The biology of being frazzled
Abstract
Under stress, our brain works differently. From our own experiences we know this, but now several lines of research are defining the neurobiology behind these changes. In her commentary, Arnsten summarizes recent work that demonstrates that some kinds of memory become enhanced (such as the image of a gruesome accident), while higher order thinking, mediated by a region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, becomes impaired.
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The types of tasks impaired by stress are those requiring prefrontal cortex operations, whereas engrained habits relying on basal ganglia circuits are spared or enhanced.
“We now understand that the types of tasks that were impaired by stress were those that required PFC operations13, whereas engrained habits that rely on basal ganglia circuits were spared or enhanced14.”
From Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
Exposure to an acute, uncontrollable stress impairs the performance of PFC cognitive tasks in rodents, monkeys and humans.
“Exposure to an acute, uncontrollable stress impairs the performance of PFC cognitive tasks in rodents, monkeys and humans25.”
From Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Adolescents are particularly prone to have their decision-making influenced by exciting, emotionally charged, or stressful situations.
“adolescents seem particularly prone to have their decision-making influenced by exciting, emotionally charged and/or stressful situations”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Arnsten, 1998
Adolescents are particularly prone to decision-making influenced by exciting, emotionally charged, or stressful situations (hot cognitions).
“adolescents seem particularly prone to have their decision-making influenced by exciting, emotionally charged and/or stressful situations (so called “hot cognitions” – e.g., Arnsten, 1998; Dahl, 2001; Figner et al, 2009).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Arnsten, 1998
Stressors tend to increase activation in ventral striatum, amygdala, and hippocampus, while attenuating functional efficacy within PFC.
“stressors tending to increase activation in the ventral striatum, amygdala and other subcortical regions such as the hippocampus, while attenuating functional efficacy within the PFC (Arnsten, 1998, Liston et al, 2009)”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Arnsten, 1998
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- Authors
- Arnsten, A. F. T.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arnsten, Amy F. T.
- ORCID
- Arnsten, Amy F. T.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1998-06-12
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 5370
- Pages
- 1711-1712
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1572413306
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- stress, neurobiology of stress, memory enhancement, prefrontal cortex, cognitive impairment, emotional memory, stress hormones
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Attention, Mental Disorders, Catecholamines, Dopamine, Humans, Memory, Norepinephrine, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta, Stress, Physiological, Prefrontal Cortex, Receptors, Dopamine D1
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