Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia in the western world, however there is no cure available for this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. Despite clinical and experimental evidence implicating the intestinal microbiota in a number of brain disorders, its impact on Alzheimer’s disease is not known. To this end we sequenced bacterial 16S rRNA from fecal samples of Aβ precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse model and found a remarkable shift in the gut microbiota as compared to non-transgenic wild-type mice. Subsequently we generated germ-free APP transgenic mice and found a drastic reduction of cerebral Aβ amyloid pathology when compared to control mice with intestinal microbiota. Importantly, colonization of germ-free APP transgenic mice with microbiota from conventionally-raised APP transgenic mice increased cerebral Aβ pathology, while colonization with microbiota from wild-type mice was less effective in increasing cerebral Aβ levels. Our results indicate a microbial involvement in the development of Abeta amyloid pathology, and suggest that microbiota may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Antibiotic-induced depletion of gut microbiota in AD mouse models has been shown to reduce amyloid accumulation and modulate microglial activation.
“Notably, antibiotic-induced depletion of gut microbiota in AD mouse models has been shown to reduce amyloid accumulation and modulate microglial activation65.”
From Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [65]
The Discussion reports reduced amyloid pathology and microgliosis in germ-free APPPS1 mice. But these mice were raised without gut microbiota, not depleted with antibiotics. The paper mentions a separate antibiotic study in its introductory text, but does not establish the claimed combination of reduced amyloid accumulation and altered microglial activation from antibiotic treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis protection was diminished following FMT from 12-month-old conventionally raised APP/PS1-21 mice to 4-month-old GF APP/PS1-21 mice.
“However, this protection was diminished following FMT from 12-month-old conventionally raised APP/PS1-21 mice to 4-month-old GF APP/PS1-21 mice.198”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [198]
Gut microbiota from APP/PS1 mice differs significantly compared to wild-type mice.
“For example, gut microbiota from APP/PS1 mice differs significantly compared to wild-type mice.”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [591]
In APP/PS1 transgenic animals, abundance of Helicobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Odoribacter and Helicobacter is elevated, whereas Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria are reduced.
“The abundance of microbes such as Helicobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Odoribacter and Helicobacter is elevated in APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) animals, whereas microbes such as Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria are reduced in Tg animals [591].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [591]
A variety of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in AD etiopathogenesis, including contributions from gut microbiota.
“A variety of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in AD etiopathogenesis, including contributions from gut microbiota [13–15].”
From The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
Fecal transplantation from conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice into germ-free APP/PS1 hosts dramatically increased cerebral Aβ pathology in the hosts.
“Fecal transplantation from conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice into GF APP/PS1 hosts dramatically increased cerebral Aβ pathology in the hosts (161).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [161]
Germ-free APP/PS1 transgenic mice have reduced Aβ levels in the brain and blood and reduced amyloid load compared to conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice.
“Importantly, GF-APP/PS1 transgenic mice have reduced Aβ levels in the brain and blood and reduced amyloid load compared to conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice (161).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [161]
These results strongly supported a microbiota involvement in the development of Alzheimer's disease in Alzheimer's disease-susceptible animal models.
“Altogether, these results strongly supported a microbiota involvement in the development of AD in AD-susceptible animal models (161).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [161]
APP/PS1 double transgenic mice show a remarkable shift in gut microbiota composition compared to healthy wild-type mice.
“APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, which express special neurons in the CNS with a chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1), show a remarkable shift in the gut microbiota composition compared to healthy wild-type mice (161).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [161]
Fewer Firmicutes (Akkermansia and Rikenellaceaea) but more Bacteroidetes (S24-7) were identified in conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type littermate controls.
