The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Open accessAbstract
Taking Out the Trash: The purpose of sleep remains mysterious. Using state-of-the-art in vivo two-photon imaging to directly compare two arousal states in the same mouse, Xie et al. (p. 373 ; see the Perspective by Herculano-Houzel ) found that metabolic waste products of neural activity were cleared out of the sleeping brain at a faster rate than during the awake state. This finding suggests a mechanistic explanation for how sleep serves a restorative function, in addition to its well-described effects on memory consolidation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
16 of 27 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The interstitial concentration of Aβ is higher in awake than in sleeping rodents and humans”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Bateman RJ Nat Med 12 856 861 2006 16799555 PMC2983090 source
- Partly supportedcites [16] Kang JE Science 326 1005 1007 2009 19779148 PMC2789838 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that rodent interstitial-fluid Aβ levels correlate positively with time awake and negatively with time asleep (passage 1, labeled Abstract). In humans, however, it measured Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid, not interstitial fluid, and reported a diurnal fluctuation rather than a direct awake-versus-asleep comparison (passage 5, labeled Abstract). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Deletion of AQP4 channels reduces clearance of exogenous Aβ by 65%”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] Iliff JJ Sci Transl Med 4 147ra111 2012 PMC3551275 22896675 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“AQP4 facilitates the para-vascular clearance of interstitial amyloid β”; page unavailable) reports reduced clearance of injected Aβ in Aqp4-null mice compared with wild-type controls. It gives the reduction as approximately 55%, not 65%. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) recirculates through the brain, interchanging with interstitial fluid (ISF) and removing interstitial proteins, including Aβ (12, 13).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Iliff JJ Sci Transl Med 4 147ra111 2012 PMC3551275 22896675 source
The Discussion describes CSF entering the brain interstitium, followed by ISF clearance along draining veins, and identifies this flow as a contributor to clearing interstitial solutes, likely including soluble Aβ1–40. The Results also report that a portion of Aβ in CSF may recirculate through the brain. These findings come from experiments in mice. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [13] Iliff JJ J Clin Invest 123 1299 1309 2013 23434588 PMC3582150 source
The Introduction (p. 1) states that subarachnoid CSF recirculates through the brain parenchyma, exchanges with ISF, and facilitates clearance of interstitial solutes including soluble amyloid β. The paper attributes the amyloid-clearance finding to its authors’ earlier study, but reports and relies on that finding here. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including β-amyloid (Aβ) (8), α-synuclein (9), and tau (10), are present in the interstitial space surrounding cells of the brain.”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Cirrito JR Neuron 48 913 922 2005 16364896 source
- Supportedcites [9] Larson ME J Neurosci 32 10253 10266 2012 22836259 PMC3425439 source
Citation (9) is attached to α-synuclein, not to the separate claims about β-amyloid or tau. The Results section (‘Segregation of brain protein pools’) says α-synuclein was detected in an extracellular fraction and reports evidence that it is secreted into brain interstitial fluid. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [10] Yamada K J Neurosci 31 13110 13117 2011 21917794 PMC4299126 source
Citation (10) is attached to tau, not to β-amyloid or α-synuclein. The Results section, “Full-length tau is present in ISF” (page unavailable), reports detecting tau in brain interstitial fluid from both wild-type and P301S transgenic mice. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesEvery source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Influx of CSF is in part driven by arterial pulse waves that propel the movement of CSF inward along periarterial spaces (12).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Iliff JJ Sci Transl Med 4 147ra111 2012 PMC3551275 22896675 source
The Results section reports CSF entering the brain along arteries and describes rapid para-arterial flow into the parenchyma as driven by arterial pulsation. The Discussion qualifies this mechanism as likely, consistent with the claim’s ‘in part driven’ wording. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“suggesting that convective movement of ISF is a substantial contributor to the removal of interstitial waste products and other products of cellular activity (12).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Iliff JJ Sci Transl Med 4 147ra111 2012 PMC3551275 22896675 source
The Discussion states that interstitial bulk flow is a critical contributor to clearing interstitial solutes from the brain. The Results also identify bulk ISF flow, rather than diffusion, as responsible for clearing interstitially delivered tracers. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TMA recordings showed that inhibition of adrenergic signaling in cortex increased the interstitial volume fraction from 14.3 ± 5.2% to 22.6 ± 1.2% (n = 4 to 8 mice, P < 0.01, t test).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sleeping mice, a robust influx of the fluorescent CSF tracer was noted along periarterial spaces, in the subpial regions, and in the brain parenchyma”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Periarterial and parenchymal tracer influx was reduced by ~95% in awake as compared with sleeping mice during the 30-min imaging session”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aβ was cleared twofold faster in the sleeping mice as compared with the awake mice (n = 23 to 29 mice, P < 0.05, ANOVA with Bonferroni test)”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In particular, locus coeruleus–derived noradrenergic signaling appears critical for driving cortical networks into the awake state of processing (26, 27).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [26] Carter ME Nat Neurosci 13 1526 1533 2010 21037585 PMC3174240 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available) report that stimulating locus coeruleus neurons caused immediate sleep-to-wake transitions and changes in cortical EEG in mice, supporting a role in driving the cortex toward an awake state. The Discussion (page not available) says the locus coeruleus is sufficient for these transitions but not necessary for them; the study also does not directly assess cortical processing. Thus, calling its signaling critical for driving that processing overstates the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [27] Constantinople CM Bruno RM Neuron 69 1061 1068 2011 21435553 PMC3069934 source
