Deep learning in medical image analysis
Open accessAbstract
This review covers computer-assisted analysis of images in the field of medical imaging. Recent advances in machine learning, especially with regard to deep learning, are helping to identify, classify, and quantify patterns in medical images. At the core of these advances is the ability to exploit hierarchical feature representations learned solely from data, instead of features designed by hand according to domain-specific knowledge. Deep learning is rapidly becoming the state of the art, leading to enhanced performance in various medical applications. We introduce the fundamentals of deep learning methods and review their successes in image registration, detection of anatomical and cellular structures, tissue segmentation, computer-aided disease diagnosis and prognosis, and so on. We conclude by discussing research issues and suggesting future directions for further improvement.
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Model generalizability across diverse populations and variability in imaging quality due to differences in medical equipment and patient demographics are notable challenges for ML-based PAS diagnosis.
“Despite these promising results, notable challenges included model generalizability across diverse populations and variability in imaging quality due to differences in medical equipment and patient demographics.”
From Machine Learning in Maternity: Early Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The Data availability section (page unavailable) identifies the need for more generalizable image features and for methods that handle different scanning protocols. Section 3.1 (page unavailable) also describes methods that do not transfer between images acquired at different MRI field strengths. The paper does not establish these challenges specifically for PAS diagnosis or attribute imaging-quality variation to patient demographics. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis advancement has found extensive application in the fields of brain, cardiac, eye, and cancer diseases.
“This advancement has found extensive application in the fields of brain, cardiac, eye, and cancer diseases [4].”
From Challenges in AI-driven Biomedical Multimodal Data Fusion and Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Sections 3.4 and 3.5 describe deep-learning applications involving brain disorders and cancer-related imaging. The copy does not establish extensive application to eye or cardiac diseases; its mention of cardiac sections in §3.2.1 concerns identifying body parts in images, not diagnosing cardiac disease. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDeep learning is the current state of the art in medical image analysis.
“which is the current state of the art in medical image analysis (Litjens et al. (2017); Meijering (2020); Shen et al. (2017))”
From Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in deep learning-based medical image analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Shen et al. (2017)
Deep learning methods in medical image analysis extract complementary tissue structure or morphological features of images to aid in lesion detection, segmentation, and computer-assisted diagnosis.
“In medical image analysis, deep learning methods have been broadly utilized to extract complementary tissue structure or morphological features of images to aid in lesion detection, segmentation, and computer-assisted diagnosis [4].”
From Challenges in AI-driven Biomedical Multimodal Data Fusion and Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
Low-quality images due to inadequate equipment or operator expertise can lead to reduced diagnostic accuracy of ML programs for PAS.
“ML programs must contend with varying image quality across different healthcare settings; low-quality images due to inadequate equipment or operator expertise can lead to reduced diagnostic accuracy [12,15].”
From Machine Learning in Maternity: Early Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The Data availability section discusses the challenge of handling images acquired with different scanning protocols, but does not address low-quality images caused by inadequate equipment or operator expertise. Searches for those causes and for image quality affecting diagnostic performance found no passage supporting the attributed claim; no page number was available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Deep learning methods, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks, have become the foundation of various Computer Assisted Diagnostic systems due to their ability to detect medical image abnormalities with high accuracy, including COVID-19 and pneumonia.
“In recent years, deep learning (DL) methodologies, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have emerged as powerful tools for automatically detecting chest diseases using medical images like CT scans and X-rays [2–4].”
From Evaluating Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques in chest radiology imaging through a human-centered Lens (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Deep learning has been applied to a wide range of medical image analysis tasks and anatomical sites.
“Recent reviews [34], [51] have highlighted that deep learning has been applied to a wide range of medical image analysis tasks (segmentation, classification, detection, registration, image reconstruction, enhancement, etc.) across a wide range of anatomical sites (brain, heart, lung, abdomen, breast, prostate, musculature, etc.).”
From NiftyNet: a deep-learning platform for medical imaging (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
Deep learning is a state-of-the-art tool for automatic analysis tasks, and its use can lead to marked improvement in performance.
“thus demonstrating that deep learning is a state-of-the-art tool for the performance of automatic analysis tasks, and that its use can lead to marked improvement in performance.”
From Deep Learning in Medical Ultrasound Analysis: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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“ML programs must contend with varying image quality across different healthcare settings; low-quality images due to inadequate equipment or operator expertise can lead to reduced diagnostic accuracy [12,15].”
- Authors
- Shen, D., Wu, G., & Suk, H.-I.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
- Korea University (KR)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2017-06-21
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 221-248
- ISSN
- 1523-9829 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4274
- PMC
- PMC5479722
- OpenAlex
- W2533800772
- Cited by
- 4,968
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 503 · 2025: 611 · 2024: 604 · 2023: 629 · 2022: 647 · 2021: 668 · 2020: 568 · 2019: 434 · 2018: 246 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 19.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01052216)
- National Institutes of Health
- Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion
- National Institute on Aging (RF1AG053867, R01AG042599, R01AG041721, R01AG049371, K01AG049089)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH100217, R21MH108914)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB008374, R01EB009634, R01EB006733)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE022676)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- deep learning, medical image analysis, image registration, anatomical structure detection, tissue segmentation, computer-aided diagnosis, hierarchical feature representation
- MeSH terms
- Unsupervised Machine Learning, Algorithms, Diagnostic Imaging, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Neural Networks, Computer
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