“Fewer Firmicutes (Akkermansia and Rikenellaceaea) but more Bacteroidetes (S24-7) were identified in conventionally-raised APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type littermate controls (161).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [161]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887 · see citing works
Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST
Edgar, R. C. (2010) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq461 · Cited by 20,617 · see citing works
Naive Bayesian Classifier for Rapid Assignment of rRNA Sequences into the New Bacterial Taxonomy
Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M., & Cole, J. R. (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00062-07 · Cited by 19,770 · see citing works
Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation
Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W. S., & Huttenhower, C. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60 · Cited by 16,192 · see citing works
The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics
Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072994 · Cited by 13,864 · see citing works
Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB
DeSantis, T. Z., Hugenholtz, P., Larsen, N., Rojas, M., Brodie, E. L., Keller, K., Huber, T., Dalevi, D., Hu, P., & Andersen, G. L. (2006) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03006-05 · Cited by 10,891 · see citing works
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359 · see citing works
Klindworth, A., Pruesse, E., Schweer, T., Peplies, J., Quast, C., Horn, M., & Glöckner, F. O. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks808 · Cited by 8,850 · see citing works
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385 · see citing works
Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
Nicholson, J. K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223813 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J. P., Druart, C., Bindels, L. B., Guiot, Y., Derrien, M., Muccioli, G. G., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110 · Cited by 4,511 · see citing works
Interactions Between the Microbiota and the Immune System
Hooper, L. V., Littman, D. R., & Macpherson, A. J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1223490 · Cited by 4,173 · see citing works
Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Erny, D., Hrabě de Angelis, A. L., Jaitin, D., Wieghofer, P., Staszewski, O., David, E., Keren-Shaul, H., Mahlakoiv, T., Jakobshagen, K., Buch, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4030 · Cited by 3,569 · see citing works
Self-citationHsiao, E. Y., McBride, S. W., Hsien, S., Sharon, G., Hyde, E. R., McCue, T., Codelli, J. A., Chow, J., Reisman, S. E., Petrosino, J. F., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024 · Cited by 3,283 · see citing works
NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer’s disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., Stutz, A., Delekate, A., Schwartz, S., Vieira-Saecker, A., Griep, A., Axt, D., Remus, A., Tzeng, T.-C., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11729 · Cited by 2,898 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice Lacking Toll-Like Receptor 5
Vijay-Kumar, M., Aitken, J. D., Carvalho, F. A., Cullender, T. C., Mwangi, S., Srinivasan, S., Sitaraman, S. V., Knight, R., Ley, R. E., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1179721 · Cited by 2,068 · see citing works
Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype
Scheperjans, F., Aho, V., Pereira, P. A. B., Koskinen, K., Paulin, L., Pekkonen, E., Haapaniemi, E., Kaakkola, S., Eerola‐Rautio, J., Pohja, M., et al. (2015) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26069 · Cited by 1,968 · see citing works
The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
Collins, S. M., Surette, M., & Bercik, P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876 · Cited by 1,611 · see citing works
Cattaneo, A., Cattane, N., Galluzzi, S., Provasi, S., Lopizzo, N., Festari, C., Ferrari, C., Guerra, U. P., Paghera, B., Muscio, C., et al. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
Self-citationCommensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination
Berer, K., Mues, M., Koutrolos, M., Rasbi, Z. A., Boziki, M., Johner, C., Wekerle, H., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10554 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
O’Toole, P. W., & Jeffery, I. B. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac8469 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior
Cryan, J. F., & O’Mahony, S. M. (2011) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Aβ42‐driven cerebral amyloidosis in transgenic mice reveals early and robust pathology
Radde, R., Bolmont, T., Kaeser, S. A., Coomaraswamy, J., Lindau, D., Stoltze, L., Calhoun, M. E., Jäggi, F., Wolburg, H., Gengler, S., et al. (2006) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400784 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Self-citationKumar, D. K. V., Choi, S. H., Washicosky, K. J., Eimer, W. A., Tucker, S., Ghofrani, J., Lefkowitz, A., McColl, G., Goldstein, L. E., Tanzi, R. E., et al. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future
Anand, R., Gill, K. D., & Mahdi, A. A. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Minter, M. R., Zhang, C., Leone, V., Ringus, D. L., Zhang, X., Oyler-Castrillo, P., Musch, M. W., Liao, F., Ward, J. F., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30028 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Collins, S. M., & Bercik, P. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.075 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Rabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gérard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., & Chou, C. J. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10-164921 · Cited by 610 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Next we studied whether the di ff erences in gut microbiota composition in CONVR-APPPS1 mice compared to CONVR-WT mice are the results of di ff erences in metabolic parameters 15 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationRabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gérard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., & Chou, C. J. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10.164921 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of the stress response by the gut microbiota: implications for psychoneuroendocrinology
Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.007 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
NOD2-mediated dysbiosis predisposes mice to transmissible colitis and colorectal cancer
Couturier-Maillard, A., Sécher, T., Rehman, A., Normand, S., Arcangelis, A. D., Häsler, R., Huot, L., Grandjean, T., Bressenot, A., Delanoye, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci62236 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Lavasani, S., Dzhambazov, B. M., Nouri, M., Fåk, F., Buske, S., Molin, G., Thorlacius, H., Alenfall, J., Jeppsson, B. W., & Weström, B. R. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009009 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationForsythe, P., Sudo, N., Dinan, T., Taylor, V. H., & Bienenstock, J. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Molecular characterization of mucosal adherent bacteria and associations with colorectal adenomas
Shen, X. J., Rawls, J. F., Randall, T. A., Burcall, L., Mpande, C., Jenkins, N., Jovov, B., Abdo, Z., Sandler, R. S., & Keku, T. O. (2010) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.1.3.12360 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Effects of Vendor and Genetic Background on the Composition of the Fecal Microbiota of Inbred Mice
Ericsson, A. C., Davis, J. W., Spollen, W. G., Bivens, N. J., Givan, S. A., Hagan, C. E., McIntosh, M., & Franklin, C. L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116704 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Therapy insight, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease
Haan, M. N. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0124 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Aβ-degrading enzymes: potential for treatment of Alzheimer disease
Miners, J. S., Barua, N., Kehoe, P. G., Gill, S., & Love, S. (2011) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3182345e46 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
A distinctive 'microbial signature' in celiac pediatric patients
Schippa, S., Iebba, V., Barbato, M., Nardo, G. D., Totino, V., Checchi, M. P., Longhi, C., Maiella, G., Cucchiara, S., & Conte, M. (2010) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-10-175 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Aurbach-Klipper, Y., Wasserman, M., Braunspiegel-Weintrob, N., Borstein, D., Peleg, S., ASSA, S., Karp, M., Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y., & Laron, Z. (1995) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(95)90228-7 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease and the microbiome
Bhattacharjee, S., & Lukiw, W. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00153 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Dolpady, J., Sorini, C., Pietro, C. D., Cosorich, I., Ferrarese, R., Saita, D., Clementi, M., Canducci, F., & Falcone, M. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2016/7569431 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Fernández-Gamba, A. C., Leal, M., Morelli, L., & Castano, E. (2009) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161209789271799 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease: from Pathogenesis to a Therapeutic Target
Pimplikar, S. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-014-0032-5 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Matziouridou, C., Marungruang, N., Nguyen, T. D., NYMAN, M. E., & Fåk, F. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500738 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationA mouse’s house may ruin experiments
Reardon, S. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19335 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ishibashi, K., Onishi, A., Fujiwara, Y., Ishiwata, K., & Ishii, K. (2016) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0000000000001147 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tang, Y., Peng, Y., Liu, J., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Long, J., & Liu, J. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13437 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286 · see citing works
Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-McFarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., Carlsson, C. M., Asthana, S., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y · Cited by 2,137 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota
Strandwitz, P. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities
Adak, A., & Khan, M. R. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in neurological disorders
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Sandhu, K., Peterson, V., & Dinan, T. G. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30356-4 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Guo, T., Zhang, D., Zeng, Y., Huang, T. Y., Xu, H., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Quigley, E. M. M. (2017) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0802-6 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology
Rutsch, A., Kantsjö, J. B., & Ronchi, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
MahmoudianDehkordi, S., Arnold, M., Nho, K., Ahmad, S., Jia, W., Xie, G., Louie, G., Kueider‐Paisley, A., Moseley, M. A., Thompson, J. W., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.217 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Our gut microbiome: The evolving inner self
Kundu, P., Blacher, E., Elinav, E., & Pettersson, S. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.024 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Kim, M.-S., Kim, Y., Choi, H., Kim, W., Park, S., Lee, D., Kim, D. K., Kim, H. J., Choi, H., Hyun, D.-W., et al. (2020) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317431 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Sun, J., Xu, J., Ling, Y., Wang, F., Gong, T., Yang, C., Ye, S., Ye, K., Wei, D., Song, Z., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0525-3 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Erny, D., Dokalis, N., Mezö, C., Castoldi, A., Mossad, O., Staszewski, O., Frosch, M., Villa, M., Fuchs, V., Mayer, A., et al. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.010 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Chen, C., Liao, J., Xia, Y., Liu, X., Jones, R., Haran, J., McCormick, B., Sampson, T. R., Alam, A., & Ye, K. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326269 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Kesika, P., Suganthy, N., Sivamaruthi, B. S., & Chaiyasut, C. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118627 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis
Abdel-Haq, R., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Glass, C. K., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180794 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer’s disease
Vogt, N. M., Romano, K. A., Darst, B. F., Engelman, C. D., Johnson, S. C., Carlsson, C. M., Asthana, S., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Bendlin, B. B., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0451-2 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
Angelucci, F., Cechova, K., Amlerova, J., & Hort, J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1494-4 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
A gut bacterial amyloid promotes α-synuclein aggregation and motor impairment in mice
Sampson, T. R., Challis, C., Jain, N., Moiseyenko, A., Ladinsky, M. S., Shastri, G. G., Thron, T., Needham, B. D., Horvath, I., Debelius, J. W., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53111 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Peripheral and central immune system crosstalk in Alzheimer disease — a research prospectus
Bettcher, B. M., Tansey, M. G., Dorothée, G., & Heneka, M. T. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00549-x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
The gut microbiota and healthy aging: A mini-review
Kim, S., & Jazwinski, S. M. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000490615 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
The progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders
Zhu, S., Jiang, Y., Xu, K., Cui, M., Ye, W., Zhao, G., Jin, L., & Chen, X. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders
Vendrik, K. E. W., Ooijevaar, R. E., de Jong, P. R. C., Laman, J. D., van Oosten, B. W., van Hilten, J. J., Ducarmon, Q. R., Keller, J. J., Kuijper, E. J., & Contarino, M. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00098 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Emerging diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease
Self, W. K., & Holtzman, D. M. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02505-2 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote Aβ plaque deposition
Colombo, A. V., Sadler, R. K., Llovera, G., Singh, V., Roth, S., Heindl, S., Sebastian Monasor, L., Verhoeven, A., Peters, F., Parhizkar, S., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59826 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Nho, K., Kueider‐Paisley, A., MahmoudianDehkordi, S., Arnold, M., Risacher, S. L., Louie, G., Blach, C., Baillie, R., Han, X., Kastenmüller, G., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.08.012 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
C9orf72 suppresses systemic and neural inflammation induced by gut bacteria
Burberry, A., Wells, M. F., Limone, F., Couto, A., Smith, K. S., Keaney, J., Gillet, G., van Gastel, N., Wang, J.-Y., Pietilainen, O., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2288-7 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology
Doifode, T., Giridharan, V. V., Generoso, J. S., Bhatti, G., Collodel, A., Schulz, P. E., Forlenza, O. V., & Barichello, T. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105314 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?
Megur, A., Baltriukienė, D., Bukelskienė, V., & Burokas, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010037 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Ou, Z., Deng, L., Lu, Z., Wu, F., Liu, W., Huang, D., & Peng, Y. (2020) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-020-0115-8 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Changes of colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
Gerhardt, S., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060708 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Aging and Alzheimer's disease: comparison and associations from molecular to system level
Xia, X., Jiang, Q., McDermott, J., & Han, J. J. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12802 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Sex-specific effects of microbiome perturbations on cerebral Aβ amyloidosis and microglia phenotypes
Dodiya, H. B., Kuntz, T., Shaik, S. M., Baufeld, C., Leibowitz, J., Zhang, X., Gottel, N., Zhang, X., Butovsky, O., Gilbert, J. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20182386 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Minter, M. R., Hinterleitner, R., Meisel, M., Zhang, C., Leone, V., Zhang, X., Oyler-Castrillo, P., Zhang, X., Musch, M. W., Shen, X., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease: what we know and what remains to be explored
Chandra, S., Sisodia, S. S., & Vassar, R. J. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00595-7 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Colucci, R., Blandizzi, C., & Fornai, M. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1856-5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Seo, D.-O., O’Donnell, D., Jain, N., Ulrich, J. D., Herz, J., Li, Y., Lemieux, M., Cheng, J., Hu, H., Serrano, J. R., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.add1236 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Xiao, W., Su, J., Gao, X., Yang, H., Weng, R., Ni, W., & Gu, Y. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01255-6 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The Role of Microglia and the Nlrp3 Inflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease
Hanslik, K. L., & Ulland, T. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.570711 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Chen, D., Yang, X., Yang, J., Lai, G., Yong, T., Tang, X., Shuai, O., Zhou, G., Xie, Y., & Wu, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00403 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Microbiome as a Modifier of Neurodegenerative Disease Risk