The Introduction states that wakefulness changed cortical processing in rat barrel cortex through direct noradrenergic modulation and concludes that arousal-related brain states act via the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system. The Results section, “Norepinephrine is critical for awake Vm,” further reports that noradrenergic receptor blockade and an ipsilateral locus coeruleus lesion prevented sustained depolarization. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In peripheral tissues, such as kidney and heart, noradrenaline regulates the activity of membrane transporters and channels that control cell volume (28).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [28] O’Donnell J Zeppenfeld D McConnell E Pena S Nedergaard M Neurochem Res 37 2496 2512 2012 22717696 PMC3548657 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The astrocyte β-adrenergic-receptors section discusses regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase and potassium clearance in the brain, not cell-volume control in peripheral tissues. Searches for kidney, heart, cell volume, and peripheral transporters found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These pathways were named the glymphatic system on the basis of their dependence on astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels and the adoption of functions homologous to peripheral lymphatic removal of interstitial metabolic byproducts (14).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] Nedergaard M Science 340 1529 1530 2013 23812703 PMC3749839 source
The Abstract says the pathway was named the “glymphatic system” for its dependence on glial water channels and its clearance function similar to that of the peripheral lymphatic system. It also identifies astrocytic AQP4 channels as facilitating flow and describes the pathway carrying waste products out of brain interstitial fluid. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other reports have shown that the interstitial volume is ~19% in anesthetized young mice but declines to ~13% in aged mice (22).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [22] Syková E Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 479 484 2005 15630088 PMC544312 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 (Results; page not available) reports an extracellular-space volume fraction of 19.9% in 6–8-month-old control females and 13.2% in 17–25-month-old control females; Materials and Methods says the animals were anesthetized. The claim omits the restriction to control females: aged control males had a value of 16.1%, while aged APP23 mice showed an increase rather than a decline. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several degradation products of cellular activity, such as Aβ oligomers and amyloid depositions, have adverse effects on synaptic transmission (30) and cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations (31) and can trigger irreversible neuronal injury (32).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Parameshwaran K Dhanasekaran M Suppiramaniam V Exp Neurol 210 7 13 2008 18053990 source
- Supportedcites [31] Kuchibhotla KV Neuron 59 214 225 2008 18667150 PMC2578820 source
Citation (31) is attached to the claim about cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, not the separate claims about synaptic transmission or irreversible injury. The Discussion reports that mutant APP processing and plaque deposition induce calcium overload in the studied Alzheimer’s disease mouse models; the Introduction also describes pathological increases in intracellular Ca2+ associated with amyloid-beta aggregates. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Mattson MP Ann N Y Acad Sci 747 50 76 1994 7847692 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“NE triggers rapid changes in neural activity (27, 28), which in turn can modulate the volume of the interstitial space volume (29).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] Constantinople CM Bruno RM Neuron 69 1061 1068 2011 21435553 PMC3069934 source
The Results section (“Norepinephrine is critical for awake Vm”; page unavailable) reports that blocking NE receptors changes cortical activity during wakefulness, and the Discussion describes NE’s powerful effects on cortical dynamics. The Results section (“Wakefulness alters cortical dynamics”; page unavailable) describes changes around awakening. This source supports the NE–neural-activity clause; the separate claim about interstitial-space volume is attributed to citation 29, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [28] O’Donnell J Zeppenfeld D McConnell E Pena S Nedergaard M Neurochem Res 37 2496 2512 2012 22717696 PMC3548657 source
The source supports the first clause, for which citations (27, 28) are given: its Introduction describes NE-mediated phasic firing as a mechanism of rapid reorientation and says NE can alter cortical responses. The interstitial-space clause has a separate citation (29) and is not attributed to this source in the citing sentence. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] McBain CJ Traynelis SF Dingledine R Science 249 674 677 1990 2382142 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Microdialysis samples of the interstitial fluid showed that the NE concentration did not increase in trained mice during restraining but that NE, as expected, fell after administration of ketamine/xylazine”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interstitial volume was significantly greater than in awake littermates exposed to vehicle (aCSF) (P < 0.01) but comparable with the interstitial volume in sleeping or anesthetized mice (P = 0.77 and P = 0.95, respectively, t test)”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CSF tracer influx into the brain was largely absent and only slowly gained access to the superficial cortical layers”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analysis indicates that the cortical interstitial space increases by more than 60% during sleep, resulting in efficient convective clearance of Aβ and other compounds (Figs. 2 and 3).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these observations support the notion that influx of CSF tracers is suppressed in awake mice as a result of contraction of the interstitial space: The smaller space during wakefulness increases tissue resistance to interstitial fluid flux and inward movement of CSF.”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“fatal familial or sporadic insomnia is a progressively worsening state of sleeplessness that leads to dementia and death within months or years (7).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Montagna P Gambetti P Cortelli P Lugaresi E Lancet Neurol 2 167 176 2003 12849238 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses suggest that adrenergic signaling plays an important role in modulating not only cortical neuronal activity but also the volume of the interstitial space.”