evaluation system and mechanism of care needs, improving the accuracy of identification of care needs of disabled elderly and their informal caregivers [46].”
BackgroundSmith, N. K., Kondev, V., Hunt, T. R., & Grueter, B. A. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109201 · Cited by 17
Muta, O., Odaka, M., Fujii, Y., Fushimi, T., Sato, H. R., & Osakabe, N. (2023) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137246 · Cited by 16
On the novel mechanisms for social memory and the emerging role of neurogenesis
Lunardi, P. S., Mansk, L. M. Z., Jaimes, L. F., & Pereira, G. S. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.006 · Cited by 20
Guerrin, C. G. J., Tesselaar, D. R. M., Booij, J., Schellekens, A., & Homberg, J. R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106311 · Cited by 15
“Human neuroimaging and molecular studies further support the role of social processing in addiction-relevant networks (Matthews and Tye, 2019).”
InfluentialAbplanalp, S. J., Reavis, E. A., Le, T. P., & Green, M. F. (2024) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-024-00004-x · Cited by 17
“According to evolutionary theories, loneliness is a sign that changes in the social environment are not optimal and that the individual should return to social homeostasis [28, 30, 31].”
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., Yan, L., Padival, M., Helmstetter, F. J., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2022) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107626 · Cited by 13
Opioid Regulation of Social Homeostasis: Connecting Loneliness to Addiction
Løseth, G. E., Eikemo, M., & Leknes, S. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.11.011 · Cited by 16
“Defining loneliness as an emotional marker of unmet social needs, the model of social homeostasis (see Figure 2) proposed by Tye and colleagues (26,27) posits that imbalances in social needs are regulated similarly to physiological imbalances, where regulatory systems strive to maintain a steady…”
InfluentialPohl, T. T., & Hörnberg, H. (2022) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20210030 · Cited by 13
“…supports a degree of conservation in the neural circuits and cellular mechanisms that regulates social behaviors across mammalian species [71,72,59,73] There is a vast array of social behavioral tests in rodents developed to assess different aspects of social behaviors such as social…”
BackgroundIndividual differences in social homeostasis
Bales, K. L., Hang, S., Paulus, J. P., Jahanfard, E., Manca, C., Jost, G. M., Boyer, C. J., Bern, R., Yerumyan, D., Rogers, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1068609 · Cited by 15
“The concept of social homeostasis (Matthews and Tye, 2019; Lee et al., 2021) is potentially very useful in explaining the perceived needs for social interactions, as well as the underlying neurobiological and physiological mechanisms that promote the approach or avoidance of these interactions.”
BackgroundTarabay, R., Gerges, S., Dine, A. S. E., Malaeb, D. N., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Soufia, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01168-5 · Cited by 14
Determinants for positive and negative experiences of interpersonal touch: context matters
Sailer, U., Friedrich, Y., Asgari, F., Hassenzahl, M., & Croy, I. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2311800 · Cited by 16
“This idea is also implicit in models of social homeostasis, which assume that there is an individual set point for the quantity and/or quality of social contact (Lee et al., 2021; Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundChang, H.-T., Cheng, K., Hung, Y.-C., & Hsu, K. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-025-01130-0 · Cited by 16
“…dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the mPFC and NAc are functionally different in the regulation of depressive-like and nociceptive behaviors [53–55] and further expand on these by implicating a vital role for the VTA-to-mPFC dopaminergic pathway in maintaining social homeostasis [21, 56].”
Petersen, C. L., Davis, S. E. D., Patel, B., & Hurley, L. M. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0247-20.2021 · Cited by 11
“Neural systems have evolved to support social cohesion (Goodson, 2013; Matthews and Tye, 2019) such that social interactions may carry positive valence (Goodson and Wang, 2006), and be reinforced by the brain’s reward circuitry (Dölen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSarkar, T., Patro, N., & Patro, I. K. (2020) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.054130 · Cited by 11
“Apart from the mentioned stressors, studies have also reported that parental suppression and social isolation during early age also leaves a negative impact on the child’s brain by increasing cellular death, synaptic malformation and cognitive decline, thus increasing the chance for development of later life neurologi…”
BackgroundQuality of life among different types of Chinese lonely elderly: A social isolation based analysis
Lü, J., Zhang, N., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1883072 · Cited by 16
“…homeostasis point out that if an individual is in a state of social isolation, their neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus will affect the individual’s subjective experience in a certain way, but this mechanism may only appear in the individual who appreciates social relations (Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundIndividual differences in social attachment: A multi‐disciplinary perspective
Gustison, M. L., & Phelps, S. M. (2022) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12792 · Cited by 15
Oxytocin signaling regulates maternally directed behavior during early life
Zelmanoff, D. D., Bornstein, R., Kaufman, M., Dine, J., Wietek, J., Litvin, A., Abraham, S., Cohen, S., Atzmon, A., Porat, I., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ado5609 · Cited by 13
Koenig, H. G., VanderWeele, T. J., & Peteet, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088859.003.0001 · Cited by 12
The Emotional Burden of Loneliness and its Association with Mental Health Outcomes
Lazuras, L., Ypsilanti, A., & Mullings, E. L. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10255-1 · Cited by 12
“Secondly, the neuroscience paradigm of loneliness [e.g., 19] suggests that affective processes and the neural networks that modulate them play an important role in regulating loneliness experiences and motivating behaviour, either to socially re-connect or withdraw.”
