Selective influences of oxytocin on the evaluative processing of social stimuli
Open accessAbstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in a wide range of social processes, such as pair bonding, affiliation, and social judgments that may contribute to normal adjustment and psychiatric states. The present experimental study sought to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms by which oxytocin may impact social processes by examining the effects of intranasal oxytocin on basic evaluative processes. Subjects rated slide stimuli from the International Affective Picture System, varying across multiple categories (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) and social content. Separate ratings for arousal and for the positive and negative components of valence were obtained in the context of a bivariate evaluative space model. Oxytocin did not have an independent significant effect on positivity or negativity ratings, but instead oxytocin treatment altered the interaction between these component processes for social, relative to non-social stimuli regardless of valence conditions. Specifically, oxytocin, relative to vehicle, significantly decreased arousal ratings to threatening human stimuli without altering ratings of threatening animal stimuli. These results indicate that oxytocin may exert its effects through dynamic alterations in the partially separable neural substrates mediating arousal as well as positive and negative evaluations of social stimuli.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A third study reported increased vector angle (a 'sharpening' of ratings through opposite, stimulus-congruent effects on negativity and positivity ratings) for pleasant, socially relevant images after oxytocin treatment.
“A third study on evaluative processing assessed positivity and negativity ratings of images on separate scales and reported increased vector angle (i.e. a 'sharpening' of ratings through opposite, stimulus-congruent effects on negativity and positivity ratings) for pleasant, socially relevant images after oxytocin treatment (Norman et al., 2010).”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Norman et al., 2010
Our findings extend upon the findings by Norman et al. to include images of negative emotional value and also implicitly presented emotional information.
“Importantly, our findings extend upon the findings by Norman et al. to include images of negative emotional value and also implicitly presented emotional information.”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Norman et al., 2010
Previous research strongly suggests that intranasal administration of OT can reliably influence socially relevant judgments and ratings, relative to placebo.
“While previous research strongly suggests that intranasal administration of OT can reliably influence socially relevant judgments and ratings, relative to placebo [58], [17], [5]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [58]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The dosage (20 IU) and timing (45min post-administration) used in this study was chosen based upon previous reports on the effects of oxytocin on psychological variables (Guastella et al., 2008; Kirsch et al., 2005; Kosfeld et al., 2005).”
MethodHandbook of theories of social psychology
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-5135 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.401 · Cited by 1,782 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The evaluative space model (Cacioppo and Berntson, 1994) postulates that evaluative processes represent the integration of two separable and partially distinct components of the evaluative system.”
BackgroundLang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999) · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans
Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q., Mier, D., Lis, S., Siddhanti, S., Gruppe, H., Mattay, V. S., Gallhofer, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3984-05.2005 · Cited by 1,639 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Oxytocin receptors densely populate the central amygdala where they act to inhibit amygdala brainstem functional connectivity (Kirsch et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodNeuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love
Sue Carter, C. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00055-9 · Cited by 1,425 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Within non-human animals, oxytocin is an important neurochemical substrate underlying social behaviors including social attachment (Carter, 1998), social recognition (Ferguson et al.”
BackgroundOxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, in conjunction with its effect on social threat, the ability of oxytocin to specifically modulate the interplay between positive and negative social evaluative processes (increase in vector angle) may promote social approach behaviors associated with an increased willingness to trust (Baumgartner et al., 200…”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of attachment
Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35053579 · Cited by 1,173 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Oxytocin signaling within the mesolimbic reward pathway is especially important in the mediation of motivational and rewarding properties associated with social behavior (Insel and Young, 2001; Ross et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin in the Medial Amygdala is Essential for Social Recognition in the Mouse
Ferguson, J. N., Aldag, J. M., Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-20-08278.2001 · Cited by 1,043 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Within non-human animals, oxytocin is an important neurochemical substrate underlying social behaviors including social attachment (Carter, 1998), social recognition (Ferguson et al., 2001), aggression (DeVries et al.”
BackgroundUvnäs-Moberg, K. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0 · Cited by 966 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Positive social interactions increase the central release of oxytocin which promotes social bonding and down-regulates reactivity to stressors (Uvnas-Moberg, 1998).”
BackgroundVasopressin and Oxytocin Excite Distinct Neuronal Populations in the Central Amygdala
Huber, D., Veinante, P., & Stoop, R. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105636 · Cited by 804 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The data presented in this study suggest a far more selective effect of oxytocin on arousal ratings specifically to threatening social stimuli, ostensibly resulting from the activation of distinct subpopulations of oxytocin receptors within the amygdala (Huber et al., 2005).”
BackgroundOxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Gläscher, J., Büchel, C., Braus, D. F., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Oxytocin Increases Retention of Social Cognition in Autism
Hollander, E., Bartz, J., Chaplin, W., Phillips, A., Sumner, J., Soorya, L., Anagnostou, E., & Wasserman, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.030 · Cited by 693 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Anomalies in oxytocin systems, for example, have been suggested to contribute to a wide range of psychopathologies, ranging from autism (Hollander et al., 2007) and depression (Costa et al.”
BackgroundThe role of the amygdala in human fear: automatic detection of threat
Öhman, A. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.019 · Cited by 691 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Threatening stimuli are rapidly processed through a subcortical pathway that allows for immediate emotional responses that tend to promote defensive behaviors (Ohman, 2005).”
Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525 · Cited by 486 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This may have important implications for psychiatric disorders associated with alterations in social behaviors and reactions to social threat, as many psychiatric disorders are characterized by alterations in social approach–avoidance systems (Cacioppo et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2009; Schaefer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: Implications for autism spectrum disorders?
CARTER, C. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.025 · Cited by 432 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such broad effects are thought to be the result of dynamic modulation of both approach and avoidance systems allowing social animals to overcome the natural avoidance of proximity and to inhibit defensive behavior, thereby facilitating approach behavior (Carter, 2007; Hammock and Young, 2006; Heinrichs and Gaab, 2007).”
BackgroundOxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity
Petrovic, P., Kalisch, R., Singer, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4572-07.2008 · Cited by 424 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, oxytocin decreases amygdala activation and modulates the expression of evaluative conditioning selectively for socially relevant faces (Petrovic et al., 2008).”
BackgroundOxytocin enhances the encoding of positive social memories in humans.
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Mathews, F. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.008 · Cited by 352 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The dosage (20 IU) and timing (45min post-administration) used in this study was chosen based upon previous reports on the effects of oxytocin on psychological variables (Guastella et al., 2008; Kirsch et al., 2005; Kosfeld et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodRoss, H. E., Freeman, S. M., Spiegel, L. L., Ren, X., Terwilliger, E. F., & Young, L. J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5039-08.2009 · Cited by 322 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Oxytocin signaling within the mesolimbic reward pathway is especially important in the mediation of motivational and rewarding properties associated with social behavior (Insel and Young, 2001; Ross et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin, vasopressin and pair bonding: implications for autism
Hammock, E. A. D., & Young, L. J. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1939 · Cited by 289 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such broad effects are thought to be the result of dynamic modulation of both approach and avoidance systems allowing social animals to overcome the natural avoidance of proximity and to inhibit defensive behavior, thereby facilitating approach behavior (Carter, 2007; Hammock and Young, 2006; Heinrichs and Gaab, 2007).”
BackgroundOxytocin receptor polymorphisms and adult attachment style in patients with depression
Costa, B., Pini, S., Gabelloni, P., Abelli, M., Lari, L., Cardini, A., Muti, M., Gesi, C., Landi, S., Galderisi, S., et al. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.006 · Cited by 282 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2007) and depression (Costa et al., 2009) to schizophrenia (Goldman, 2009) and psychopathy (Lee et al.”
BackgroundThe Agony of Victory and Thrill of Defeat
Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., Mellers, B. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00677.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Di Simplicio, M., Massey-Chase, R., Cowen, P., & Harmer, C. (2009) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108095705 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The evaluative space grid: A single-item measure of positivity and negativity
Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., McGraw, A. P., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801994054 · Cited by 191 · cited 1× · see citing works
“After viewing each picture, participants were instructed to rate it on a five-point bivariate scale of positivity and negativity and a univalent scale of how aroused it made them feel (Larsen et al., 2009).”
MethodCerebrospinal fluid oxytocin, life history of aggression, and personality disorder
Lee, R., Ferris, C. F., de Kar, L. D. V., & Coccaro, E. F. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.002 · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2009) to schizophrenia (Goldman, 2009) and psychopathy (Lee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of social recognition, approach, and avoidance
Young, L. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01268-9 · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 1997), and social approach (Young, 2002).”