Fang, P., Kazmi, S. A., Jameson, K. G., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.008 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Wu, L., Han, Y., Zheng, Z., Peng, G., Liu, P., Yue, S., Zhu, S., Chen, J., Lv, H., Shao, L., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010228 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Zhuang, Z., Yang, R., Wang, W., Qi, L., & Huang, T. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01961-8 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Varesi, A., Pierella, E., Romeo, M., Piccini, G. B., Alfano, C., Bjørklund, G., Oppong, A., Ricevuti, G., Esposito, C., Chirumbolo, S., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030668 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Gut microbiota, cognitive frailty and dementia in older individuals: A systematic review
Ticinesi, A., Tana, C., Nouvenne, A., Prati, B., Lauretani, F., & Meschi, T. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s139163 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Peripheral immune system in aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Cao, W., & Zheng, H. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0284-2 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Kundu, P., Lee, H. U., Garcia-Perez, I., Tay, E. X. Y., Kim, H., Faylon, L. E., Martin, K. A., Purbojati, R., Drautz-Moses, D. I., Ghosh, S., et al. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4760 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Mind-altering with the gut: Modulation of the gut-brain axis with probiotics
Kim, N., Yun, M., Oh, Y. J., & Choi, H.-J. (2018) · Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-018-8032-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The links between the gut microbiome, aging, modern lifestyle and Alzheimer's disease
Askarova, S., Umbayev, B., Masoud, A.-R., Kaiyrlykyzy, A., Safarova, Y., Tsoy, A., Olzhayev, F., & Kushugulova, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00104 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Chidambaram, S. B., Essa, M. M., Rathipriya, A. G., Bishir, M., Ray, B., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Tousif, A. H., Sakharkar, M. K., Kashyap, R. S., Friedland, R. P., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hazan, S. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520925930 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Systemic factors as mediators of brain homeostasis, ageing and neurodegeneration
Pluvinage, J. V., & Wyss-Coray, T. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0255-9 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Steroids, stress and the gut microbiome-brain axis
Tetel, M. J., de Vries, G. J., Melcangi, R. C., Panzica, G., & O'Mahony, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12548 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation in dementia: a pilot study
Stadlbauer, V., Engertsberger, L., Komarova, I., Feldbacher, N., Leber, B., Pichler, G., Fink, N., Scarpatetti, M., Schippinger, W., Schmidt, R., et al. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01644-2 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
Iannone, L. F., Preda, A., Blottière, H. M., Clarke, G., Albani, D., Belcastro, V., Carotenuto, M., Cattaneo, A., Citraro, R., Ferraris, C., et al. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1638763 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Understanding the Gut–Brain Axis and Its Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Zheng, Y., Bonfili, L., Wei, T., & Eleuteri, A. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214631 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Time to test antibacterial therapy in Alzheimer’s disease
Panza, F., Lozupone, M., Solfrizzi, V., Watling, M., & Imbimbo, B. P. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz244 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Li, Y., Peng, Y., Shen, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., & Yang, X. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2076064 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and Alzheimer's disease
Lin, L., Zheng, L. J., & Zhang, L. J. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-0983-2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease mediated by gut microbiota
Qian, X.-H., Song, X.-X., Liu, X.-L., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, H.-D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101317 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Enteric nervous system: the bridge between the gut microbiota and neurological disorders
Geng, Z.-H., Zhu, Y., Li, Q.-L., Zhao, C., & Zhou, P.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.810483 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A peripheral signature of Alzheimer’s disease featuring microbiota-gut-brain axis markers
Marizzoni, M., Mirabelli, P., Mombelli, E., Coppola, L., Festari, C., Lopizzo, N., Luongo, D., Mazzelli, M., Naviglio, D., Blouin, J.-L., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01218-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationMezö, C., Dokalis, N., Mossad, O., Staszewski, O., Neuber, J., Yilmaz, B., Schnepf, D., de Agüero, M. G., Ganal-Vonarburg, S. C., Macpherson, A. J., et al. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-00988-5 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Microbial involvement in Alzheimer disease development and progression
Bulgart, H. R., Neczypor, E. W., Wold, L. E., & Mackos, A. R. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00378-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Gut microbiota–driven brain Aβ amyloidosis in mice requires microglia
Dodiya, H. B., Lutz, H. L., Weigle, I. Q., Patel, P., Michalkiewicz, J., Roman-Santiago, C. J., Zhang, C. M., Liang, Y., Srinath, A., Zhang, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20200895 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Li, H., Liu, C.-C., Zheng, H., & Huang, T. Y. (2018) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The microbiota–microglia axis in central nervous system disorders
Mossad, O., & Erny, D. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12908 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ren, F., Wei, J., Chen, Q., Hu, M., Yu, L., Mi, J., Zhou, X., Qin, D., Wu, J., & Wu, A. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2025.07.030 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Of microbes and minds: A narrative review on the second brain aging
