Modulation of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis by Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Diet
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota can play a critical role in this communication; thus, the concept of a gut microbiota and brain axis is emerging. Here, we review recent findings in the relationship between intestinal microbes and brain function, such as anxiety, depression, stress, autism, learning, and memory. We highlight the advances in modulating brain development and behavior by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet through the gut microbiota-brain axis. A variety of mechanisms including immune, neural, and metabolic pathways may be involved in modulation of the gut microbiota-brain axis. We also discuss some future challenges. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the gut bacteria and their hosts is implicated in developing microbial-based therapeutic strategies for brain disorders.
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Probiotics are active microorganisms that can colonize the body, remove or reduce the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and regulate the body's immunity, thereby protecting the host.
“Probiotics are a kind of active microorganisms that can colonize the body, remove or reduce the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and regulate the body’s immunity, thereby protecting the host (Liu et al. 2015).”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Liu et al. 2015
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The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication
Dalile, B., Van Oudenhove, L., Vervliet, B., & Verbeke, K. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3 · Cited by 3,357 · see citing works
Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications
Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S. J., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8030092 · Cited by 1,773 · see citing works
The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders
Socała, K., Doboszewska, U., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Włodarczyk, M., Zielińska, A., Poleszak, E., Fichna, J., & Wlaź, P. (2021) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Fröhlich, E. E., Farzi, A., Mayerhofer, R., Reichmann, F., Jačan, A., Wagner, B., Zinser, E., Bordag, N., Magnes, C., Fröhlich, E., et al. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.020 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota
Hoban, A. E., Stilling, R. M., Ryan, F. J., Shanahan, F., Dinan, T. G., Claesson, M. J., Clarke, G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.42 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota’s Effect on Mental Health: The Gut-Brain Axis
Clapp, M., Aurora, N., Herrera, L., Bhatia, M., Wilen, E., & Wakefield, S. (2017) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.4081/cp.2017.987 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides
Lach, G., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0585-0 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders
Sorboni, S. G., Moghaddam, H. S., Jafarzadeh-Esfehani, R., & Soleimanpour, S. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00338-20 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease
Sun, M.-F., & Shen, Y.-Q. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.004 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Srikantha, P., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092115 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Recognizing Depression from the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
Liang, S., Wu, X., Hu, X., Wang, T., & Jin, F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061592 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bjørklund, G., Meguid, N. A., El-Bana, M. A., Tinkov, A. A., Saad, K., Dadar, M., Hemimi, M., Skalny, A. V., Hosnedlová, B., Kizek, R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Lin, P., Ding, B., Feng, C., Yin, S., Zhang, T., Qi, X., Lv, H., Guo, X., Dong, K., Zhu, Y., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.051 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Tian, P., O’Riordan, K. J., Lee, Y. K., Wang, G., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Cryan, J. F., & Chen, W. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100216 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry
Shehata, A. A., Yalçın, S., Latorre, J. D., Basiouni, S., Attia, Y. A., El‐Wahab, A. A., Visscher, C., El-Seedi, H. R., Huber, C., Hafez, H. M., et al. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020395 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Probiotics in Medicine: A Long Debate
Stavropoulou, E., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02192 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Microbiota in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Dieterich, W., Schink, M., & Zopf, Y. (2018) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci6040116 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
Liang, S., Wu, X., & Jin, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2018.00033 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gut microbiota changes in the extreme decades of human life: a focus on centenarians
Santoro, A., Ostan, R., Candela, M., Biagi, E., Brigidi, P., Capri, M., & Franceschi, C. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2674-y · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Nimgampalle, M. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/26106.10428 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Obesity and gut–microbiota–brain axis: A narrative review
Asadi, A., Mehr, N. S., Mohamadi, M. H., Shokri, F., Heidary, M., Sadeghifard, N., & Khoshnood, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24420 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Fulceri, F., Billeci, L., Buzzigoli, E., Apicella, F., Calderoni, S., Grossi, E., Morales, M. A., & Muratori, F. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0887-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Mind-altering with the gut: Modulation of the gut-brain axis with probiotics
Kim, N., Yun, M., Oh, Y. J., & Choi, H.-J. (2018) · Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-018-8032-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Jang, H.-M., Lee, K.-E., & Kim, D.-H. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040819 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia
Connell, E., Le Gall, G., Pontifex, M. G., Sami, S., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., Müller, M., & Vauzour, D. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00548-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Goyal, D., Ali, S. A., & Singh, R. K. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110112 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
The role of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating of the gut-brain axis
