The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 42 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Nutrition for Master Athletes: Is There a Need for Specific Recommendations?
Open accessAbstract
Master athletes are often considered exemplars of successful aging, thanks to their capacity to maintain a high sports performance during their entire life. A high training capacity, regular participation in sporting competitions, and delayed alterations in body composition and physiological capacities have been listed among the main factors contributing to impressive master athletes’ performances. However, there is a paucity of data on the metabolism and dietary habits of master athletes, and the question of whether they need to adapt their nutrition to the aging process remains open. Herein, the authors presented a contemporary overview of the metabolic challenges associated with aging, including the risk of low energy availability, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced immobilization. After assembling scientific evidence to show that master athletes must adapt their dietary intake, the authors proposed a summary of nutritional recommendations for master athletes and suggested the next stage of research.
Overview
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TL;DR
This narrative review argues that master athletes (≥40 years) may require specific nutrition because they face low energy availability, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced inactivity. It proposes practical recommendations—chiefly adequate energy availability (>30 kcal/kg lean body mass/day) and ≥30 g high-quality protein per meal every 3–4 h—while noting that direct data on master athletes are scarce.
Key findings
- Master athletes may face decreased energy and protein intake, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced inactivity; the paper states there is no clear evidence of insufficient energy intake in master athletes, but some athletic populations show inadequate post-exercise intake.
- In cited studies, master female athletes had higher energy intakes than sedentary peers (e.g., 2079 and 2001 kcal/day vs 1632 kcal/day for non-athletic women 50–59 years), and master athletes (mean age 63 years) had +24% energy intake vs RDA, with +46% protein, +34% fat, and +13% carbohydrate. However, master triathletes (mean age 57.7 years) consumed less post-exercise energy (22.7 vs 37.8 kJ/kg) and carbohydrate (0.7 vs 1.1 g/kg; recommendation 1.0 g/kg) than young triathletes.
- Anabolic resistance with aging is reported: current recommendations for older people are ≥30 g protein per meal (vs ≥20 g for young adults) every 3–4 h, and for master endurance athletes 35–40 g/meal or ~0.4 g/kg is suggested. Cited trials found 40 g whey increased muscle protein synthesis more than 20 g in older men (mean age 71 years), larger meat portion (170 vs 113 g) increased muscle protein synthesis by 47% in master athletes (mean age 59 years), and protein around resistance training increased fat-free mass by 33% and muscle strength by 38% in a meta-analysis.
- Proposed recommendations include maintaining energy availability >30 kcal/kg lean body mass/day; periodizing carbohydrate from <2.5 g/kg/day on rest/easy days to >8–10 g/kg/day on high-intensity/competition days; ingesting ≥30 g protein per meal/snack every 3–4 h; keeping fat ~1–1.5 g/kg/day; and considering creatine (10 g/day for 2 weeks then 5 g/day) and HMB (3 g/day) during immobilization, while fish oil omega-3 (2–4 g/day up to 8 weeks) may aid muscle protein synthesis but requires further research.
Methods
- Narrative review; literature search conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus using terms including ‘master’ or ‘senior’ or ‘older’ or ‘veteran’ or ‘age’ and ‘exercise’ or ‘nutrition’ or ‘metabolism’ or ‘diet’, supplemented by reference lists of relevant articles.
- Due to paucity of data on nutrition for master athletes, no exclusion criteria were applied for training load and performance level; the authors state the absence of research prevented a systematic review.
- The paper synthesizes evidence from aging, master athletes, and athlete nutrition to propose recommendations; no new primary data were collected.
Limitations
- The paper states very few scientific data exist on the nutritional requirements of master athletes, energy requirements are not well known, there is no clear evidence of insufficient energy intake in master athletes, and no information exists about appetite of master compared to younger athletes; this prevented a systematic review.
- The paper states it is not known at which age anabolic resistance is triggered or whether it can be delayed with training; additional research is warranted on energy requirements, spontaneous intake, and emerging nutritional manipulations in master athletes.
- Evident: recommendations are largely extrapolated from younger athletes and older non-athletic populations, with some cited studies small or not exclusively in master athletes; as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis.