Schaefer, H. S., Putnam, K. M., Benca, R. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.024 · Cited by 158 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This may have important implications for psychiatric disorders associated with alterations in social behaviors and reactions to social threat, as many psychiatric disorders are characterized by alterations in social approach–avoidance systems (Cacioppo et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2009; Schaefer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundReduced aggressive behaviour in mice with targeted disruption of the oxytocin gene
DeVries, A. C., Young III, W. S., & Nelson, R. J. (1997) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00589.x · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2001), aggression (DeVries et al., 1997), and social approach (Young, 2002).”
BackgroundSocial Neuroscience: Progress and Implications for Mental Health
Cacioppo, J. T., Amaral, D. G., Blanchard, J. J., Cameron, J. L., Carter, C. S., Crews, D. P., Fiske, S. T., Heatherton, T. F., Johnson, M. K., Kozak, M. J., et al. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00032.x · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This may have important implications for psychiatric disorders associated with alterations in social behaviors and reactions to social threat, as many psychiatric disorders are characterized by alterations in social approach–avoidance systems (Cacioppo et al., 2007; Goldin et al., 2009; Schaefer et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOxytocin selectively facilitates recognition of positive sex and relationship words.
Unkelbach, C., Guastella, A. J., & Forgas, J. P. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02206.x · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, oxytocin administration in humans enhances the encoding of positive social information (Unkelbach et al., 2008), selectively increases memory for positive social stimuli (Guastella et al.”
BackgroundDoes oxytocin influence the early detection of angry and happy faces?
Guastella, A. J., Carson, D. S., Dadds, M. R., Mitchell, P. B., & Cox, R. E. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.001 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, recent research suggests that some of the effects of intranasal oxytocin may result from alterations in higher level cognitive processing of social valence (Guastella et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAmygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion.
Berntson, G., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Cacioppo, J. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm008 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As described in Berntson et al. (2007), participants rated the picture stimuli on positivity, negativity, and arousal dimensions.”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine mechanisms of stress and social interaction: Implications for mental disorders
Heinrichs, M., & Gaab, J. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3280146a13 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such broad effects are thought to be the result of dynamic modulation of both approach and avoidance systems allowing social animals to overcome the natural avoidance of proximity and to inhibit defensive behavior, thereby facilitating approach behavior (Carter, 2007; Hammock and Young, 2006; Heinrichs and Gaab, 2007).”
BackgroundGoldman, M. B. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.06.004 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2009) to schizophrenia (Goldman, 2009) and psychopathy (Lee et al.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
“Only a few studies have used social and non-social stimuli to assess the specificity of these effects, and they suggest that the effects are more pronounced for social stimul”
BackgroundLoneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
The Social Salience Hypothesis of Oxytocin
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Abu-Akel, A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.020 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
“pictures of humans but not of animals (73).”
Bos, P. A., Panksepp, J., Bluthé, R.-M., & Honk, J. V. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.01.002 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Graustella, A. J., & MacLeod, C. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.002 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
A neurobehavioral evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms underlying empathy
Jean Decety, A., Norman, G. J., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.001 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males
Striepens, N., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., Schäfer, L., Schwalba, K., Reul, J., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208852109 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Nonapeptide mechanisms of social cognition, behavior and species-specific social systems
Goodson, J. L., & Thompson, R. R. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.08.020 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Oxytocin increases autonomic cardiac control: Moderation by loneliness
Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Malarkey, W. B., Berntson, G. G., & DeVries, A. C. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.006 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“…acute OT administration on baseline serum inflammatory measures in healthy people; OT has potent inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in humans (Clodi et al., 2008), and in experimental models of neuropathic pain (Norman et al., 2010b), and atherosclerosis (Szeto et al., 2008).”
Self-citationHuman neuroimaging of oxytocin and vasopressin in social cognition
Zink, C. F., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.016 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“, 2010) and arousal (Norman et al., 2010) towards threatening social stimuli, as amygdala reactivity has been associated with perceived untrustworthiness (Winston et al.”
BackgroundIntranasal administration of oxytocin: behavioral and clinical effects, a review
Veening, J. G., & Olivier, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.012 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“, 1996), trust, social stimuli and rejection (Alvares et al., 2010; Baumgartner et al., 2008; Norman et al., 2010), responsiveness during play (Naber et al.”
BackgroundOxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions
Leknes, S., Wessberg, J., Ellingsen, D.-M., Chelnokova, O., Olausson, H., & Laeng, B. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss062 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020216 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Oxytocinergic Modulation of Salience of Social Stimuli Data consistently provide evidence that oxytocin facilitates the recognition of social stimuli, and particularly facial emotions (73, 74).”