Ansari, F., Neshat, M., Pourjafar, H., Jafari, S. M., Samakkhah, S. A., & Mirzakhani, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1173660 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Crosstalk between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and depression
Du, Y., Gao, X.-R., Peng, L., & Ge, J.-F. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04097 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Jang, H.-M., Lee, H.-J., Jang, S.-E., Han, M. J., & Kim, D.-H. (2018) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0042-3 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gómez-Eguílaz, M., Ramón-Trapero, J. L., Pérez-Martínez, L., & Blanco, J. R. (2018) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2018.0018 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
Iannone, L. F., Preda, A., Blottière, H. M., Clarke, G., Albani, D., Belcastro, V., Carotenuto, M., Cattaneo, A., Citraro, R., Ferraris, C., et al. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1638763 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Health promoting microbial metabolites produced by gut microbiota after prebiotics metabolism
Peredo-Lovillo, A. G., Romero‐Luna, H. E., & Jiménez‐Fernández, M. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109473 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Probiotics for Parkinson’s Disease
Gazerani, P. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174121 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Microbiota and Neurological Disorders: A Gut Feeling
Moos, W. H., Faller, D. V., Harpp, D. N., Kanara, I., Pernokas, J., Powers, W. R., & Steliou, K. (2016) · BioResearch open access · doi:10.1089/biores.2016.0010 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Microbiota and neurologic diseases: potential effects of probiotics
Umbrello, G., & Esposito, S. (2016) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1058-7 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Aaldijk, E., & Vermeiren, Y. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101556 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Oral imazalil exposure induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and colonic inflammation in mice
Jin, C., Zeng, Z., Fu, Z., & Jin, Y. (2016) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.105 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
McKean, J., Naug, H., Nikbakht, E., Amiet, B., & Colson, N. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0023 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Mahmoud, M., Abdallah, N. A., El-Shafei, K., Tawfik, N. F., & El-Sayed, H. S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03541 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Villegas, A., Zazpe, I., Santiago, S., Perez‐Cornago, A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., & Lahortiga‐Ramos, F. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517003361 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Jang, H.-M., Lee, K.-E., Lee, H.-J., & Kim, D.-H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31764-0 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Distant Site Effects of Ingested Prebiotics
Collins, S., & Reid, G. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8090523 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Grimaldi, R., Cela, D., Swann, J. R., Vulevic, J., Gibson, G. R., Tzortzis, G., & Costabile, A. (2017) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiw233 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Santonicola, A., Gagliardi, M., Guarino, M. P. L., Siniscalchi, M., Ciacci, C., & Iovino, P. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11123038 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Dietary Pattern, Gut Microbiota, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhang, M., Zhao, D., Zhou, G., & Li, C. (2020) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08309 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
van der Aar, P. J., Molist, F., & van der Klis, J. D. (2016) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Potential roles of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson’s disease
Zheng, S.-Y., Li, H.-X., Xu, R.-C., Miao, W.-T., Dai, M.-Y., Ding, S.-T., & Liu, H.-D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101347 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Impact of gut microbiota on neurological diseases: Diet composition and novel treatments
Larroya-García, A., Navas-Carrillo, D., & Orenes‐Piñero, E. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1484340 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Latorre, J. D., Adhikari, B., Park, S. H., Teague, K. D., Graham, L. E., Mahaffey, B. D., Baxter, M. F. A., Hernández-Velasco, X., Kwon, Y. M., Ricke, S. C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00199 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Probiotics and prebiotics: focus on psychiatric disorders – a systematic review
Barbosa, R. S. D., & Vieira‐Coelho, M. A. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz080 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Alzheimer’s Disease
Szablewski, L. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170908 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Brain modulation by the gut microbiota: From disease to therapy
Mitra, S., Dash, R., Nishan, A. A., Habiba, S. U., & Moon, I. S. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dong, M., Wen, S., & Zhou, L. (2022) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s375559 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Han, S., & Kim, D. H. (2019) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.1907.07044 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Heym, N., Heasman, B. C., Hunter, K. A., Blanco, S., Wang, G., Siegert, R. J., Cleare, A. J., Gibson, G. R., Kumari, V., & Sumich, A. L. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05230-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Li, Y., Shao, L., Mou, Y., Zhang, Y., & Ping, Y. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1957407 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Sawada, D., Kuwano, Y., Tanaka, H., Hara, S., Uchiyama, Y., Sugawara, T., Fujiwara, S., Rokutan, K., & Nishida, K. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.022 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiome and Alzheimer's disease: A review
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Cordycepin reduces weight through regulating gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
An, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X.-Y., Chen, Z., Xu, H., Wu, L.-Y., Li, S.-L., Wang, C., Luan, W., Wang, X., et al. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0910-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chitosan chemistry review for living organisms encapsulation
Meyer-Déru, L., David, G., & Auvergne, R. (2022) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119877 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal alterations in autism spectrum disorder: What do we know?