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Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 3 Not valid · 34 Not checked · 14 Own results and interpretations
In the paper
“In older moderately active men (mean age: 71 years), Yang, Breen, et al. (2012) also showed that 40g of whey protein ingested after a resistance training session increased muscle protein synthesis to a greater extent compared to 20g.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Yang, Breen, et al. (2012)
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In the paper
“In order to counteract the reduced muscle recovery capacity observed in master athletes (Easthope et al., 2010;Fell, Reaburn, & Harrison, 2008)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Easthope et al., 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Fell, Reaburn, & Harrison, 2008
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, consistently increasing protein intake post-exercise and regularly every 3-4h during the day, facilitates muscle repair and remodeling.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, master triathletes consumed less energy postexercise (22.7kJ/kg) than young triathletes (37.8kJ/kg).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Doering, Reaburn, Cox, and Jenkins (2016) source
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In the paper
“Leucine is well known for its role as precursor of muscle protein synthesis (Layman, 2002).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Layman, 2002 source
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This may further contribute to a reduced risk of lean tissue loss, sarcopenia, and functional decline in combination with the benefits of ongoing exercise [3,10].”
From Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Relative to body weight, this would equate to ~1.7 g/kg of body mass (for a 70 kg athlete) [3], higher than most values reported for MAs in the current study.”
From Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“it has additionally been proposed that active older individuals consume protein doses of at least 30 g (even up to 35–40 g [60]), approximately 3–4 h apart [3] throughout the day and, in particular, following muscle-damaging exercise [60].”
From Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“As energy needs often reduce with ageing [3]”
From Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“A post-exercise and (daily) per meal intake of 0.40 g/kg of protein or approximately 30 g has been recommended by others to promote the repair and remodeling of skeletal muscle in master athletes who regularly engage in endurance exercise [21,27].”
From Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Summary of proposed nutritional recommendations for master athletes
“EA (kcal/kg LBM/ day) = ExEE -EI/ LBM”
§ Challenge n°1: resisting to reduced energy intake
“Energy availability (EA) can be estimated by subtracting energy expended during sporting activities (ExEE, exercise energy expenditure) from energy intake, and normalizing the resulting value to the individual's lean body mass (Loucks & Thuma, 2003).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ **insert figure 1 here**
“This result was corroborated in a recent meta-analysis showing that master athletes (mean age: 71years) with a higher protein intake (1.34g/kg/day vs. 1.21g/kg/day) presented higher muscle strength and quality (Di Girolamo et al., 2017).”
§ References
“Di Girolamo, F. G., Situlin, R., Fiotti, N., Tence, M., De Colle, P., Mearelli, F., . . . Biolo, G. (2017). Higher protein intake is associated with improved muscle strength in elite senior athletes. [Observational Study].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ **insert table 1 here**
“Indeed several studies conducted with young adults have reported an increase in muscle protein synthesis rate until the next morning (+7h post ingestion) thanks to the late ingestion of slow release protein (casein) before bed (Groen et al., 2012;Res et al., 2012).”
§ References
“Groen, B. B., Res, P. T., Pennings, B., Hertle, E., Senden, J. M., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J. (2012). Intragastric protein administration stimulates overnight muscle protein synthesis in elderly men.”
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Cited by
Pérez-Castillo, Í. M., Rueda, R., Pereira, S. L., Bouzamondo, H., Chicharro, J. L., Segura-Ortiz, F., & Atherton, P. J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17223503 · Cited by 25
Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review
Guo, S., Shaoni, G. L. L., Stuart-Smith, W. A., Davies, A. J., & Gifford, J. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234973 · Cited by 21
Goldstein, E. R., Stout, J. R., Wells, A. J., Antonio, J., Vasenina, E., & Fukuda, D. H. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2178858 · Cited by 16
Leonhardt, T. P. M., Bristol, A., McLaurin, N., Forbes, S. C., Tanaka, H., Frings-Meuthen, P., Pesta, D., Rittweger, J., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040564 · Cited by 8
Hill Runner's Physiology, Performance and Nutrition: A Descriptive Study
Lember, L.-M., Virgilio, T. G. D., Brown, E. M., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.676212 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Louis, J., Vercruyssen, F., Dupuy, O., & Bernard, T.
- Venue
- Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2020-06-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 489-498
- ISSN
- 1063-8652 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-267X
- OpenAlex
- W2990415592
- Semantic Scholar
- fa749d294939b0ce9e1002353fc908b3dfdebef0
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Aging and Physical Activity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- master athletes, aging, nutrition, dietary recommendations, low energy availability, anabolic resistance, metabolic crisis, immobilization, body composition, athletic performance, older adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