BackgroundSocial neuroscience: challenges and opportunities in the study of complex behavior
Cacioppo, J. T., & Jean Decety, A. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05858.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Oxytocin blunts social vigilance in the rhesus macaque
Ebitz, R. B., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305230110 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“For example, OT reduces amygdala responses (12–14), self-reported affective responses (13), and self-reported arousal (15) following threat cues in humans.”
BackgroundIntranasal oxytocin selectively attenuates rhesus monkeys’ attention to negative facial expressions
Parr, L. A., Modi, M., Siebert, E., & Young, L. J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.011 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with several reports in humans showing that IN-OT reduces the aversive, arousing quality of emotional images (Ellenbogen et al., 2012; Norman et al., 2011), increases attention to the eyes in faces (Andari et al.”
ResultThe effects of oxytocin on social cognition and behaviour in frontotemporal dementia
Jesso, S., Morlog, D., Ross, S., Pell, M. D., Pasternak, S., Mitchell, D. G. V., KERTESZ, A. E., & Finger, E. C. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr171 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“It has been hypothesized that the improved trust and increased cooperative behaviour induced by oxytocin in healthy adults may in part result from a reduced perception of the level of threat conveyed in facial expressions or negative scenes (Heinrichs et al., 2004; Norman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLaw, W., Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027179 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“We adapted a grid measure that was developed and validated by Larsen and colleagues as a measure of positive and negative emotions (Larsen & McGraw, 2011; Larsen, Norris, McGraw, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2009; Norman et al., 2010).”
MethodSocial Neuroscience and its Relationship to Social Psychology
Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., & Jean Decety, A. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.675 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Inducing and Measuring Emotion and Affect
Quigley, K. S., Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996481.014 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A social neuroscience perspective on clinical empathy
Jean Decety, A., Smith, K. E., Norman, G. J., & Halpern, J. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20146 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Oxytocin administration selectively reduces emotional arousal to threatening social images (39) and differentially modulates visual attention toward social signals of positive approach (40).”
BackgroundRoberts, M. H., Klatzkin, R. R., & Mechlin, B. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9686-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Oxytocin, due to its role in regulating social processes, has also been identified as a potential factor through which social support may exert its influence [74].”
BackgroundOxytocin-secreting system: A major part of the neuroendocrine center regulating immunologic activity
Wang, P., Yang, H.-P., Tian, S., Wang, L., Wang, S. C., Zhang, F., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“depressive-like behavior equivalent to that of socially-isolated animals and display increased IL-1β protein levels within the frontal cortex (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRadke (2013) · doi:10.1177/0956797612472682 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“, 2003), for example, by decreasing aversion to angry faces (Evans, Shergill, & Averbeck, 2010) and arousal to human threat stimuli (Norman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultOxytocin specifically enhances valence-dependent parasympathetic responses
Gamer, M., & Büchel, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In fact, oxytocin was found to decrease subjective arousal ratings for threatening social stimuli (Norman et al., 2010) and it reduces the functional connectivity between the amygdala and the brain stem regions implicated in autonomic manifestations of emotional experience (Kirsch et al.”
BackgroundMitchell, J. M., Arcuni, P. A., Weinstein, D., & Woolley, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000213 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“, 2008) and lasts for at least 90 minutes (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEllenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A., Grumet, R., Cardoso, C., & Joober, R. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01278.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Oxytocin and socioemotional aging: current knowledge and future trends
Ebner, N. C., Maura, G. M., MacDonald, K., Westberg, L., & Fischer, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00487 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In particular, the neuropeptide OT appears as a particularly promising candidate, given increasing evidence of its role in socioemotional domains (Insel and Fernald, 2004; Donaldson and Young, 2008; Bartz et al., 2011; Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011; Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin attenuates neural reactivity to masked threat cues from the eyes
Kanat, M., Heinrichs, M., Schwarzwald, R., & Domes, G. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.183 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The other side of the coin: oxytocin decreases the adherence to fairness norms
Radke, S., & de Bruijn, E. R. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00193 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Oxytocin and vasopressin: Social neuropeptides with complex neuromodulatory functions
Benarroch, E. E. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828cfb15 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males
Alvares, G. A., Chen, N. T. M., Balleine, B. W., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“, 2009), increase positive evaluative ratings of social images (Norman et al., 2011), and facilitate subsequent recall of positive social memories (Guastella et al.”