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Fang, X., Zhou, X., Miao, Y., Han, Y., Wei, J., & Chen, T. (2020) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-020-01014-6 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Role of Probiotics and Diet in the Management of Neurological Diseases and Mood States: A Review
Thangaleela, S., Sivamaruthi, B. S., Kesika, P., & Chaiyasut, C. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10112268 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lei, W., Cheng, Y., Liu, X., Gao, J., Zhu, Z., Ding, W., Xu, X., Li, Y., Ling, Z., Jiang, R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1582119 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Gut Microbiota in Health and Selected Cancers
Sędzikowska, A., & Szablewski, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413440 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Galactooligosaccharides: Synthesis, metabolism, bioactivities and food applications
Wang, K., Duan, F., Sun, T., Zhang, Y., & Lu, L. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2164244 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Gut–Organ Axis within the Human Body: Gut Dysbiosis and the Role of Prebiotics
Saxami, G., Kerezoudi, E. N., Eliopoulos, C., Arapoglou, D., & Kyriacou, A. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13102023 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Wang, B., Mu, L., Wang, H., Luo, J., Yang, Y., Yang, H., Li, M., Zhou, L., & Tao, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00258 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Neuroplasticity
Murciano-Brea, J., García-Montes, M. E., Geuna, S., & Herrera‐Rincon, C. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082084 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes, gut microbiome, and systems biology: A novel perspective for a new era
Martínez-López, Y. E., Esquivel-Hernandez, D. A., Sánchez-Castañeda, J. P., Neri-Rosario, D., Guardado‐Mendoza, R., & Reséndis-Antonio, O. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2111952 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Gut Microbiota: A Pivotal Hub for Polyphenols as Antidepressants
Zhou, N., Gu, X., Zhuang, T., Xu, Y., Yang, L., & Zhou, M. (2020) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01461 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dietary approach and gut microbiota modulation for chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis
Campion, D., Giovo, I., Ponzo, P., Saracco, G. M., Balzola, F. A., & Alessandria, C. (2019) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v11.i6.489 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Hypnotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice
Lin, A., Shih, C.-T., Huang, C.-L., Wu, C.-C., Lin, C.-T., & Tsai, Y.-C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102409 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The progression of coeliac disease: its neurological and psychiatric implications
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Effects of Short-Term Dietary Fiber Intervention on Gut Microbiota in Young Healthy People
Tian, T., Zhang, X., Luo, T., Wang, D., Sun, Y., & Dai, J. (2021) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s313385 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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The Gut Microbiota’s Role in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Evidence for Modulation of Substance Use Disorders by the Gut Microbiome: Hidden in Plain Sight
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Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents
Vinayamohan, P. G., Joseph, D., Viju, L. S., Baskaran, S. A., & Venkitanarayanan, K. (2024) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation10120599 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Effects of prebiotics on affect and cognition in human intervention studies
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Fermented dairy foods consumption and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis of cohort studies
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Dietary Approaches to the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders
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The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of postpartum depression
Zhang, S., Lu, B., & Wang, G. (2023) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00469-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Response of the gut microbiome of Megalobrama amblycephala to crowding stress
Du, F., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Su, S., Yu, J., Yu, F. D., Li, J., Li, H., Wang, M., & Xu, P. (2018) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence
Divyashri, G., Sadanandan, B., Murthy, K. N. C., Shetty, K., & Mamta, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.712531 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Palepu, M. S. K., Bhalerao, H. A., Sonti, R., & Dandekar, M. P. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176960 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Arreguin-Nava, M. A., Graham, D. B., Adhikari, B., Agnello, M., Selby, C. M., Hernández-Velasco, X., Vuong, C. N., Solís-Cruz, B., Hernández‐Patlan, D., Latorre, J. D., et al. (2019) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps/pez544 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A dynamic mouse peptidome landscape reveals probiotic modulation of the gut-brain axis
Zhang, P., Wu, X., Liang, S., Shao, X., Wang, Q., Chen, R., Zhu, W., Shao, C., Jin, F., & Jia, C. (2020) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.abb0443 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, X., Cao, S., & Zhang, X.
- Affiliations
- South China University of Technology (CN)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xuewu
- ORCID
- Zhang, Xuewu
- Venue
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-09-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 7885-7895
- ISSN
- 0021-8561 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5118
- OpenAlex
- W1164166279
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut-brain axis, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, anxiety, depression, stress, autism spectrum disorder, learning and memory, brain development, immune pathways, neural pathways, metabolic pathways, brain disorders
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Brain Diseases, Humans, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Prebiotics
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