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Arousal is driven by the concerted release of neuromodulators (25).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Steriade M McCormick DA Sejnowski TJ Science 262 679 685 1993 8235588 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recordings obtained 300 μm below the cortical surface did not differ significantly from those obtained at 150 μm, suggesting that preparation of the cranial window was not associated with tissue injury (n = 6 mice, P > 0.4, t test)”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 6Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“continuous sleep deprivation kills rodents and flies within a period of days to weeks (5, 6).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation reduces learning, impairs performance in cognitive tests, prolongs reaction time, and is a common cause of seizures (3, 4).”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observation that anesthesia increases glymphatic influx and efflux (Figs. 1 and 3), suggests that it is not circadian rhythm but rather the sleep-wake state itself that determines the volume of the interstitial space and therefore the efficiency of glymphatic solute clearance.”
§ Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain lacks a conventional lymphatic system.
“Yet despite its high metabolic rate and the fragility of neurons to toxic waste products, the brain lacks a conventional lymphatic system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The convective exchange of CSF and ISF is organized around the cerebral vasculature, with CSF influx around arteries, whereas ISF exits along veins.
“The convective exchange of CSF and ISF is organized around the cerebral vasculature, with CSF influx around arteries, whereas ISF exits along veins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep serves a vital function.
“The conservation of sleep across all animal species suggests that sleep serves a vital function.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This was the discovery of the brain's glymphatic system, showing that sleep involves the brain-wide flushing of metabolites with cerebral spinal fluid.28”
From The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This led to the theory that sleep, especially during slow wave activity, had the goal of waste clearance and this is at least partly behind sleep's restorative aspect.”
From The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, transport studies using radiolabeled and unlabeled Alzheimer's A 𝛃 peptide have shown that under physiological conditions, the perivascular ISF flow contributes to 15-20% of A 𝛃 clearance from the mouse brain (58, 535, 659), whereas 8085% is removed by transvascular BBB transport.”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [659]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“whereas 8085% is removed by transvascular BBB transport.”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [659]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Panadrenergic inhibition (i.p. administration of the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin, the broad β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, and the α2-adrenergic antagonist atipamezole, PPA13,14) blocked the LC-induced decrease in blood albumin signal (Figure 1H).”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The results presented here provide further support to prior studies that identified sleep as a key driver of glymphatic flow in the rodent and human brain14,16,19,63.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Such valves will, combined with the oscillatory pressure imposed by the vascular dynamics and the enlarged brain interstitial space, propel CSF influx as a consequence of reduced parenchymal resistance toward fluid flow during sleep14.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes but our sample sizes are similar to those reported in previous publications3,4,12.”
From Brain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Natural sleep in animal studies has been shown to associate with increased size of the interstitial space, facilitating increased convective exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid and clearance of macromolecules (23).”
From Brain-wide glymphatic enhancement and clearance in humans assessed with MRI. (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep is also associated with increased interstitial fluid volume and clearance of metabolic waste products into the CSF (16)”
From Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Glymphatic fluid transport is enhanced during sleep14–19.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the reduced resistance towards fluid movement facilitates fluid dispersion within the tissue14.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The interstitial space expands by as much as 60% during sleep and anesthesia”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“confirmed the earlier observation that CSF tracer influx was significantly higher in mice that had been sleeping during the experiment than mice that had been kept awake (Figure S4C–E)14.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Sleep can increase CSF circulation and accelerate transport and clearance of Aβ [419].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [419]
In the citing paper
“The glymphatic system, which clears the brain of protein waste products, is mostly active during sleep.”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Brain fluid transport initiates and proceeds during NREM sleep, and CSF tracer influx correlates with the prevalence of EEG slow wave activity (35, 36).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Fluid flow through the glymphatic system is thus inextricably linked with sleep, to the extent that flow appears to stop with the onset of wakefulness.”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“glymphatic clearance is temporally regulated and cyclically so, in that fluid transport is enabled by sleep and suppressed during wakefulness.”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
From Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Neurons, glia cells, and nerve fibers themselves can synthesize cytokines and chemokines, demonstrating a further pathway of brain-to-immune signaling (70, 592).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [592]
In the citing paper
“during sleep, the glymphatic system285 exchanges cerebrospinal fluid with interstitial fluid and clears Aβ286”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“A landmark study in mice demonstrating that wakefulness suppresses the outflow of cerebral spinal fluid from the brain, whereas sleep leads to an increase in convective fluxes of fluid, effectively promoting the clearance of neurotoxic metabolics, including Aβ.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [285]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: 10.1523/jneurosci.0581-12.2012
InfoThe cited work was retracted; the date of the notice is not on record.