BackgroundPeled‐Avron, L., Abu-Akel, A. M., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Social neuroscience: The social brain, oxytocin, and health
Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.568702 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“For instance, oxytocin decreases emotional arousal only to threatening human stimuli; responses to generally positive and negative stimuli and to threatening animal stimuli were unaffected by oxytocin (Norman et al, 2010b ) ( Figure 2 ).”
BackgroundMate-choice copying, social information processing, and the roles of oxytocin
Kavaliers, M., Matta, R., & Choleris, E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“OT mediated responses associated with social and familiarity recognition are also evident in humans (Declerck et al., 2010; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Gao et al., 2016; Guastella et al., 2008, 2010; Norman et al., 2011; Theodoridou et al., 2009; Theodoridou et al., 2011; Unkelbach et al., 2008) and, as in mice, these…”
Althaus, M., Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Noltes, H., Tucha, O., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sociality, pathogen avoidance, and the neuropeptides oxytocin and arginine vasopressin
Kavaliers, M., & Choleris, E. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611420576 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“OT was shown to have selective influences on the evaluative processing of threatening social stimuli (Norman et al., 2010) and has been associated with decreased cooperation with and avoidance of unfamiliar individuals (Declerck et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Oxytocin and Vasopressin on Preferential Brain Responses to Negative Social Feedback
Gozzi, M., Dashow, E. M., Thurm, A. E., Swedo, S. E., & Zink, C. F. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.248 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Naltrexone alters the processing of social and emotional stimuli in healthy adults
Wardle, M. C., Bershad, A. K., & de Wit, H. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1136355 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“(Cacioppo, Norris, Decety, Monteleone, & Nusbaum, 2009; Gros, Hawk, & Moscovitch, 2009; Norman et al., 2011), we divided the pictures into “social” pictures, depicting at least two people or parts of people (e.”
BackgroundMethodWardle, M. C., Kirkpatrick, M. G., & de Wit, H. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu035 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Interestingly, intranasal oxytocin is the only related drug that has produced a ‘socially selective’ pattern of results in previous studies (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTheodoridou, A., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Rowe, A. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058113 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Limitations While previous research strongly suggests that intranasal administration of OT can reliably influence socially relevant judgments and ratings, relative to placebo [58], [17], [5], findings from studies using lower level tasks administered after OT ingestion (RTs to emotion stimuli and emotion recognition t…”
ResultVargas, T., Conley, R. E., & Mittal, V. A. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, while oxytocin has been found to decrease emotional arousal to threatening human stimuli, this was not the case for threatening animal stimuli, or for general positive/negative valence stimuli (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Positivity Offset Theory of Anhedonia in Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Visser, K. H., Lee, B. G., & Gold, J. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616674989 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In the current study, we evaluated whether individuals with schizophrenia have increased coactivation using vector-based equations that have been validated in prior investigations of the evaluative space model (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWoolley, J. D., Arcuni, P. A., Stauffer, C. S., Fulford, D., Carson, D. S., Batki, S., & Vinogradov, S. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4308-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that intranasal oxytocin enters the CSF in animals (Neumann et al. 2013) and humans (Striepens et al. 2013) and begins to have physiological effects within 30 min, which last for a minimum of 90 min (Norman et al. 2011).”
Powell, L., Guastella, A. J., McGreevy, P., Bauman, A., Edwards, K. M., & Stamatakis, E. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2018.10.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
An integrated framework for the role of oxytocin in multistage social decision‐making
Piva, M., & Chang, S. W. C. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22735 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…this version of the hypothesis is not consistent with all past studies, including those that suggest thatOT enhancesmemory for faces but not nonsocial objects (Rimmele, Hediger, Heinrichs, & Klaver, 2009) and affects arousal ratings for pictures of humans but not animals (Norman et al., 2011).”
ResultXu, X., Li, J., Chen, Z., Kendrick, K. M., & Becker, B. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Something to talk about: Gossip increases oxytocin levels in a near real-life situation
Brondino, N., Fusar‐Poli, L., & Politi, P. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.014 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA
Bershad, A. K., Weafer, J. J., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Wardle, M. C., Miller, M. A., & de Wit, H. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1143026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“oxytocin in humans produces prosocial effects such as reduced responses to threat and stress (Norman et al., 2011) and increased trust and positive communication (Ditzen et al.”
