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Cited by 733

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 279 of the 279 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States

Watkins, Linda R., Maier, Steven F.·2002·Physiological Reviews
DOI 10.1152/physrev.00011.2002
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Abstract

Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibility that the reason for this failure lies in the fact that such drugs were designed to target neurons rather than immune or glial cells. It describes how immune cells are a natural and inextricable part of skin, peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. It then examines how immune and glial activation may participate in the etiology and symptomatology of diverse pathological pain states in both humans and laboratory animals. Of the variety of substances released by activated immune and glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6) appear to be of special importance in the creation of peripheral nerve and neuronal hyperexcitability. Although this review focuses on immune modulation of pain, the implications are pervasive. Indeed, all nerves and neurons regardless of modality or function are likely affected by immune and glial activation in the ways described for pain.

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Metadata

Authors
Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F.
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2002-01-10
Volume
82
Issue
4
Pages
981-1011
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
DOI
10.1152/physrev.00011.2002
OpenAlex
W2160779124
Cited by
733
References
279
FWCI
2.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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