Cited work 10.1523/jneurosci.0581-12.2012 · retraction date not known · this paper published 2013-10-18
“10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0581-12.2012”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Soluble α-Synuclein Is a Novel Modulator of Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology
Larson, M. E., Sherman, M. A., Greimel, S., Kuskowski, M., Schneider, J. A., Bennett, D. A., & Lesné, S. E. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0581-12.2012 · Cited by 128
RetractedIliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824
Self-citationThalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain
Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8235588 · Cited by 3,564
Amyloid-β Dynamics Are Regulated by Orexin and the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Kang, J.-E., Lim, M. M., Bateman, R. J., Lee, J. J., Smyth, L. P., Cirrito, J. R., Fujiki, N., Nishino, S., & Holtzman, D. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1180962 · Cited by 1,565
Diffusion in Brain Extracellular Space
Syková, E., & Nicholson, C. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2007 · Cited by 1,481
Self-citationSaper, C. B., Fuller, P. M., Pedersen, N. P., Lu, J., & Scammell, T. E. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032 · Cited by 1,404
Synaptic Activity Regulates Interstitial Fluid Amyloid-β Levels In Vivo
Cirrito, J. R., Yamada, K. A., Finn, M. B., Sloviter, R. S., Bales, K. R., May, P. C., Schoepp, D. D., Paul, S. M., Mennerick, S., & Holtzman, D. M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.028 · Cited by 1,265
Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI
Iliff, J. J., Lee, H., Yu, M., Feng, T., Logan, J., Nedergaard, M., & Benveniste, H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci67677 · Cited by 1,148
Self-citationTuning arousal with optogenetic modulation of locus coeruleus neurons
Carter, M. E., Yizhar, O., Chikahisa, S., Nguyen, H., Adamantidis, A., Nishino, S., Deisseroth, K., & de Lecea, L. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2682 · Cited by 993
Interstitial-lymphatic mechanisms in the control of extracellular fluid volume
Aukland, K., & Reed, R. K. (1993) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1993.73.1.1 · Cited by 938
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- A. Borbely I. Tobler in Brain Mechanisms of Sleep D. J. McGinty Ed. (Raven New York 1985) pp. 35–44.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,301–1,400 of 5,616
The role of circadian rhythm in choroid plexus functions
Quintela, T., Furtado, A., Duarte, A. C., Gonçalves, I., Myung, J., & Santos, C. R. A. (2021) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102129 · Cited by 45
Association between Sleep, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s Disease
Matsumoto, S., & Tsunematsu, T. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10111127 · Cited by 45
On the role of the extracellular space on the holistic behavior of the brain
Marcoli, M., Agnati, L. F., Benedetti, F., Genedani, S., Guidolin, D., Ferraro, L., Maura, G., & Fuxé, K. (2015) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0007 · Cited by 45
Linking Sleep Disturbance and Maladaptive Repetitive Thought: The Role of Executive Function
Cox, R. C., Ebesutani, C. K., & Olatunji, B. O. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9713-5 · Cited by 45
Sleep disturbance: an emerging opportunity for Alzheimer's disease prevention?