BackgroundBarcelos, A. M., Kargas, N., Maltby, J., & Mills, D. S. (2023) · Human-Animal Interactions · doi:10.1079/hai.2023.0008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Woolley, J. D., Chuang, B., Fussell, C., Scherer, S. J., Biagianti, B., Fulford, D., Mathalon, D. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003433 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that intranasal oxytocin administration begins to have physiological effects within 30 min and lasts for at least 90 min (Norman et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMeasuring appetitive conditioned responses in humans
Wardle, M. C., Lopez-Gamundi, P., & Flagel, S. B. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Evolutionary Perspective on Social Anxiety
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Shachar, I., & Helpman, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00021-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Oxytocin promotes attention to social cues regardless of group membership
Pfundmair, M., Zwarg, C., Paulus, M., & Rimpel, A. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fulford, D., Treadway, M. T., & Woolley, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000320 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Previous work suggests that oxytocin delivered intranasally begins to have physiological effects within 30 min and lasts for at least 90 min (Norman et al., 2011).”
Effects of intranasal oxytocin prior to encoding and retrieval on recognition memory
Weigand, A., Feeser, M., Gärtner, M., Brandt, E. S. L., Fan, Y., Fuge, P., Böker, H., Bajbouj, M., & Grimm, S. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2962-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“A recent study investigated oxytocinergic effects on basic evaluative processes for IAPS pictures (Norman et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReal-Time fMRI in Neuroscience Research and Its Use in Studying the Aging Brain
Rana, M., Varan, A. Q., Davoudi, A., Cohen, R. A., Sitaram, R., & Ebner, N. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00239 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This nascent field originally applied, and attempted to optimize, this more parsimonious methodology.”
MethodBuchanan, R. W., Kelly, D. L., Strauss, G. P., Gold, J. M., Weiner, E., Zaranski, J., Chen, S., Blatt, F., Holden, J. L., & Granholm, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001397 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in relation to loneliness in adolescence
van Roekel, E., Verhagen, M., Engels, R. C. M. E., Goossens, L., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2013) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e328363f631 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“recent theory of loneliness (Cacioppo and Hawkley, 2009) and emergent findings on the biological basis of social affiliation (e.g. Young and Wang, 2004; Norman et al., 2010), the present study aimed to expand current knowledge on the genetic basis of loneliness in adolescents.”
BackgroundStauffer, C. S., Moschetto, J. M., McKernan, S. M., Hsiang, E., Borsari, B. E., & Woolley, J. D. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3225-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Oxytocin-enhanced group therapy for methamphetamine use disorder: Randomized controlled trial
Stauffer, C. S., Moschetto, J. M., McKernan, S. M., Meinzer, N. K., Chiang, C., Rapier, R., Hsiang, E., Norona, J. C., Borsari, B. E., & Woolley, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108059 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Prior work has shown the onset of oxytocin's effects to occur within 30 min and last at least 90 min (Norman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSeraphine, C. C., Cooper, N. R., Mirinalee, R., & Mackintosh, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01363 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effect of oxytocin on the anthropomorphism of touch
Peled‐Avron, L., Perry, A., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Birze, A., LeBlanc, V. R., Regehr, C., Paradis, E., & Einstein, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00604 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Oxytocin enhances neural approach towards social and non-social stimuli of high personal relevance
Alaerts, K., Taillieu, A., Daniëls, N., Soriano, J. R., & Prinsen, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02914-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Taş, C., Brown, E. C., Eskikurt, G., Gözükara, S. I., Aydın, O., Esen-Danacı, A., & Brüne, M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zarei, S. A., Sheibani, V., Tomaz, C. A. B., & Mansouri, F. A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.050 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Taubert, J., Flessert, M., Liu, N., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51422-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Althaus, M., Groen, Y., van der Schaft, L., Minderaa, R. B., Tucha, O. M., Mulder, L. J. M., & Wijers, A. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108224 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Concerning arousal, this completely agrees with a finding by Norman and colleagues [31] who used a smaller collection of IAPS pictures with pleasant and unpleasant pictures being matched on normative ratings of arousal and valence intensity.”
BackgroundResultOxytocin Decreases Accuracy in the Perception of Social Deception
Israel, S., Hart, E., & Winter, E. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613500794 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“A possible mechanism consistent with these results may be that oxytocin suppresses the attentional salience of negative social stimuli, resulting in lowered social vigilance and arousal (Ebitz, Watson, & Platt, 2013; Norman et al., 2011).”
