CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 305Bipolar Disorder and TreatmentSchizophrenia research and treatmentPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Premature Mortality From General Medical Illnesses Among Persons With Bipolar Disorder: A Review

Roshanaei-Moghaddam, Babak, Katon, Wayne·2009·Psychiatric Services
DOI 10.1176/ps.2009.60.2.147
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Despite recent evidence that patients with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of premature mortality resulting from general medical disorders, there has been no systematic review of published studies. The authors reviewed the literature to determine whether there is evidence of increased risk of mortality from general medical causes among patients with bipolar spectrum disorders. METHODS: MEDLINE was searched from 1959 to 2007 with a focus on bipolar disorder and medical mortality. Published studies in English with more than 100 patients were included. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were identified involving 331,000 patients with bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, affective disorder severe enough to require inpatient psychiatric care or treatment with lithium, or schizoaffective disorder (that is, bipolar spectrum disorders) meeting the inclusion criteria. Compared with age- and sex-matched control samples without mental illness in the general population, mortality ratios for death from natural causes and from specific general medical conditions, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular, and endocrine disorders, were significantly higher among patients with bipolar spectrum disorders in most studies. This finding was more consistent in larger studies with more than 2,500 patients with bipolar spectrum disorders. Cumulatively, cardiovascular disorder appeared to be the most consistent cause of excess mortality in larger studies. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that bipolar spectrum disorders are associated with increased premature mortality secondary to general medical illnesses. Unhealthy lifestyle, biological factors, adverse pharmacologic effects, and disparities in health care are possible underlying causes for this excess mortality.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/ps.2009.60.2.147

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B., & Katon, W.
Affiliations
University of Washington (US)
Venue
Psychiatric Services
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2009-02
Volume
60
Issue
2
Pages
147-156
ISSN
  • 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
  • 1075-2730
  • 1557-9700
DOI
10.1176/ps.2009.60.2.147
OpenAlex
W2140802262
Cited by
305
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 18
FWCI
11.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Eli Lilly and Company
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords
bipolar disorder, bipolar spectrum disorders, premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular disease, endocrine disorders, natural death, schizoaffective disorder, affective psychosis, lithium, health disparities, lifestyle factors, adverse drug reactions
MeSH terms
Bipolar Disorder, Cause of Death, Chronic Disease, Humans, Life Expectancy, Risk Assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review