Spira, A. P., & Gottesman, R. F. (2016) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610216002131 · Cited by 45
Brooks, S. J., Katz, E. S., & Stamoulis, C. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgab062 · Cited by 44
Perivascular pumping of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain with a valve mechanism
Gan, Y., Holstein-Rønsbo, S., Nedergaard, M., Boster, K. A. S., Thomas, J. H., & Kelley, D. H. (2023) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0288 · Cited by 44
Self-citationEffect of sleep deprivation and NREM sleep stage on physiological brain pulsations
Helakari, H., Järvelä, M., Väyrynen, T., Tuunanen, J., Piispala, J., Kallio, M., Ebrahimi, S. M., Poltojainen, V., Kananen, J., Elabasy, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1275184 · Cited by 44
Self-citationAssociation of rapid eye movement sleep latency with multimodal biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease
Jin, J., Chen, J., Cavaillès, C., Yaffe, K. S., Winer, J. R., Stankeviciute, L. S., Lucey, B. P., Zhou, X., Gao, S., Peng, D., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14495 · Cited by 44
Sleep’s contribution to memory formation
Lutz, N. D., Harkotte, M., & Jan Born, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2024 · Cited by 51
Mogoantă, L., Ciurea, M. E., Pirici, I., Mărgăritescu, C., Simionescu, C. E., Ion, D. A., & Pirici, D. N. (2014) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12134 · Cited by 44
Aging circadian rhythms and cannabinoids
Hodges, E. L., & Ashpole, N. M. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.008 · Cited by 44
Tschiffely, A. E., Statz, J. K., Edwards, K. A., Goforth, C. W., Ahlers, S. T., Carr, W. S., & Gill, J. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2019.6512 · Cited by 44
Sleep debt induces skeletal muscle injuries in athletes: A promising hypothesis
Freitas, L. D. S. N., da Silva, F. R., Andrade, H. D. A., Guerreiro, R. D. C., Paulo, F. V., de Mello, M. T., & Silva, A. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109836 · Cited by 44
Machine learning suggests sleep as a core factor in chronic pain
Miettinen, T., Mäntyselkä, P. T., Hagelberg, N. M., Mustola, S. T., Kalso, E. A., & Lötsch, J. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002002 · Cited by 44
Brain Glymphatic/Lymphatic Imaging by MRI and PET
Lee, D. S., Suh, M., Sarker, A. K., & Choi, Y. (2020) · Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s13139-020-00665-4 · Cited by 45
Modeling of Astrocyte Networks: Toward Realistic Topology and Dynamics
Вячеславовна, В. Д., Verisokin, A. Y., Postnov, D. E., & Brazhe, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.645068 · Cited by 44
Duncan, M. J., Guerriero, L. E., Köhler, K., Beechem, L., Gillis, B. D., Salisbury, F., Wessel, C. R., Wang, J., Sunderam, S., Bachstetter, A. D., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.042 · Cited by 44
Stress dynamically reduces sleep depth: temporal proximity to the stressor is crucial
Beck, J., Loretz, E., & Rasch, B. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac055 · Cited by 44
Zhao, Q., Xiang, H., Cai, Y., Meng, S. S., Zhang, Y., & Qiu, P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.010 · Cited by 44
Immediate impact of yogic breathing on pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid dynamics
Yildiz, S., Grinstead, J. W., Hildebrand, A. D., Oshinski, J. N., Rooney, W. D., Lim, M. M., & Oken, B. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15034-8 · Cited by 44
Duan, T., Gu, N., Wang, Y., Wang, F., Zhu, J., Fang, Y., Shen, Y., Han, J., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.160116 · Cited by 44
The lymphatic system: a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders
Lü, H., Cao, Y., Hu, J., Xu, J., Liu, Q., Huang, S., & Duan, C. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.355741 · Cited by 43
Recovery of glymphatic system function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy after surgery
Zhang, C., Xu, K., Zhang, H., Sha, J., Yang, H., Zhao, H., Chen, N., & Li, K. (2023) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-023-09588-y · Cited by 43
Fame, R. M., Kalugin, P. N., Petrova, B., Xu, H., Soden, P. A., Shipley, F. B., Dani, N., Grant, B. F., Pragana, A., Head, J. P., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39326-3 · Cited by 43
Linking activity dyshomeostasis and sleep disturbances in Alzheimer disease
Slutsky, I. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00797-y · Cited by 43
Long-wavelength traveling waves of vasomotion modulate the perfusion of cortex
Broggini, T., Duckworth, J. C., Ji, X., Liu, R., Xia, X., Mächler, P., Shaked, I., Munting, L. P., Iyengar, S., Kotlikoff, M. I., et al. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.034 · Cited by 43
Mechanistic insights into the interaction between epilepsy and sleep
Sheybani, L., Frauscher, B., Bernard, C., & Walker, M. C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01064-z · Cited by 43
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modulates the activity of dorsal raphe neurons
Devera, A., Pascovich, C., Lagos, P., Falconi, A., Sampogna, S. L., Chase, M. H., & Torterolo, P. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.032 · Cited by 43
Manipulating the Circadian and Sleep Cycles to Protect Against Metabolic Disease