ResultGoodyear, K., Lee, M. R., O’Hara, M., Chernyak, S. V., Walter, H., Parasuraman, R., & Krüeger, F. (2015) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2015.1037463 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…Baumgartner, Kirschbaum, & Ehlert, 2003) and decreases reactivity to fearful (Kirsch et al., 2005; Labuschagne et al., 2010), threatening (Norman et al., 2011) and other socially relevant stimuli (Baumgartner, Heinrichs, Vonlanthen, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2008; Domes et al., 2007) in…”
BackgroundVardanjani, M. M., Ghasemian, S., Sheibani, V., & Mansouri, F. A. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113409 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
SocialStress and Social Approach
Heinrichs, M., Chen, F. S., Domes, G., & Kumsta, R. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.028 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Opioids and the hormone oxytocin
Kovatsi, L., & Nikolaou, K. (2019) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2019.05.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin attenuates insula activity in response to dynamic angry faces
Ma, Y., Ran, G., Hu, N., Hu, Y., Long, W., & Chen, X. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107976 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role behavior: A neurosociological perspective
Shkurko, A. (2012) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/0539018412441751 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Role of Negative Emotion Abnormalities in Anhedonic Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Ruiz, I., Dickinson, E. K., & Visser, K. H. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813693-5.00014-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Affective Neuroscience Model of Impaired Approach Motivation in Schizophrenia
Strauss, G. P., Whearty, K. M., Frost, K. H., & Carpenter, W. T. (2016) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Qiao, Z., der Donck, S. V., Moerkerke, M., Dlhosova, T., Vettori, S., Dzhelyova, M. P., van Winkel, R., Alaerts, K., & Boets, B. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091224 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The context-dependency of OT has also been evidenced by showing that it selectively impacts the processing of social but not non-social stimuli: it enhances recognition memory for faces but not for non-social stimuli [22]; it improves the detection of socially-related words but not of other words [23]; it facilitates…”
BackgroundHeinrichs, M., Chen, F. S., & Domes, G. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119945901.ch8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Uzar, M., Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, M., & Słopień, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252212046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Manual and automatic measures confirm — Intranasal oxytocin increases facial expressivity
Neubauer, C. E., Mozgai, S., Chuang, B., Woolley, J. D., & Scherer, S. J. (2017) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2017.8273605 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Previous work has shown that intranasal oxytocin administration begins to have physiological effects within 30 minutes and lasts for at least 90 minutes [23].”
BackgroundOxytocin, vasopressin, sociality, and pathogen avoidance
Kavaliers, M., & Choleris, E. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oxytocin does not improve emotional prosody recognition in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
Chuang, B., Campellone, T. R., & Woolley, J. D. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“administration begins to have physiological effects within 30 min [10], cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxytocin levels peak at 75 min [11], and blood oxytocin levels rise at 30 min and remain high for at least 90 min after intranasal oxytocin administration [12].”
BackgroundBehavior Measurement in Psychobiological Research
Norman, G. J., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375000-6.00056-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weigand, A. (2013) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-5014
Zarei, S. A., Tomaz, C. A. B., de Vasconcelos, C. A. C., Tavares, M. C. H., & Sarani, M. (2020) · International Journal for Innovation Education and Research · doi:10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss8.2528
“Based on contradictory findings that highlighting the increased or reduced effects of oxytocin on memory, some studies suggested that oxytocin administration in humans can lead to both improvement or impairment in perception [49] and memory tasks [32,47] depending the cognitive demand.”
BackgroundBehavior Measurement in Psychobiological Research ☆
Norman, G. J., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.06342-2
How Do Common Marmosets Maintain the Balance Between Response Execution and Action Inhibition?
Samandra, R., Rosa, M. G. P., & Mansouri, F. A. (2025) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23717
Evolutionary model of social anxiety
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14146-1.00011-5
- Authors
- Norman, G. J., Cacioppo, J. T., Morris, J. S., Karelina, K., Malarkey, W. B., DeVries, A. C., & Berntson, G. G.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Norman, Greg J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-05-24
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1313-1319
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- PMC
- PMC3924589
- OpenAlex
- W2111804329
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 15.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Ohio State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025755)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- oxytocin, intranasal administration, social evaluation, emotional valence, arousal, social danger, social cognition, International Affective Picture System
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Arousal, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