BackgroundPearce, E., Barreto, M., Victor, C. R., Hammond, C., Eccles, A. M., Richins, M. T., O‘Neill, A., Knowles, M. L., & Qualter, P. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420979369 · Cited by 16
“The thesis is that loneliness increases social vigilance, specifically to negative social stimuli through its activation of an innate self-preservation mechanism (Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
BackgroundConstantino, F. C., Garat, S., Nicolaisen‐Sobesky, E., Paz, V., Martínez‐Montes, E., Kessel, D., Cabana, Á., & Gradin, V. B. (2020) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2020.1859410 · Cited by 12
“It has been recently suggested that the processing of such contexts is influenced by homeostatic systems seeking to maintain a social connection (Matthews & Tye, 2019).”
Modulation of social investigation by anterior hypothalamic nucleus rhythmic neural activity
Jabarin, R., Dagash, W., Netser, S., Singh, S., Paul, B. K., Barkai, E., & Wagner, S. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105921 · Cited by 10
Application of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to the NICU
Malin, K. J., Vittner, D. J., Darilek, U., McGlothen‐Bell, K., Crawford, A. D., Koerner, R., Pados, B. F., Cartagena, D. C., McGrath, J. M., & Vance, A. J. (2023) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000001122 · Cited by 12
“47 Neurons proliferate when they are stimulated (“used”), and neuronal pruning (neuronal death) occurs when neurons are not consistently stimulated over time.”
Social Isolation Induces Changes in the Monoaminergic Signalling in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Csikós, V., Dóra, F., Láng, T., Darai, L., Szendi, V., Tóth, A., Cservenák, M., & Dobolyi, Á. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13121043 · Cited by 11
Raymond, J. S., Rehn, S., James, M. H., Everett, N. A., & Bowen, M. T. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00612-4 · Cited by 14
“Social housing context is another key experimental parameter requiring attention in the social operant model [15, 65, 66], particularly in conjunction with biological sex.”
BackgroundLoneliness and Social Connection in the Mental Health Crisis
Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Sine, K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.10.019 · Cited by 10
What Is Social Connection in the Context of Human Need: An Interdisciplinary Literature Review
Bauer, K. L., Johnson-Koenke, R. A., & Fort, M. P. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22030363 · Cited by 13
“It has been updated to test neural mechanisms that internally regulate social connection across all animals exhibiting social behaviors, in addition to humans [30].”
InfluentialA Hypothalamic Perspective of Human Socioemotional Behavior
Carìa, A. (2023) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584221149647 · Cited by 10
“…of salient social stimuli, which is essential to form and establish rewarding inter-personal relationships, to warrant mitigation of stress reactivity and in turn contribute to regulation of the homeostatic balance in a sort of social homeostatic loop (Lee and others 2021; Matthews and Tye 2019).”
Early social isolation disrupts adult personality expression in group‐living mites
Schausberger, P., & Nguyen, T. H. (2024) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.14169 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Matthews, G. A., & Tye, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tye, Kay M.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-03-15
- Volume
- 1457
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-25
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC7593988
- OpenAlex
- W2921413914
- Semantic Scholar
- 1aa34904db72326943bf8ffd37dcb0b8e4fa1237
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 235
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
- Charles A. King Trust (Postdoctoral Research Fellowship)
- National Institute on Aging (RF1‐AG047661‐01)
- JPB Foundation
- McKnight Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH102441‐01, R01‐MH115920)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01‐AA023305‐01)
- NIH Office of the Director (New Innovator)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP2‐DK‐102256‐01)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (Pioneer Award DP1‐AT009925)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- social homeostasis, social isolation, loneliness, social connectedness, neural circuits, homeostatic regulation, social support, energy homeostasis, fluid balance, rodent models, disease susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Arvicolinae, Glucocorticoids, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Hypothalamus, Loneliness, Models, Neurological, Motivation, Oxytocin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Opioid, Social Behavior, Social Isolation, Social Support, Mice, Rats
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