Nohara, K., Yoo, S. H., & Chen, Z. (. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00035 · Cited by 43
Stern, A. L., & Naidoo, N. N. (2015) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-014-0777-6 · Cited by 44
Seneff, S., Swanson, N., & Li, C. (2015) · Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.4236/as.2015.61005 · Cited by 43
Brain drains: new insights into brain clearance pathways from lymphatic biology
Bower, N. I., & Hogan, B. M. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-018-1634-9 · Cited by 43
Subjective Sleep Quality is not Associated with Incident Dementia: The Rotterdam Study
Lysen, T. S., Wolters, F. J., Luik, A. I., Ikram, M. K., Tiemeier, H. W., & Ikram, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180055 · Cited by 43
Sleep Disturbances in Traumatic Brain Injury: Associations With Sensory Sensitivity
Elliott, J. E., Opel, R. A., Weymann, K. B., Chau, A. Q., Papesh, M. A., Callahan, M. L., Storzbach, D. M., & Lim, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7220 · Cited by 43
Nonpharmacological interventions to improve sleep in nursing home residents: A systematic review
Shang, B., Yin, H., Jia, Y., Zhao, J., Meng, X., Chen, L., & Liu, P. (2019) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.01.001 · Cited by 43
Howe, M. D., Furr, J. W., Munshi, Y., Roy-O’Reilly, M. A., Maniskas, M. E., Koellhoffer, E. C., d’Aigle, J., Sansing, L. H., McCullough, L. D., & Urayama, A. (2019) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-019-00118-7 · Cited by 43
New awakenings: current understanding of sleep dysfunction and its treatment in Parkinson’s disease
Keir, L. H. M., & Breen, D. P. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09651-z · Cited by 43
Jackson, M. L., Cavuoto, M. G., Schembri, R., Doré, V., Villemagne, V. L., Barnes, M., O’Donoghue, F. J., Rowe, C. C., & Robinson, S. R. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200571 · Cited by 43
Liu, E., Peng, X., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, L., & Yan, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.611494 · Cited by 43
Cerebrospinal fluid egress to human parasagittal dura and the impact of sleep deprivation
Eide, P. K., & Ringstad, G. A. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147669 · Cited by 43
Aquaporin-4 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Cognitive Performance in Parkinson’s Disease
Fang, Y., Dai, S., Jin, C., Si, X., Gu, L., Song, Z., Gao, T., Chen, Y., Yan, Y., Yin, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.740491 · Cited by 43
Sleep Disruption and Cancer: Chicken or the Egg?
Berisha, A., Shutkind, K., & Borniger, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.856235 · Cited by 44
Getting sharper: the brain under the spotlight of super-resolution microscopy
Arizono, M., Idziak, A., Quici, F., & Nägerl, U. V. (2022) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.011 · Cited by 43
SEMYACHKINA-GLUSHKOVSKAYA, O. V., Fedosov, I. V., Penzel, T., Li, D., Yu, T., Telnova, V., Исмаиловна, К. Э., Saranceva, E. I., Terskov, A. V., Khorovodov, A. P., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043221 · Cited by 43
Evidence for cortical structural plasticity in humans after a day of waking and sleep deprivation
Elvsåshagen, T., Zak, N., Norbom, L. B., Pedersen, P. Ø., Quraishi, S. H., Bjørnerud, A., Alnæs, D., Doan, N. T., Malt, U. F., Groote, I. R., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.027 · Cited by 43
Lawford‐Smith, H. (2015) · Journal of Social Ontology · doi:10.1515/jso-2015-0008 · Cited by 44
Regulation of beta-amyloid production in neurons by astrocyte-derived cholesterolPreprint
Wang, H., Kulas, J. A., Ferris, H. A., & Hansen, S. B. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159632 · Cited by 43
Troup, M., Yap, M. H., Rohrscheib, C., Grabowska, M. J., Ertekin, D., Randeniya, R., Kottler, B., Larkin, A., Munro, K., Shaw, P. J., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.37105 · Cited by 43
Treatment of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder using melatonin as a chronobiotic
Kunz, D., Stotz, S., & Bes, F. (2021) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12759 · Cited by 42
Orjatsalo, M., Alakuijala, A., & Partinen, M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6924 · Cited by 42
Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan
Harrington, Y. A., Parisi, J. M., Duan, D., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Holingue, C., & Spira, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.800278 · Cited by 42
Relating Pupil Diameter and Blinking to Cortical Activity and Hemodynamics across Arousal States
Turner, K. L., Gheres, K. W., & Drew, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1244-22.2022 · Cited by 48
Yamada, S., & Mase, M. (2023) · Neurologia medico-chirurgica · doi:10.2176/jns-nmc.2022-0331 · Cited by 42
Vascular risk factors and astrocytic marker for the glymphatic system activity
Wei, Y., Hsu, C. H., Huang, W., Lin, C., Chen, Y.-L., Chen, Y.-L., Chen, P.-Y., Shyu, Y., & Lin, C. (2023) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-023-01675-w · Cited by 43
Yin, C., Zhang, M., Jin, S., Zhou, Y., Ding, L., Lv, Q., Huang, Z., Zhou, J., Chen, J., Wang, P., et al. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155725 · Cited by 42
Han, F., Liu, X., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120905 · Cited by 47