Calvani, R., Picca, A., Lo Monaco, M. R., Landi, F., Bernabei, R., & Marzetti, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00053 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Gu, X., Zhou, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Si, N., Ren, W., Zhao, W., Fan, X., Gao, W., Wei, X., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00779-7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Zhu, G., Zhao, J., Wang, G., & Chen, W. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00652 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Microbiota‐microglia connections in age‐related cognition decline
Zhou, R., Qian, S., Cho, W. C. S., Zhou, J., Jin, C., Zhong, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Xu, Z., Tian, M., et al. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13599 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Microbial Immuno-Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Main, B. S., & Minter, M. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00151 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chen, T.-J., Feng, Y., Liu, T., Wu, T.-T., Chen, Y.-J., Li, X., Li, Q., & Wu, Y.-C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.549037 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bosch, M. E., Dodiya, H. B., Michalkiewicz, J., Lee, C., Shaik, S. M., Weigle, I. Q., Zhang, C., Osborn, J., Nambiar, A., Patel, P., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00700-w · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Modulation of β-Amyloid Fibril Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease by Microglia and Infection
Brown, M. R., Radford, S. E., & Hewitt, E. W. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.609073 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Chandra, S., Di Meco, A., Dodiya, H. B., Popovic, J., Cuddy, L. K., Weigle, I. Q., Zhang, X., Sadleir, K., Sisodia, S. S., & Vassar, R. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00635-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Qian, X.-H., Liu, X.-L., Chen, G., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, H.-D. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02599-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Wiatrak, B., Balon, K., Jawień, P., Bednarz, D., Jęśkowiak, I., & Szeląg, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094862 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The microbiome: A target for Alzheimer disease?
Seo, D.-O., Boros, B. D., & Holtzman, D. M. (2019) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-019-0227-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota: does trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) play a role?
Arrona Cardoza, P., Spillane, M. B., & Morales Marroquin, E. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab022 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Endres, K., & Schäfer, K.-H. (2018) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000488629 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Regulation of microglial physiology by the microbiota
Cook, J., & Prinz, M. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2125739 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and Alzheimer’s disease: What we know and what remains to be explored
Kapoor, B., Biswas, P., Gulati, M., Rani, P., & Gupta, R. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102570 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Xi, S., Wang, Y., Wu, C., Peng, W., Zhu, Y., & Hu, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.783049 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gut microbiota in common elderly diseases affecting activities of daily living
Shimizu, Y. (2018) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i42.4750 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of current evidence
Sun, J., Huang, T., Debelius, J. W., & Fang, F. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13336 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Murakami, K., & Irie, K. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24112125 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lewis, N., Villani, A., & Lagopoulos, J. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Marungruang, N., Arévalo Sureda, E., Lefrançoise, A., Weström, B., Nyman, M., Prykhodko, O., & Fåk Hållenius, F. (2018) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13285 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPrimary Cilia Structure Is Prolonged in Enteric Neurons of 5xFAD Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice
Nguyen, V. T. T., Brücker, L., Volz, A.-K., Baumgärtner, J. C., dos Santos Guilherme, M., Valeri, F., May-Simera, H., & Endres, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413564 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system: a bridge between alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota
Bisogno, T., Lauritano, A., & Piscitelli, F. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11090934 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xu, Q., Wen, L., Wei, G., Zhao, X., Liu, Y., Xiong, W., Zhang, T., Fan, Y., Chen, C., Xiang, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.819523 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harach, T., Marungruang, N., Duthilleul, N., Cheatham, V., Mc Coy, K. D., Frisoni, G., Neher, J. J., Fåk, F., Jucker, M., Lasser, T., & Bolmont, T.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bolmont, T.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-02-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41802-41802
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5297247
- OpenAlex
- W2587539025
- Cited by
- 901
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 53.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2017-07-10)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Mats Paulssons Stiftelse
- Gebert Rüf Stiftung
- Direktör Albert Påhlssons Stiftelse
- Università degli Studi di Brescia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta pathology, gut microbiota, germ-free mice, microbiota transfer, fecal microbiota, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, neurodegeneration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
