Cited by 429Protein Degradation and InhibitorsChemical Synthesis and AnalysisUbiquitin and proteasome pathways

Current strategies for the design of PROTAC linkers: a critical review

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Troup, Robert I., Fallan, Charlene, Baud, Matthias G. J.·2020·Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy

Abstract

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules consisting of two ligands; an “anchor” to bind to an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a “warhead” to bind to a protein of interest, connected by a chemical linker. Targeted protein degradation by PROTACs has emerged as a new modality for the knock down of a range of proteins, with the first agents now reaching clinical evaluation. It has become increasingly clear that the length and composition of the linker play critical roles on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of PROTACs. While linker design has historically received limited attention, the PROTAC field is evolving rapidly and currently undergoing an important shift from synthetically tractable alkyl and polyethylene glycol to more sophisticated functional linkers. This promises to unlock a wealth of novel PROTAC agents with enhanced bioactivity for therapeutic intervention. Here, the authors provide a timely overview of the diverse linker classes in the published literature, along with their underlying design principles and overall influence on the properties and bioactivity of the associated PROTACs. Finally, the authors provide a critical analysis of current strategies for PROTAC assembly. The authors highlight important limitations associated with the traditional “trial and error” approach around linker design and selection, and suggest potential future avenues to further inform rational linker design and accelerate the identification of optimised PROTACs. In particular, the authors believe that advances in computational and structural methods will play an essential role to gain a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of PROTAC ternary complexes, and will be essential to address the current gaps in knowledge associated with PROTAC design.

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Authors
Troup, R. I., Fallan, C., & Baud, M. G. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • AstraZeneca (United Kingdom) (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Fallan, Charlene
  • Baud, Matthias G. J.
Venue
Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy
Published
2020-10-11
Volume
1
Issue
5
Pages
273-312
ISSN
2692-3114 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3093395956
Cited by
424
References
183
Citations by year
2026: 91 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
3.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • AstraZeneca
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R513325/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
Keywords
PROTACs, linker design, targeted protein degradation, E3 ubiquitin ligase, heterobifunctional molecules, ternary complex structure, rational drug design, polyethylene glycol linker, alkyl linkers

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