Global brain activity and its coupling with cerebrospinal fluid flow is related to tau pathology
Han, F., Lee, J., Chen, X., Ziontz, J., Ward, T. J., Landau, S. M., Baker, S. L., Harrison, T. M., Jagust, W. J., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14296 · Cited by 42
Emerging non-invasive MRI techniques for glymphatic system assessment in neurodegenerative disease
Botta, D., Hutuca, I., Ghoul, E. E., Sveikata, L., Assal, F., Lövblad, K., & Kurz, F. T. (2025) · Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2025.101322 · Cited by 42
Seasonal and post-trauma remodeling in cone-dominant ground squirrel retina
Merriman, D. K., Sajdak, B. S., Li, W., & Jones, B. W. (2016) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.011 · Cited by 42
Blood–Brain Barrier, Lymphatic Clearance, and Recovery: Ariadne’s Thread in Labyrinths of Hypotheses
SEMYACHKINA-GLUSHKOVSKAYA, O. V., Postnov, D. E., & Kurths, J. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19123818 · Cited by 42
Cui, L., Xue, R., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Wan, Y., & Wu, W. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.024 · Cited by 42
Gilbert, A., Elorza‐Vidal, X., Estévez, R., Cohen‐Salmon, M., & Boulay, A.-C. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01832-w · Cited by 43
Role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1 receptor axis in sleep regulation and neurologic outcomes
Ahmad, A. S., Ottallah, H., Maciel, C. B., Strickland, M. R., & Doré, S. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz073 · Cited by 42
Liu, Z., Osipovitch, M., Benraiss, A., Huynh, N. P. T., Foti, R., Bates, J., Chandler-Militello, D., Findling, R. L., Tesar, P. J., Nedergaard, M., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.088 · Cited by 43
Self-citationSleep and neurocognitive decline in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Ramos, A. R., Tarraf, W., Wu, B., Redline, S. S., Cai, J., Daviglus, M. L., Gallo, L. C., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Perreira, K. M., Zee, P. C., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.191 · Cited by 42
Leng, M., Yin, H., Zhang, P., Jia, Y., Hu, M., Li, G., Wang, C., & Chen, L. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001137 · Cited by 42
Defining novel functions for cerebrospinal fluid in ALS pathophysiology
Kwong, K. C. N. K., Mehta, A. R., Nedergaard, M., & Chandran, S. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-01018-0 · Cited by 41
Self-citationMiletínová, E., & Bušková, J. (2021) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934470 · Cited by 43
Unified theory of Alzheimer’s disease (UTAD): implications for prevention and curative therapy
Nehls, M. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s40303-016-0018-8 · Cited by 41
Physical positioning markedly enhances brain transduction after intrathecal AAV9 infusion
Castle, M. J., Cheng, Y., Asokan, A., & Tuszynski, M. H. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9859 · Cited by 41
Targeting Sleep and Circadian Function in the Prevention of Alzheimer Disease
Musiek, E. S., & Ju, Y. S. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1732 · Cited by 41
Lee, G. S., Dharmakulaseelan, L., Muir, R. T., Iskander, C., Kendzerska, T., & Boulos, M. I. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101763 · Cited by 41
Understanding neuron-glia crosstalk and biological clocks in insomnia
Carvalhas-Almeida, C., Serra, J., Moita, J. J., Cavadas, C., & Álvaro, A. R. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105100 · Cited by 41
Association Between Sleep Quantity and Quality in Early Adulthood With Cognitive Function in Midlife
Leng, Y., Knutson, K. L., Carnethon, M. R., & Yaffe, K. S. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000208056 · Cited by 41
Glymphatics and meningeal lymphatics unlock the brain-immune code
Kim, M. W., & Kipnis, J. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.03.006 · Cited by 42
Light on a sensory interface linking the cerebrospinal fluid to motor circuits in vertebrates
Djenoune, L., & Wyart, C. (2017) · Journal of Neurogenetics · doi:10.1080/01677063.2017.1359833 · Cited by 41
Gabelle, A., Gutierrez, L., Jaussent, I., Navucet, S., Grasselli, C., Bennys, K., Marelli, C., David, R., Andrieu, S., Berr, C., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00312 · Cited by 41
Bidirectional relationships between sleep and amyloid-beta in the hippocampus
Dufort‐Gervais, J., Mongrain, V., & Brouillette, J. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.06.009 · Cited by 41
Changes in sleep duration and 3-year risk of mild cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults
Zhu, Q., Fan, H., Zhang, X., Ji, C., & Xia, Y. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102616 · Cited by 41
A roadmap for potassium buffering/dispersion via the glial network of the CNS
Beckner, M. E. (2020) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104727 · Cited by 41
Witnessed apneas are associated with elevated tau-PET levels in cognitively unimpaired elderly
Carvalho, D. Z., Louis, E. K. S., Schwarz, C. G., Lowe, V. J., Boeve, B. F., Przybelski, S. A., Reddy, A., Mielke, M. M., Knopman, D. S., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009315 · Cited by 41
Streetlights Disrupt Night-Time Sleep in Urban Black Swans
Aulsebrook, A. E., Lesku, J. A., Mulder, R. A., Goymann, W., Vyssotski, A. L., & Jones, T. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00131 · Cited by 41
Petzold, A., Coric, D., Balk, L. J., Hamann, S., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Denniston, A. K., Keane, P. A., & Crabb, D. P. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25782 · Cited by 41
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy of optically cleared brains for studying the glymphatic system
Bèchet, N. B., Kylkilahti, T. M., Mattsson, B., Petrášová, M., Shanbhag, N. C., & Lundgaard, I. (2020) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x20924954 · Cited by 41
Non-REM and REM/paradoxical sleep dynamics across phylogeny
Jaggard, J. B., Wang, G. X., & Mourrain, P. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.08.004 · Cited by 41
Use of sedative‐hypnotic medications and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
AlDawsari, A., Bushell, T. J., Abutheraa, N., Sakata, S., Hussain, S. K. A., & Kurdi, A. B. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15113 · Cited by 41
Modulation of lymphatic transport in the central nervous system
Li, W., Chen, D., Liu, N., Luan, Y., Zhu, S., & Wang, H. (2022) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.66026 · Cited by 42
CSF circulation and dispersion yield rapid clearance from intracranial compartments
Hornkjøl, M., Valnes, L. M., Ringstad, G. A., Rognes, M. E., Eide, P. K., Mardal, K., & Vinje, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.932469 · Cited by 41
Less severe cerebral palsy outcomes in infants treated with therapeutic hypothermia
Jary, S., Smit, E., Liu, X., Cowan, F. M., & Thoresen, M. (2015) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13146 · Cited by 41
Amyloid‐β induces sleep fragmentation that is rescued by fatty acid binding proteins in Drosophila
Gerstner, J. R., Lenz, O., Vanderheyden, W. M., Chan, M. T., Pfeiffenberger, C., & Pack, A. I. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23778 · Cited by 40
Glymphatic System Dysfunction in Central Nervous System Diseases and Mood Disorders
Zhang, D., Li, X., & Li, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.873697 · Cited by 40
Glymphatic-assisted perivascular brain delivery of intrathecal small gold nanoparticles
Lilius, T. O., Mortensen, K. N., Deville, C., Lohela, T. J., Stæger, F. F., Sigurðsson, B., Fiordaliso, E. M., Rosenholm, M., Kamphuis, C., Beekman, F. J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.054 · Cited by 40
Self-citationMin, J., Rouanet, J. P., Martini, A. C., Nashiro, K., Yoo, H. J., Porat, S., Cho, C., Wan, J., Cole, S. W., Head, E., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30167-0 · Cited by 43
Lian, X., Liu, Z., Gan, Z., Yan, Q., Tong, L., Qiu, L., Liu, Y., Chen, J., & Li, Z. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00764 · Cited by 40
Mutual influence of sleep and circadian clocks on physiology and cognition
Heyde, I., Kiehn, J., & Oster, H. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.003 · Cited by 40
Preventing neurodegeneration by adrenergic astroglial excitation
Zorec, R., Parpura, V., & Verkhratsky, A. (2018) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.14456 · Cited by 40
Melatonin receptor type 1A gene linked to Alzheimer’s disease in old age
Sulkava, S., Muggalla, P., Sulkava, R. O., Ollila, H. M., Peuralinna, T., Myllykangas, L., Kaivola, K., Stone, D. J., Traynor, B. J., Renton, A. E., et al. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy103 · Cited by 40
Volk, C., Jaramillo, V., Merki, R., Tuura, R., & Huber, R. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24225 · Cited by 40
Blood-brain barrier and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Šimić, G., Španić, E., Horvat, L. L., & Hof, P. R. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.003 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., Takano, T., Deane, R., & Nedergaard, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Lulu
- Kang, Hongyi
- Nedergaard, Maiken
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2013-10-18
- Volume
- 342
- Issue
- 6156
- Pages
- 373-377
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3880190
- OpenAlex
- W2163225965
- Semantic Scholar
- 014fa65ae6f6f866bc132c1bcccd045b16432f53
- Cited by
- 5,411
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 656 · 2025: 664 · 2024: 528 · 2023: 541 · 2022: 466 · 2021: 462 · 2020: 457 · 2019: 371 · 2018: 310 · 2017: 308 · 2016: 239 · 2015: 243 · 2014: 142 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 116.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078304, NS028642, R01NS078167, R01NS075177, NS078167, R01NS028642, NS078304))
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE022743)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- sleep, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, brain waste clearance, amyloid-beta clearance, interstitial space, metabolic homeostasis, anesthesia, two-photon imaging
- MeSH terms
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Animals, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Diffusion, Electroencephalography, Extracellular Space, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Receptors, Adrenergic, Sleep, Wakefulness, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Adrenergic Antagonists, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Intracellular Space, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
